scholarly journals THE HERITAGE OF I. KANT AND H. RICKERT’S AXIOLOGICAL EPISTEMOLOGY OF HISTORY

2020 ◽  
pp. 286-303
Author(s):  
Артём Александрович Аванесян
Keyword(s):  
Concept Formation ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Kantian Theory ◽  
Relevant Material ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

Статья посвящена исследованию развиваемой Г. Риккертом концепции соотнесения с ценностью как основы исторического познания. Подробно прослеживаются связующие нити, объединяющие кантианскую теорию рефлектирующей способности суждения и риккертовский исторический метод образования понятий, формулированием которого утверждается возможность научного постижения сингулярных фактов, не подверженных обобщению. Исследование процедуры соотнесения с ценностями, постулируемой в качестве критерия отбора исторически релевантного материала, позволяет прояснить коренящиеся в неокантианской философии истоки формирования категории исторического опыта как воплощения особого типа понимания, направленного на постижение единичных и неповторимых культурных явлений. The article is devoted to the study of the concept of relation to value as the basis of historical knowledge developed by H. Rickert. The connecting threads that unite the Kantian theory of the reflective ability of judgment and Rickert’s historical method of concept formation are traced in detail. On this basis, the possibility of scientific comprehension of singular facts that are not subject to generalization is revealed. The study of the procedure of establishing relation to values, postulated as a criterion for selecting historically relevant material, makes it possible to clarify the origins of the formation of the category of historical experience within the framework of neo-Kantian philosophy focused on the special type of understanding aimed at comprehending individual and unique cultural phenomena.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF KANTIAN CRITIQUE OF THE POWER OF JUDGMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE BADEN SCHOOL OF NEO-KANTIANISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Артём Александрович Аванесян
Keyword(s):  
Reflective Judgment ◽  
Independent Method ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Kantian Theory

В работе выявляется связь, объединяющая кантианскую теорию суждения с эпистемологической доктриной Баденской школы неокантианства. Различение определяющей и рефлектирующей способности суждения сопоставляется с генерализирующим и индивидуализирующим способами образования понятий. Особенности исторического метода возводятся к отличительным чертам телеологического и эстетического вариантов применения рефлектирующего суждения. Выстроенная на этой платформе концепция самостоятельного метода исторического познания задает особое видение исторического познания как опыта восприятия и понимания единичных, однократных и уникальных культурных процессов. The article reveals the connection that unites the Kantian theory of judgment with the epistemological doctrine of the Baden school of neo-Kantianism. The distinction between the determining and reflective ability of judgment is compared with the generalizing and individualizing methods of forming concepts. The features of the historical method are raised to the distinctive features of the teleological and aesthetic variants of the application of reflective judgment. The concept of an independent method of historical cognition, built on this platform, sets a special vision of historical cognition as an experience of perception and understanding of single and unique cultural processes.

Historical Experience of Criminalization: to the Centenary of the Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Ivan Kozachenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Law System ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Concept Planning ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Definition Of

The creation of the Guiding Principles on the Criminal Law of the RSFSR of 1919 is studied taking into account extremely complicated internal and external political situation in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century. Using the methods of analysis, synthesis, as well as comparative and historical method, the author determines the significance of the Guiding Principles in the law system of the young Soviet state. Some key norms of the document are examined. In particular, the definition of criminal law is analyzed and its advantages and disadvantages are identified. It is noted that the definition of a crime was formulated too broadly, and more significant steps in criminalization of different acts were made with the adoption of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922. It is indicated which persons were not punished according to the Guidelines. Attention is drawn to the way in which such a method of protection as necessary defense was set forth in this act. The Guiding Principles are not without certain disadvantages: for example, the institution of complicity is not sufficiently disclosed, there is lexical redundancy in the definition of the concept «planning the offence». However, the discrepancies between the main provisions covered in the Guidelines are explainable and excusable, taking into account the historical situation at the time of their adoption. The analyzed document became the basis for Russian criminal law, and some of its provisions are still relevant.

