scholarly journals Statistical properties of the telephone network

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Telephone Network ◽  
Directed Network ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters

The directed network of telephone subscribers is considered in the article. It can be described as a dynamic network with vertices that correspond to the subscribers of the telephone network and emerging directional edges that correspond to the connections between the respective subscribers. The position of the edge and its direction is determined by the incoming and outgoing calls from the corresponding vertices. The subject of the article is the statistical properties of the connections of a certain subset of telephone network subscribers. Such connections are dynamic in nature due to their appearance and disappearance. The number of outgoing (or incoming) connections occurred during a day at a selected vertex is used as the main characteristic. The distribution density of the number of outgoing (or incoming) connections (or calls) of such a network has been analyzed using the experimental data. It has been shown that such a distribution density over the number of calls obeys the lognormal distribution density, which depends on the two parameters. The values of two parameters, namely the mean value and the variance, determining the lognormal distribution density are established. The reasons for the appearance of a lognormal distribution density over the number of incoming (or outgoing) connections have been discussed. The statistical properties of other groups of subscribers have been considered as well. In particular, the group that makes a large number of outgoing calls to various subscribers of the telephone network has been selected for a separate study. The members of this group, who create and distribute spam can be called spammers. It has been shown that these groups, spammers for example, also obeys the lognormal distribution density over the number of calls but they are characterized by the different mean value and variance.

A Comparison of Physiological Demand between Self-Propelled and Motorized Treadmill Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Todd Backes ◽  
Charlene Takacs
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mixing Chamber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Computer Controlled

There are a wide range of options for individuals to choose from in order to engage in aerobic exercise; from outdoor running to computer controlled and self-propelled treadmills. Recently, self-propelled treadmills have increased in popularity and provide an alternative to a motorized treadmill. Twenty subjects (10 men, 10 women) ranging in age from 19-23 with a mean of 20.4 ± 0.8 SD were participants in this study. The subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions. The purpose of the first visit was to familiarize the subject with the self-propelled treadmill (Woodway Curve 3.0). The second visit, subjects were instructed to run on the self-propelled treadmill for 3km at a self-determined pace. Speed data were collected directly from the self-propelled treadmill. The third visit used speed data collected during the self-propelled treadmill run to create an identically paced 3km run for the subjects to perform on a motorized treadmill (COSMED T150). During both the second and third visit, oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) data were collected with COSMED’s Quark cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) metabolic mixing chamber system. The VO2 mean value for the self-propelled treadmill (44.90 ± 1.65 SE ml/kg/min) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (34.38 ± 1.39 SE ml/kg/min). The mean R value for the self-propelled treadmill (0.91 ± 0.01 SE) was significantly greater than the motorized treadmill (0.86 ± 0.01 SE). Our study demonstrated that a 3km run on a self-propelled treadmill does elicit a greater physiological response than a 3km run at on a standard motorized treadmill. Self-propelled treadmills provide a mode of exercise that offers increased training loads and should be considered as an alternative to motorized treadmills.

scholarly journals Reactivity determination in accelerator driven reactors using reactor noise analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Spallation Source ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Radioactive Sources ◽  
Reactivity Determination

Feynman-alpha and Rossi-alpha methods are used in traditional nuclear reactors to determine the subcritical reactivity of a system. The methods are based on the measurement of the mean value, variance and the covariance of detector counts for different measurement times. Such methods attracted renewed attention recently with the advent of the so-called accelerator driven reactors (ADS) proposed some time ago. The ADS systems, intended to be used either in energy generation or transuranium transmutation, will use a subcritical core with a strong spallation source. A spallation source has statistical properties that are different from those traditionally used by radioactive sources. In such reactors the monitoring of the subcritical reactivity is very important, and a statistical method, such as the Feynman-alpha method, is capable of resolving this problem.

scholarly journals HASIL HITUNG NORMOBLAS ANTARA SEDIAAN HAPUSAN DARAH TEPI PENDERITA AML DENGAN ALL

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Hidayat . ◽  
Nina Susana Dewi ◽  
Nadjwa Zamalek Dalimoenthe
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Immature Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smears

Normoblast is an immature form of erythrocyte in erythropoietin system. Normally, normoblast can be found in peripheral blood healthy neonates. The existence of normoblast in peripheral blood might be the sign of pathologic conditions such as hemolytic anemia,acute blood loss, and ischemia and bone marrows abnormalities like malignancy or leukemia. In acute leukemia (Acute MyeloblasticLeukemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia), normoblast existence in peripheral blood may due to erythropoietin system suppression.The aim of this study is to compare normoblast count between AML and ALL, and also to find out the correlation between leukocyte andnormoblast count in AML and ALL. The subject of this study were patient diagnosed as AML (30) and ALL (30) in Hematology Divisionof Clinical Pathology Department at Dr.Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung in July 2006–August 2008. In this study we examined 30peripheral blood smears from AML and 30 peripheral blood smears from ALL. Leukocyte count result was derived from CBC performedwith Sysmex KX-21. The mean value of normoblast count from AML blood smear patients is 1930.60 (3.60/100 WBC) while ALL bloodsmear patients is 309.60 (0.43/100 WBC). Statistically this difference is significant (p < 0.001). There are strong correlation betweenleukocyte count and normoblast count within both group (r = 0.851, r = 0.948; p < 0.001).

