scholarly journals Disability

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Murray ◽  
Roger Loveless
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disability Support

Disabled people and their whänau have poorer outcomes across a wide range of wellbeing and living standards measures.1 Yet disability analysis does not appear to be well integrated into government decision making on wellbeing. This article builds a framework for understanding disability in a wellbeing context by using the Treasury’s Living Standards Framework and Sophie Mitra’s human development model for disability and health. One of the most important aspects of Mitra’s model is the interaction between resources and structural factors. Structural factors, such as an inaccessible built environment, force disabled people to spend more resources to get the same outcomes as nondisabled people. Publicly funded disability support is essential to counteract these structural factors. We also need to improve the usability of the four capitals for disabled people and their whänau to reduce these structural barriers.

scholarly journals Examining the role of governmsent in shaping disability inclusiveness around COVID-19: a framework analysis of Australian guidelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Colon-Cabrera ◽  
Shivika Sharma ◽  
Narelle Warren ◽  
Dikaios Sakellariou
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Disability Services ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Guidance Documents

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered the ways in which disabled people are made more vulnerable due to structural inequalities. These vulnerabilities are the result of the interaction between individual and structural factors that shape how risk is experienced by disabled people. In Australia, these vulnerabilities are influenced by the way disability services and care for disabled people are delivered through a consumer-directed approach. We analysed the policies and documentation made by the Australian Government and state and territory governments during the pandemic to explore whether these were disability-inclusive. We aimed to unpack how these policies shaped disabled people as vulnerable citizens. Methods Guided by documentary research, we used framework analysis to examine the policies of the Australian Government and state and territory governments. We analysed legislation that was given royal assent by the federal, state and territory governments, and documents (reports, fact sheets, guidance documents, etc.) published by the federal government and the state of Victoria (given that this state experienced the brunt of the epidemic in Australia) between February 2020 to August of 2020. Results We found that most of the resources were not aimed at disabled people, but at carers and workers within disability services. In addition, most policies formulated by the Australian Government were related to the expansion of welfare services and the creation of economic stimulus schemes. However, while the stimulus included unemployed people, the expansion of benefits explicitly excluded disabled people who were not employed. Most of the legislation and documents offered accessibility options, though most of these options were only available in English. Disability oriented agencies offered more extensive accessibility options. Conclusions The findings indicate a large number of documents addressing the needs of disabled people. However, disability-inclusiveness appeared to be inconsistent and not fully considered, leaving disabled people exposed to greater risk of COVID-19. Neoliberal policies in the health and welfare sector in Australia have led to an individualisation of the responsibility to remain healthy and a reliance on people as independent consumers. Governments need to take a clear stance towards the emergence of such a discourse that actively disvalues disabled people.

Bioethics, Disability, and Selective Reproductive Technology

2018 ◽  
pp. 729-743
Author(s):  
Christian Munthe
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Identity Studies ◽  
Disability Theory ◽  
Disability Identity ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Publicly Supported

This chapter explores disability-based criticism against what is here called selective reproductive technology (SRT) such as prenatal screening programs in light of recent calls for disability theory, as well as political activism based on that, to accommodate for an intersectional turn across all types of critical social identity studies (class, disability, gender, LGBT, queer, race, etc.). Applying intersectionality to the disability SRT critique generates complex and provoking implications, not invalidating it but radically transforming its shape and direction. Most notably, it inserts a wedge between the identity-based experience that SRT unjustly discriminates and oppresses disabled people and the identity political call for SRT programs to be shut down or at least not publicly supported. Intersectionality steers the justification toward politically addressing structural factors explaining injustice independently of identity-based experience, and SRT programs may have to be allowed for such action to be sustainable also from a disability identity standpoint.

The Economics of Health in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 843-868
Author(s):  
Ronelle Burger ◽  
Mosima Ngwenya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
African Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economics Of Health ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Public And Private Sector

The remnants of the colonial and apartheid era are evident in the South African health system’s persistently higher levels of injury, mental health problems, disease and mortality amongst the poor and marginalized—mediated through a wide range of social determinants including environmental health factors such as hygiene, access to clean water, clean air and adequate sanitation, violent crime and trauma, occupational risk, alcohol abuse and tobacco dependence. Due to such structural factors, children of poor parents have lower levels of cognitive development, are more likely to be stunted and a greater share die young. The legacy also persists via severe inequalities in the resourcing of health providers across districts and provinces and also between the public and private sector. Additionally, there is evidence of inefficient resource allocation and inefficient use of resources in both sectors, which further diminishes the health sector’s ability to meet the needs of its population.