Looking for Black Swans

Symposion ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-77
Author(s):  
Michael F. Duggan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Black Swans ◽  
Discrete Step ◽  
Better Than

This article examines the basis for testing historical claims and proffers the observation that the historical method is akin to the scientific method in that it utilizes critical elimination rather than justification. Building on the critical rationalism of Karl Popper – and specifically the deductive component of the scientific method called falsification – I examine his tetradic schema and adapt it for the specific purpose of historical analysis by making explicit a discrete step of critical testing, even though the schema is adequate as Popper expresses it and the elimination of error occurs at all steps of analysis. I also add a discrete step of critical elimination to Popper’s schema even though the elimination of error occurs at every step of analysis. The basis for critical elimination history is the demonstrable counterexample. The study of history will never approach the precision of science – history deals with open systems that cannot be replicated like experiments guided by fundamental laws. But just because we cannot know something with the rigor of science does not mean that we cannon know it better than we do. There may be no objective truth in an absolute sense, but there is a distinction to be made between well-tested and poorly tested theories and therefore between history done well and history done with less analytical rigor. What I hope to show is how our historical knowledge may progress through good faith critical discussion – history is discussion – and the elimination of error.

Catherine's Retinue: Old Age, Fashion, and Historicism in the Nineteenth Century

Slavic Review ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-803
Author(s):  
Luba Golburt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Queen Of Spades

Beside her political and cultural legacy, Catherine II bequeathed to the nineteenth century a certain striking image of the body and spirit of the eighteenth: an aging aristocratic lady, inflexible in her behavioral routines and visibly unaware of historical change. This image was codified by Aleksandr Pushkin in The Queen of Spades and, much later, satirized by Ivan Turgenev in several of his novels. Highlighting the recurrence of these copies of Catherine the Great in nineteenth-century Russian prose, Luba Golburt interprets the narrative and historical implications of fashion and aging in this period that was fascinated with historical knowledge and imagination. The persistence of the past embodied by these figures posed a challenge to the otherwise widely embraced Hegelian notions of progress, underscoring the repetitive and ritualistic rhythms of historical experience. These figures also extended the realist narrative's historical scope and made possible a range of polyphonous temporal structures.

The Fate of the History of Mentalités in the Annales

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Burguiére
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

In a letter addressed to the medievalist Ferdinand Lot and dated June 1941, Charles Seignobos, hereditary enemy of the Annales, declared, “I have the impression that, for approximately the last quarter-century, the effort to think about historical method, which was vigorous in the 1880s and especially so in the 1890s, has reached a stalemate,” and noted that, as a sign of the times, “the Revue de Synthese Historique … has changed its name.” Seignobos, then only a year before his death, was writing a book on “the principles of the historical method.” His letter alluded to American and German output (“a mediocre American, Barnes, published a fat book in 1925 in which he summarized a large number of works….”), but made no mention of Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, or of the Annales, then in its twelfth year. To choose to ignore the Annales while discoursing on historical method is of course unjust and absurd. But aside from this omission, Charles Seignobos's remarks are not without pertinence. It is true that France at the turn of the last century and particularly during the first decade of the twentieth century, had been the center of a passionate and fascinating debate on the nature of historical knowledge, on the legitimacy of its pretensions to be a science, and so forth, and that by the 1940s this debate had ceased.

scholarly journals Dachniki of Tsaritsyno: Parishioners of the Life-Giving Spring Church in the Catherine Palace (Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-182
Author(s):  
Irina Leonidovna Babich
Keyword(s):  
Structural Method ◽  
Central State ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Country Life ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

The article's research subject is the life of the Orthodox community around the Life-Giving Spring Church in Tsaritsyno at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The research object is the dachniki (summer residents) who became members of this Orthodox community.The Central State Archive of Moscow has preserved the metric books of this church. Based on this type of source, the author has compiled a list of the dachniki in Tsaritsyno who became parishioners of the Life-Giving Spring Church. The dachniki becoming part of the Tsaritsyno community was identified by the author through the evidence that they turned to the church's priests to perform various religious celebrations: baptisms, weddings and funeral services. Obviously, these celebrations are not indicative of the active participation of a specific dachnik in the life of the church, but in the author's opinion, this can still be indirectly used to analyze the relationship between country life and church life in Tsaritsyno. The author applied the historical method to analyze the archival materials collected at the Central Historical Archive of Moscow and the structural method to create a comprehensive picture of Russian life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.The choice of this topic for scientific research is based on the fact that in the 1990-2010s the process of an Orthodox revival had begun, which also turned out to be partially tied to the modern dacha movement. On the example of a number of monasteries near Moscow, one can trace the growth of Orthodox communities in the opened monasteries thanks to the dachniki living nearby. Due to this, the historical experience of this interaction can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the processes taking place in modern Russia.