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI DENGAN MEDIA DART BOARD UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA Di KELAS XI IPA 1 SMA NEGERI 9 KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017

Alotrop ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Defrilina Sri Eka Wulandari ◽  
Amrul Bahar ◽  
Elvinawati Elvinawati
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Entire Sequence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Academic Year

[THE  APPLICATION OF INQUIRY LEARNING MODEL WITH  DART BOARDMEDIA TO IMPROVE THE STUDIED RESULTS OF  CHEMISTRY IN CLASS XI IPA 1 SMA NEGERI 9 CITY OF BENGKULU  AT 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR]  This research aims to improve the learning outcomes and student activity model of learning by implementing a inkuiri dart board with media in class XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 9 Bengkulu city at 2016/2017. Academic year. This research is a class action research. This research was conducted in three cycles consisting of 4 stages each namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subject of this research is the whole grade X IPA 1 SMA N 9 Bengkulu city on 2016/2017 academic year. From the results, it can be concluded that the process of learning to apply inquiry learning models by using a Dart Board media proved can improve the activity and outcomes of study chemistry grade XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 9  Bengkulu city on 2016/2017 academic year. It can be seen from the average value of students in Ist cycle are 61.61, classical absorption 77.02% and learning of classical completeness at 19.35%..In Iind Cycle obtained an average score of students amounted to 71.29; absorption of conventional 79.21% and  completeness studied conventional 35.48%. In IIIth cycle received an average rating of students at 84.51; absorption of conventional 84.51% and  completeness  studied classical 90.32%.. For the entire sequence of an increase in the activity of the students which can be seen from the mean value – 1st cycle averages of 22.5, 2nd cycle at 25; and in 3th cycle at 29.

METODE DISKUSI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA KELAS VB SDN 007 PANIPAHAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Sudarmiati Sudarmiati
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Class V ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Improve Student Learning

The background of this research is teaching and learning process in class V SDN 007 Panipahan in IPS subjects which is still dominated by teachers so that students become passive receive just the material given by the teacher and the learning result which not yet satisfy with the mean value under KKM. This study aims to determine whether there is influence of discussion methods, both individually and classically to the results of class V B on the subject of social studies in SDN 007 Panipahan. The study was conducted on 32 students consisting of 20 men and 12 women. Data were collected through observation by observer using observation sheet for discussion method data, and through postes unutuk data learning result. The results showed that the method of discussion can improve student learning outcomes, this is evidenced by: Student learning outcomes have increased, in the cycle I average learning outcomes obtained by students is 70.78. In the second cycle has increased with average learning outcome of 75.31. In addition, the classical completeness also increased on the percentage prasiklus student klasiskal completeness of 56.25%, in the first cycle reached 68.75%, in cycle II classical completeness reached 87.53%.

DEVELOPING A NEW PARAMETER TO REPRESENT THE FOOT ALIGNMENT IN SUBJECTS WITH FLAT ARCH

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350036
Author(s):  
A. R. TAHERI ◽  
M. T. KARIMI ◽  
R. B. TAHMASEBI ◽  
B. SATVATI ◽  
F. FATOYE
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Medial Side ◽  
Foot Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Foot Alignment ◽  
Flat Arch

Background and aim: Flatfoot is characterized based on the height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot relative to ground. The most common methods used to evaluate the severity of flatfoot and influences of the foot insole on the alignment of the foot structure in static situation are footprints and the use of X-ray. However, both of them have some limitations and cannot be used during walking while the subject uses the insole. Therefore, the aim of this research was to find a parameter which represents the alignment of the foot structure while walking. Methods: Two groups of normal and flat-arched subjects were recruited into this study. The location of center of ankle joint (COJ) and center of pressure (COP) while walking was obtained using Qualysis motion analysis system and a force plate. The area between COP and COJ in the medial side to the total area was the new parameter used in this study. Conclusion: The mean value of the new parameter was 74.65 ± 7.15 and 91.86 ± 12.4 for normal and flatfooted subjects, respectively. It appears that the new parameter can be used to check the alignment of the foot structure during walking. Clinical statement: The results of this research study can be used by clinicians to determine the alignment of the foot structure and the influence of the foot insole.

scholarly journals X. Bakerian lecture.—The structure and opacity of a stellar atmosphere

