Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (RPP) is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the prostate gland gland (PJ). рак предстательной железы; клинические рекомендацииThethiology and pathogenesis of this disease remain poorly studied. Many studies are aimed at studying diet, food, hormonal impact, as well as infections in the etiology of the RLPG. The prevalence of RPL depends on ethnic and geographical features. The highest incidence of African Americans living in the United States (60% higher than that of white Americans), the least high - in the Chinese living in China [1]. In addition to racial features, the risk factors of the RPG are considering the genetic predisposition, the age of men and nutritional features. The probability of developing a PJ tumor in a man who has one of the closest relatives of the first degree of kinship (father or brother) sick of the RLPG, is 1.8 times higher than in the population. If two relatives were sick or more (father and brother or both brothers), the risk of RPG increases in 5.51 and 7.71 times, respectively [2, 3]. African Americans have an increased risk of identifying RPG, as well as a greater probability of detecting aggressive RPG [4]. Also, the risk of RLPG is rising in men who use a large amount of animal fats [5].

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Genitourinary Cancers

The Brigham Intensive Review of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199358274.003.0013 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 118-129

Author(s):

Aymen A. Elfiky ◽

Mark M. Pomerantz ◽

Leah M. Katz ◽

William K. Oh

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Prostate Cancer Screening ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

The United States ◽

Curative Therapy ◽

Genitourinary Cancers

Since the introduction of widespread prostate cancer screening in the United States in the early 1990s, the incidence of prostate cancer has increased substantially. After skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men. In the prostate cancer-screening era, the majority of newly diagnosed cases are localized (i.e., tumor is confined to the prostate gland). Therefore, most patients have the opportunity for curative therapy. Yet, the benefits of population-wide screening and optimal treatment remain controversial. This section reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, and screening of prostate cancer, as well as treatment options at different stages of disease.

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Epidemiology and regional variation in the mortality of patients admitted with prostate cancer in the United States.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.69 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 69-69

Author(s):

Arya Mariam Roy ◽

Manojna Konda ◽

Akshay Goel ◽

Rashmi Verma

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

The United States ◽

Principal Diagnosis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Age Of Diagnosis

69 Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and one of the leading causes of death among men of all races worldwide. Prostate cancer prevalence and mortality vary substantially by race, ethnicity and geography. The reason behind the disparity is unclear, however, access to screening and treatment, variation in exposure to risk factors, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle practices are the suggested factors that affect the disparity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample Database for the year 2016. Patients who were admitted with a principal diagnosis of Malignant Neoplasm of Prostate (MNP) were identified using ICD-10 codes. The epidemiology, racial disparities and regional variations in the mortality of prostate cancer, trend in the cost and length of stay were studied. Results: A total of 39,853 hospitalizations were identified with a principal diagnosis of MNP. The prevalence of MNP was found to be 0.56% with mean age of diagnosis 71.36 ± 0.55. The prevalence of prostate cancer was found to be highest in African Americans (0.65%), followed by Caucasians (0.60%). The disease-specific mortality rate for MNP was 3.45% (n=1,375). African Americans (AA) had 32% more risk of dying with prostate cancer when compared to all the other groups (OR= 1.322, P= 0.001, 95% CI= 1.14-1.52). Caucasians had 25% less chance of dying and Hispanic had 28% less chance of dying with prostate cancer when compared to AA (OR= 0.755, P= 0.001, CI= 0.65-0.87 vs OR= 0.72, P= 0.016, CI= 0.56- 0.94). Those who admitted to West were 22% more likely to die and those admitted to Northeast were 18% more likely to die when compared to Midwest and south regions (OR= 1.22, P= 0.037, CI= 1.01- 1.47 vs OR= 1.18, P= 0.062, CI= 0.91-1.4). The length of stay and also cost of stay were found to be highest for African American population. Conclusions: The prevalence, mortality of prostate cancer, cost and length of inpatient stay were highest among African Americans. There was a statistically significant difference in the mortality rate of prostate cancer based on the hospital regions in the United States. More studies are needed to better understand the reasons behind the regional difference.

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Questions

10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James L. Gibson ◽

Michael J. Nelson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Legal System ◽

Public Support ◽

The United States ◽

Future Research ◽

White Americans ◽

Two Factors ◽

The U.S

We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.