Central Sudan

2020 ◽  
pp. 479-506
Author(s):  
Carlos Magnavita ◽  
Abubakar Sani Sule
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
City States ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Religion ◽  
Relevant Material

In view of the paucity of research, the Islamic archaeology of the Central Sudan and Sahel remains one of the less well known of the African continent. While this also applies to the material legacy of the past six centuries, it is particularly sites and remains from the early period of Islamic influence in the region that are virtually unexplored. The earliest and most expressive elements of the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel are elite sites related to powerful indigenous states: Kanem-Borno around Lake Chad and the Hausa city-states to the west. In view of their pivotal role in the introduction and propagation of the new religion and culture, the archaeology of those states is particularly significant when addressing the theme. Taking into account the current absence of a comprehensive body of archaeological evidence, this chapter relies on historical knowledge and interpretation as background to discussing a range of archaeological sites, structures, and features that are relevant material expressions of the impact of early and late Arab-Islamic influence in the region. The authors conclude by emphasizing the still untapped, enormous potential of research on the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY R.G. COLLINGWOOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-219
Author(s):  
Артём Александрович Аванесян
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Context

Теория исторического познания Р.Дж. Коллингвуда выстраивается на основе методики воспроизведения интеллектуального опыта человека прошлого в современном контексте. Такой подход отводит ключевую роль в процессе исследования прошлого рефлексии историка, работа которой ориентирована на осмысление исторических свидетельств. В результате развития этих идей складывается представление о присущем историческому познанию характере опыта, отличающегося принципиальной незавершенностью, изменчивостью и способностью к самосовершенствованию. The theory of historical knowledge by R.G. Collingwood is built on the basis of the method of reenactment the intellectual experience of a person of the past in a modern context. This approach assigns a key role in the process of studying the past to the historian's reflection, whose work is focused on comprehending historical evidence. As a result of the development of these ideas formed the conception of historical knowledge that has a nature of experience, characterized by fundamental incompleteness, variability and the ability to selfimprovement.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS CONCEPTUALIZATION IN THE HERITAGE OF MAX WEBER

2020 ◽  
pp. 304-318
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Германович Кукарников
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Historical Material

В данной статье прослеживается процесс осуществления Максом Вебером синтеза теоретических представлений в различных областях социально-гуманитарного знания с целью обосновать собственную концепцию генезиса капитализма современного западного типа. Отталкиваясь от разрабатываемых им принципов понимающей социологии и общеметодологических оснований исторического знания философии неокантианства, Вебер в своей социологии религии прорабатывает вопрос о роли внеэкономических факторов в становлении капитализма, а именно о значении мотивации трудовой и предпринимательской деятельности, которую он находит прежде всего в религии. Разработанный общесоциологический аппарат понятий применяется им для анализа огромного массива конкретно-исторического материала, благодаря чему Веберу удалось переосмыслить наличный исторический опыт и сформировать оригинальную и плюралистическую по своему характеру философско-историческую концепцию. Его труды как в области философии и методологии, так и в области исторической социологии продолжают играть значимую роль в современной социальной теории. This article traces the process of realization by Max Weber the synthesis of theoretical concepts in various areas of social and humanitarian knowledge in order to substantiate his own concept of the genesis of modern Western-type capitalism. Based on the principles of understanding sociology that he developed and the general methodological foundations of the historical knowledge in the philosophy of neo-Kantianism, Weber, in his sociology of religion, is working on the issue of the role of non-economic factors in the formation of capitalism, namely, the meaning of motivation for labor and entrepreneurial activity, which he finds primarily in religion. The developed general sociological apparatus of concepts is used by him to analyze a huge mass of concrete historical material, thanks to which Weber managed to rethink the available historical experience and form an original and pluralistic philosophical and historical concept. His works both in the field of philosophy and methodology, and in the field of historical sociology continue to play a significant role in modern social theory.

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