Why the NLD fails to consolidate democratic transition in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110392
Author(s):  
Zayar Lay Swe
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
National League ◽  
Freedom House

The general populace in Myanmar, as well as international observers, have expected that the National League for Democracy (NLD) would be able to consolidate democratic transition, since the latter obtained a certain degree of support from home and abroad. During the five years of the NLD administration, transition has nevertheless been in regression instead of progression. All rating agencies (Freedom House, Bertelsmann, VDem) consider that Myanmar is not yet a democracy. Freedom House's report indicates that Myanmar's status changed from ‘Partly Free’ to ‘Not Free’ in 2020. Much of the existing literature argues that this stems from the NLD having had to operate within structural constraints and agency curbs. Therefore, this article will examine why the NLD is unable to overcome these barriers, under which structural factors and what kind of agency. The article argues that, instead of structure-altering, the NLD has reinforced structural barriers without seeking any considerable leeway within the bounds of existing constraints. In the context of structure, this article will examine the transition process itself, as well as constitutional arrangements, the economic system, and the political culture. The agency context will include the behaviours of the chief executive, the Tatmadaw, and the general populace.

Processes of Shaming

2018 ◽  
pp. 263-280
Author(s):  
Nandini Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Cultural Ideologies ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Depth Interviews

Ableism is entrenched in all societies and cultures, and reveals itself in the cultural inclination towards normalcy. The ‘norm’ reflects the cultural reproduction of ableism, by drawing boundaries around those bodies that transgress able-bodied whiteness. Emotions, as normative evaluative judgements, help in understanding social relationships within both macro and micro contexts. In the case of disability, emotions make the exclusion of some bodies acceptable through a process of othering, by devaluing and debasing certain identity groups. Public policy discourses on disability frequently reference emotions such as shame or pity to describe the lived experience of disabled people. In India, laws and policies around disability have largely been influenced by the ableist socio-cultural ideologies, drawing on cultural assumptions and dominant power equations. This paper seeks to elaborate the processes whereby persons with impairments are socialised into accepting their own bodies as “deviant/impaired” and consequently experience shame and stigma in society. This paper uses qualitative case studies of men and women with different disabilities in India to reflect on how pity, disgust and shame, influenced by socio-cultural ideologies, operate within interpersonal interactions to ensure that disabled people remain othered in everyday life processes. The socio-cultural ideologies around disability and impairments have been evinced through focus groups discussion by mostly nondisabled people and in-depth interviews with key informants. The paper will illustrate how disabled people experience internalised oppression, a phenomenon that has hitherto remained unaddressed by policy frameworks in India. The paper will finally reflect on the ways in which disability policy in India has failed to address both the structural barriers and the socio-cultural attitudes that underpin the process of disabilism.

scholarly journals How men who have sex with men experience HIV health services in Kampala, Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. e001901
Author(s):  
Rachel King ◽  
Zubayiri Sebyala ◽  
Moses Ogwal ◽  
George Aluzimbi ◽  
Rose Apondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men

In sub-Saharan Africa, men who have sex with men (MSM) are socially, largely hidden and face disproportionate risk for HIV infection. Attention to HIV epidemics among MSM in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa has been obscured by repressive governmental policies, criminalisation, stigma and the lack of basic epidemiological data describing these epidemics. In this paper, we aim to explore healthcare access, experiences with HIV prevention services and structural barriers to using healthcare services in order to inform the acceptability of a combination HIV prevention package of services for men who have sex with men in Uganda. We held focus group discussions (FGDs) with both MSM and healthcare providers in Kampala, Uganda, to explore access to services and to inform prevention and care. Participants were recruited through theoretical sampling with criteria based on ability to answer the research questions. Descriptive thematic coding was used to analyse the FGD data. We described MSM experiences, both negative and positive, as they engaged with health services. Our findings showed that socio-structural factors, mediated by psychological and relational factors impacted MSM engagement in care. The socio-structural factors such as stigma, homophobia and policy issues emerged strongly as did the mediating factors such as relations with specific health staff and a social support structure. A combination intervention addressing structural, social and psychological barriers could have an impact even in the precarious policy environment where this study was conducted.

scholarly journals International migration and health: it is time to go beyond conventional theoretical frameworks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e001938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakir Hossin
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Immigrant Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Wide Range