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Sickle Cell Trait and Renal Function in Hispanics in the United States: the Northern Manhattan Study

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.27.1.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nicole D. Dueker ◽

David Della-Morte ◽

Tatjana Rundek ◽

Ralph L. Sacco ◽

Susan H. Blanton

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

African Americans ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Sickle Cell Trait ◽

The United States ◽

Genetic Mutation ◽

Single Mutation ◽

Increased Risk

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a common hematological disorder among individuals of African descent in the United States; the disorder results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin. It is caused by homozygosity for a genetic mutation in HBB; rs334. While the presence of a single mutation (sickle cell trait, SCT) has long been considered a benign trait, recent research suggests that SCT is associated with renal dysfunction, including a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in African Americans. It is currently unknown whether similar associations are observed in Hispanics. Therefore, our study aimed to determine if SCT is associated with mean eGFR and CKD in a sample of 340 Dominican Hispanics from the Northern Manhattan Study. Using regression analyses, we tested rs334 for association with eGFR and CKD, adjusting for age and sex. eGFR was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Within our sample, there were 16 individuals with SCT (SCT carriers). We found that SCT carriers had a mean eGFR that was 12.12 mL/min/1.73m2 lower than non-carriers (P=.002). Additionally, SCT carriers had 2.72 times higher odds of CKD compared with non-carriers (P=.09). Taken together, these novel results show that Hispanics with SCT, as found among African Americans with SCT, may also be at increased risk for kidney disease.Ethn Dis. 2017; 27(1):11-14; doi:10.18865/ed.27.1.11.

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1342. TOSCANA: The Observational Seroepidemiologic Study of COVID-19 at the United States Naval Academy

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1534 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S758-S759

Author(s):

Eugene Millar ◽

Eric Laing ◽

Adam Saperstein ◽

Jitu Modi ◽

Christopher Heaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Sample ◽

Saliva Sample ◽

The United States ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Naval Academy ◽

United States Naval Academy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Seroepidemiologic Study

Abstract Background University students, including those at military service academies, are at increased risk of acute respiratory infection (ARI), including SAR-CoV-2, due to crowded living conditions, frequent social interaction and other factors that facilitate pathogen transmission. Unlike many universities, the United States Naval Academy (USNA) continued in-person instruction in Fall 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Observational Seroepidemiologic Study of COVID-19 at the United States Naval Academy (TOSCANA,) a longitudinal cohort characterizes the burden and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 in USNA midshipmen. Methods Midshipmen were enrolled August- October 2020. Participants were queried about their ARI risk factors, COVID-19 history, and recent receipt of medical care for any ARI at enrollment, in December 2020 and again in May 2021. Subjects were also asked to provide blood and saliva samples to assess their SARS-CoV-2 serostatus at the same three timepoints. A saliva sample was collected by a subset of subjects in February 2021. Presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG in dried blood spots and saliva was measured by multiplex magnetic microparticle-based immunoassays. Results 181 midshipmen consented to the study and completed the baseline survey (Table 1). 17 (17.5%) of the 97 subjects who submitted baseline blood sample were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. Only 4 (24%) positive individuals reported having been tested for or diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to arrival at USNA. 121 participants completed the midyear survey, of whom 61 (50%) submitted a blood sample. 16 (26%) of the midyear specimens were SARS-CoV-2 positive. Of these, 3 were new infections. 73 subjects completed the May survey, and 63 (100%) of the submitted blood samples were positive. 83 subjects provided baseline saliva samples, and ~55 submitted saliva at each successive time point. 1 (5%) was positive at enrollment, 9 (17%) were positive at midyear and 47 (96%) were positive in May. Table 1. Key characteristics of TOSCANA participants Conclusion SAR-CoV-2 prevalence in a sample of USNA midshipmen was < 20% at enrollment. A small proportion of subjects seroconverted between the September and December visits. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rose in May, following a COVID-19 outbreak in February and COVID-19 vaccination efforts in March at USNA. Disclosures Jitu Modi, MD, GSK (Speaker’s Bureau)

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Abstract 15312: Racial Disparities in Trends in Mortality From Cardiac Arrests in the United States

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.15312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Anas M Al Zubaidi ◽

Graham Bevan ◽

Mariam Rana ◽

Abdul Rahman Al Armashi ◽

Mustafa Alqaysi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Census Data ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