1929 ◽  
Vol 228 (659-669) ◽  
pp. 421-461 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Radiation Pressure ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Stellar Atmosphere ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Abstract Problem ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flash Spectrum ◽  
Two Parameters

The general problem .—“Stellar atmosphere" is the name given loosely to the outer portions of a star. The stellar atmosphere is divided observationally into three superincumbent layers, named the photospheric layers, the reversing layer and the chromosphere, in order of increasing level. The boundaries between these are only roughly defined, but broadly speaking the photospheric layers give rise to the continuous spectrum of the star, the reversing layer to the absorption-line spectrum and the chromosphere (when seen edgeways) to the flash spectrum. Mathematical analysis of the way in which gaseous material comprising the outer portions of a star may be expected to thin out into space confirms this threefold division. It also brings to light certain dynamical and thermal characteristics of the three layers. For example a definite temperature gradient in the photospheric layers shades off into an approximately isothermal state in the chromosphere; “local thermodynamic equilibrium” in the photospheric layers shades off into “monochromatic radiative equilibrium” in the upper chromosphere; and a somewhat unimportant general radiation pressure in the photospheric layers augments to a strong selective radiation-pressure in the reversing layer and chromosphere. The reversing layer is in most cases the transition layer. Assumptions valid for either photospheric layers or chromosphere separately cease to be so near their upper and lower boundaries respectively and so far it has not been possible to give a treatment which accurately deals with the regions of transition. In the present lecture it is proposed to consider chiefly the photospheric layers and the reversing layer. For these regions the dominant need is the determination of the general opacity—the fogginess—for this determines the depth we see into the star and so the pressures, densities, etc., at which the observed spectral phenomena originate. The abstract problem of the stellar atmosphere may be stated as follows. For many purposes the curvature of the outer regions of a star may be neglected and we consider only material stratified in parallel planes. The material is subject to ( a ) a gravitational field of acceleration g , ( b ) a net flux of energy of amount πF per unit area, incident on it from below and emergent into space above. This is determined by the evolution of energy in the interior of the star. The amount of energy actually incident on the atmospheric layers from below exceeds π F, but a portion is re-radiated downwards by the atmospheric layers, π F being the net amount passing through. If the atmospheric layers are in a steady state there is no accumulation of energy, and the net amount of energy crossing any surface of stratification is equal to that crossing any parallel surface, namely π F. The quantity F itself is the mean value of the emergent intensity of radiation at any point, or, what is the same thing, the mean intensity of radiation over the stellar disc. The abstract problem is:— Given the two parameters g and F, and given also the ultimate chemical composition of the material, to determine the distribution of temperature, pressure, density, ionization and chemical composition in the layers, and to determine also the complete intensity-distribution both in angle and in frequency, of the emergent radiation. The practical problem is to some extent the converse one of inferring the temperature and other physical quantities from the observed emergent radiation, i.e ., from the observed spectra, measured if possible spectro-photometrically. In many cases we do not know either g or F, and these also may have to be determined from the observed spectra.

Variations of ventilation and diffusing capacity to perfusion determining the alveolar-arterial O2 difference: theory

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Piiper
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Perfusion ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Mixed Venous

The factors determining the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference, AaD, have been theoretically reinvestigated, taking into account the effect of unequal distribution of pulmonary diffusing capacity, D, to pulmonary perfusion, Q. It is shown that, for a given inspired gas and a given mixed venous blood, the AaD is determined by two parameters, the ratios diffusing capacity :perfusion, D/Q, and alveolar ventilation :perfusion, Va/Q. Two characteristics of both of these ratios, the mean value and the variation, affect the AaD. Submitted on May 23, 1960

Studies on Centrifugal Clutch of Frictional Lining Materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 642 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Tse Chang Li ◽  
Yu Wen Huang ◽  
Jen Fin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Frictional Torque ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Maximum Contact ◽  
Static Torque

Using the Taguchi method, a 5-factorial, 3-level orthogonal array (L’18 (35)) was used as the experimental layout for 18 kinds of frictional lining specimen. These specimens were prepared in order to investigate their performance in establish a relationship between Ts/Td (Ts: static torque; Td: dynamic torque) and dμ/dνx (μ: friction coefficient; νx: relative velocity of frictional lining and clutch drum) parameters. The frictional torque and the rotational speeds of the driveline, clutch, and clutch drum as functions of contact time for 100 clutch cycles are experimentally obtained dμ/dνx and Ts/Td. In the study, a sharp rise in maximum contact pressure ratio occurred when the relative sliding velocity reached the critical velocity, Vc. This increase in maximum contact pressure ratio generally led to an increase of the (initially negative) dμ/dνx value. The mean values of dμ/dνx and Ts/Td for the clutching tests with 100 cycles can be roughly divided into three groups dependent on the fluctuation intensities of these two parameters, for each of which there is a linear relationship. The maximum contact pressure ratio significantly increases even increasing the mean value of dμ/dνx.

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