The large-scale international migration in the 21st century has emerged as a major threat to the global health equity movement. Not only has the volume of migration substantially increased but also the patterns of migration have become more complex. This paper began by focusing on the drivers of international migration and how health inequalities are linked to migration. Situating migration within the broader structural contexts, the paper calls for using the unharnessed potential of the intersectionality framework to advance immigrant health research. Despite coming from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds and facing disparities in the host society, the immigrants are often paradoxically shown to be healthier than the native population, although this health advantage diminishes over time. Studies on immigrant health, however, are traditionally informed by the acculturation framework which holds the assimilation of unhealthy lifestyles primarily responsible for immigrant health deterioration, diverting the attention away from the structural factors. Although the alternative structural framework came up with the promise to explore the structural factors, it is criticised for an overwhelming focus on access to healthcare and inadequate attention to institutional and societal contexts. However, the heterogeneity of the immigrant population across multiple dimensions of vulnerability demands a novel approach that can bring to the fore both premigratory and postmigratory contextual factors and adequately capture the picture of immigrant health. The paper concludes by questioning the acculturation perspective and pushing the structural paradigm to embrace the intersectionality framework which has the potential to address a wide range of vulnerabilities that intersect to produce health inequalities among the immigrants.

VP26 HTA In Nursing: Scoping Trends With An ICF Component Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Markus Wübbeler ◽  
Sebastian Geis
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Healthcare Outcomes ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Icf Model

IntroductionNursing is a worldwide growing but still underdeveloped health technology assessment (HTA) field. A systematic overview about the current trends in HTA and nursing would shed some light on the issues of (i) the HTA base in this sector, and (ii) outcomes addressed with the interventions and technologies.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review using the National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination HTA database, including all abstracts of HTA reports related to nursing. To systemize the interventions and technologies assessed in the HTA reports, we designed an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Map connecting the targeted healthcare outcomes with the components of the ICF Classification.ResultsWe identified seventy-eight HTA reports related to nursing care, published between the years 1992 and 2018. Overall, forty-four reports did not outline any particular outcome and had to be categorized as unclear. The remaining thirty-four reports addressed three ICF components (body functions, activities/ participation, environmental factors) with sixty-eight ICF content categories. Frequent ICF contents were services, systems and policies (code e5, n = 15), cardiovascular/ respiratory functions (code b4, n = 10), mental functions (code b1, n = 7), digestive functions (code b5, n = 7), domestic life (code d6, n = 7), and sensory functions/ pain (b2, n = 6). Six HTA reports evaluated interventions/ technologies with presumed effects on at least four ICF content categories from two ICF components.ConclusionsHTA in the field of nursing is often complex, including multicomponent approaches and a wide range of potential outcomes relevant for the HTA assessment. The ICF model might be useful to support a more streamlined understanding of complex interventions in this sector. Furthermore, reports might benefit from linking the ICF Classification with HTA, especially for the assessment of complex interventions.

scholarly journals A study on the Barriers in Accessibility for the Disabled at Bus Terminal

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 04084
Author(s):  
Lee Yin Mun ◽  
Wai Kun Xin ◽  
Salini Devi Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Relationship

Transportation is a highly significant issue for the people with disabilities. The lack of accessibility in bus terminal has led to drawbacks and restricts many of the disabled from moving around without any restriction. The purpose of this research is to identify the barriers of accessibility for the disabled in bus terminals in Malaysia. The main objective of this work was to analyze the level of satisfaction of disabled toward the accessibility in bus terminal and identify the barriers of accessibility for disabled in bus terminal. This study is only focusing on the structural barriers. There are five factors affecting the structural barriers which are infrastructure, pedestrian environment, vehicle design, planning and information. The relationship between these variables and accessibility of disabled people in bus terminal was studied. This work was carried out based on quantitative research method. Questionnaire was used for data collection and data analysis was done using SPSS software in terms of inferential analysis. The key findings of this work showed that all variable has a significant relationship with accessibility of disabled people in bus terminal.

The concept of priority development of the export of products of agro-industrial complex of Russia until 2024

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Elina
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
State Support ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Export Agriculture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strategic Options

The book describes the development of resulting research opportunities and prospects of promoting the products of agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia in the international markets. The authors ' study showed that Russia continues to increase its place in world trade of agricultural products. Presents the author's concept of increasing exports of agricultural products to Russia to $ 45 billion by 2024, identified strategic options, and proposed development model of export agriculture, the expedience, methods and instruments of realization of measures of state support of export of agricultural products. For a wide range of readers interested in the development and export of the APC.

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