Increased Risk

Background: African Americans are at increased risk of fatal cardiac arrests, but population-based studies exploring contemporary epidemiology are not available. We sought to identify the trend in race-specific mortality from cardiac arrest in the United States. Methods: Using the multiple cause of death database, we identified all patients (Caucasians or African Americans) who died of cardiac arrest (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code I46.x listed as underlying cause of death) between 1999 and 2018. Age-adjusted mortality rates were standardized to the 2000 US census data, and stratified by age group (<35 years, 35-64 years, and ≥ 65 years). Results: A total of 311,065 cardiac arrest deaths were identified, with an overall age-adjusted mortality of 53.6 per million (Caucasian: 49.1 per million, African American: 90.6 per million). Overall, age-adjusted mortality decreased from 80.1 per million persons (1999) to 44.3 per million persons (2012), followed by 8.8% increase to 48.2 (2018). Between 2012 and 2018, African Americans had higher rates of increase (10.9%) compared with Caucasians (6.9%). Largest disparities in relative changes between 2012 and 2018 occurred in patients younger than 35 years (African American: 35%, Caucasians -11%), and patients ≥ 65 years (African Americans: 8%, Caucasians 4%), figure. Conclusions: Although the mortality due to cardiac arrest has declined in the US between 1999 and 2012, a recent increase has been noted between 2012 and 2018, particularly among younger African Americans. Studies should focus on identifying causes of disparities and identifying methods to reduce the racial gap.

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Prevalence of Venous Thromboembolism Across Ethnic Groups in the United States.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.2492.2492 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 2492-2492

Author(s):

Steven B Deitelzweig ◽

Jay Lin ◽

Barbara H Johnson ◽

Kathy L. Schulman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Research Funding ◽

Burden Of Illness ◽

The United States ◽

Hispanic Males ◽

Thomson Reuters ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Abstract 2492 Poster Board II-469 Objective: Understanding the overall prevalence of VTE is paramount in estimating the burden of illness associated with this disease. This study aims to assess the number of VTE cases in the United States across ethnic groups based on recent data. Methods: Data from the Marketscan® Medicaid database from Thomson Reuters (Jan 2002–Dec 2005) were extracted for patients aged ≥18 years. Patients were evaluated for VTE in each year, defined by the presence of a VTE diagnosis on an inpatient claim or on ≥1 outpatient claim with evidence of anticoagulant administration. Age-, sex- and race-specific VTE prevalence rates were derived by dividing the number of VTE cases identified by the number of individuals in the underlying MarketScan populations during that time. These rates were then multiplied by 100,000 to obtain a VTE prevalence rate per 100,000. Results: In 2002, there were 276 individuals with evidence of VTE per 100,000 plan enrollees. In 2005, that number grew to 358, a 30% increase. African American males had the highest overall observed prevalence rate of 584 per 100,000 enrollees in 2002, growing to 785 in 2005 (Table). Caucasian males had the next highest observed prevalence at 457 per 100,000 enrollees in 2002, growing to 643 per 100,000 in 2005. Females generally had lower observed prevalence of VTE than males, although Hispanic females had similar prevalence's to Hispanic males (94 vs 93 in 2002, 149 vs 154 in 2005). Following multivariate adjustment for comorbidities and conditions known to be strong risk factors associated with developing VTE, African Americans were at significantly increased risk for VTE than Caucasians (Odds Ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.07, p<0.05). Conclusions: VTE prevalence increased during the study period for the overall US Medicaid population. African Americans had the highest rate of VTE, followed by Caucasians and Hispanics. There is a need for improved VTE awareness and prevention across all ethnic groups. Disclosures: Deitelzweig: sanofi-aventis: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau, The authors received editorial/writing support in the preparation of this abstract funded by sanofi-aventis U.S., Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Scios: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Speakers Bureau. Lin:sanofi-aventis: Employment. Johnson:sanofi-aventis: Research Funding. Schulman:sanofi-aventis: Research Funding.

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Motor Vehicle Fatalities during Memorial Day Weekends, 1981-2016

10.21203/rs.2.16680/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yuni Tang ◽

Kendra L Ratnapradipa ◽

Henry Xiang ◽

Motao Zhu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

The United States ◽

Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽

Traffic Fatalities ◽

Injury Death ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Abstract Objective: Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury death in the United States, and Memorial Day weekend is one of six holiday periods with an increased number of motor vehicle fatalities in the United States. However, few motor vehicle fatality comparisons were made between Memorial Day weekend and non-holiday periods. Our aims were to determine which day(s) during the holiday had highest motor vehicle fatality risk compared to non-holiday travel and to identify potential risk factors. Results: Of 43,457 traffic fatalities studied, 15,292 (35%) occurred during the holiday, with Saturday being deadliest but Monday having highest odds. Both sexes, all years, age <65, drivers and passengers, rural and urban, and all regions in the United States were at increased risk during the holiday versus non-holiday periods.

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COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354920971720 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 117-123

Author(s):

Mengxi Zhang ◽

Ashok Gurung ◽

Philip Anglewicz ◽

Katherine Yun

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Online Survey ◽

Sampling Strategy ◽

The United States ◽

Community Leaders ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Asian Immigrant ◽

Related Risk ◽

Increased Risk

Objectives Immigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspected risk factor is their role in the essential workforce. We aimed to describe COVID-19–related risk factors among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees in the United States. Methods We administered an anonymous online survey in May 2020 among community leaders of Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. Using a snowball sampling strategy, we invited community leaders to complete the survey and share the link with others who met inclusion criteria (English proficient, aged ≥18, currently living in the United States). We compared respondents with and without recent COVID-19 and identified risk factors for infection. Results Of 218 refugees in 23 states who completed the survey from May 15 through June 1, 2020, fifteen (6.9%) reported infection with COVID-19. Being an essential worker during the pandemic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% CI, 1.21-22.78), having an infected family member (OR = 26.92; 95% CI, 5.19-139.75), and being female (OR = 5.63; 95% CI, 1.14-27.82) were risk factors for infection. Among 33 infected family members, 23 (69.7%) were essential workers. Conclusion Although we had a small snowball sample, we found that working in essential industries was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among Bhutanese and Burmese refugees. We call for larger studies that include Asian immigrant subgroups, as well as immediate attention to protecting immigrant essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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P126 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 2014 AND 2019: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

10.1093/ibd/zaa010.056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S24-S25

Author(s):

Emad Mansoor ◽

Mohannad Abou-Saleh ◽

Muhammad Talal Sarmini ◽

Vijit Chouhan ◽

Miguel Regueiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Ileoanal Anastomosis ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

The United States ◽

Intestinal Surgery ◽

Electronic Health Record Data ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of

Abstract Background The risk of extra-colonic cancer in IBD is unclear. While thiopurines and tumour necrosis factor-α antagonists (anti-TNFs) are associated with increased risk of skin cancer and lymphoma in IBD, there is scant data on breast cancer in IBD. We evaluated the prevalence of breast cancer in IBD and investigated the role of biologics, immunomodulators, and clinical characteristics of IBD in patients with IBD and breast cancer. Methods We queried a commercial database (Explorys Inc), an aggregate of Electronic Health Record data from 26 major integrated healthcare systems in the US from 1999 to 2019. We identified a cohort of eligible patients with a diagnosis of “Crohn’s disease” (CD) and “Ulcerative Colitis” (UC) between June 2014 and 2019, based on Systemized Nomenclature Of Medicine – Clinical Terms. We calculated the prevalence of “primary malignant neoplasm of breast” in IBD overall, and among different sub-groups and identified risk factors for breast cancer in IBD utilizing linear regression. Results Of the 35,521,930 individuals in the database from October 2014–2019, we identified 165,750 and 140,640 individuals with a diagnosis of CD and UC with an overall prevalence rate of 0.47% and 0.4% respectively. Out of these, 3,160 individuals with CD and 3,340 individuals with UC had a co-diagnosis of breast cancer. The prevalence of breast cancer in individuals without IBD was 1.1%. Compared to individuals with breast cancer without IBD, the prevalence of breast cancer in CD was increased at 1.9% [OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.73–1.85, p<0.0001] and in UC was 2.3% [OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 2.17–2.32, p<0.0001]. Compared to individuals with IBD and no malignancy, individuals with IBD and breast cancer were predominantly females, elderly (>65yo), Caucasians, had history of tobacco use and appendectomy (Table 1). Anti-TNFs and vedolizumab were associated with increased risk of breast cancer in CD (ORs 1.82 and 1.38) but not in UC. Azathioprine was associated with increased risk of breast cancer in both CD and UC (ORs 1.9 and 1.29). For UC, history of colectomy was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer with OR 1.51. For CD, history of total abdominal colectomy (TAC) with ileostomy or with ileoanal anastomosis, partial resection of the colon and small intestinal surgery were all associated increased risk of breast cancer. However, fistulizing disease, peri-anal disease, and incision and drainage of perineal or perirectal abscess were not associated with increased risk of breast cancer (Table 1). Conclusion We found a two-fold higher prevalence of breast cancer in patients with IBD compared to individuals without IBD. We identified tobacco use, appendectomy and surrogate markers of luminal inflammation (use of immunomodulators, biologic agents and history of intestinal surgery) to increase risk of breast cancer. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings which have implications on agressive screening of breast cancer in females with IBD.

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