Dolls, Diagrams and Drawings: Interviewers’ Perspectives on Visual Aids in Child Witness Interviews

10.26686/wgtn.17060276.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Alexandra Hill

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Child Witness ◽

Visual Aids ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Older Children ◽

Cognitive Limitations ◽

Conducting Research ◽

Forensic Interviewers ◽

Witness Interviews

In cases of child maltreatment child witnesses are often the sole sources of information about the suspected events, meaning their contribution to an investigation is critical. However, children may find recounting their experiences in sufficient detail challenging (Poole & Bruck, 2012). Visual aids are the tools (e.g. diagrams, drawings, and dolls) forensic interviewers often use in interviews to help children remember or describe their experiences and overcome children’s social and cognitive limitations. Research evaluating these aids indicates that any gains in information, reported by children, are typically accompanied by significant increases in false details, thus compromising the accuracy of accounts (Brown, 2011). The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which interviewers in New Zealand use visual aids with children, and their knowledge of relevant research and the national interviewing protocol. Thirty-one New Zealand Specialist Child Witness Interviewers completed a questionnaire that assessed how and why they use aids, and their knowledge of, and adherence to, the literature and protocols guiding interviewer practice with visual aids. Interviewers’ responses indicated they used a range of aids, with both younger and older children, for a range of reasons, many of which have not been extensively researched. Generally, interviewers had poor knowledge of the existing research and protocol guidelines, and knowledge did not predict adherence to the recommendations. The findings identify the need to educate interviewers about the evidence-base surrounding various aids, as well as conducting research that more closely reflects how aids are used with children.

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Mapping Memories: Do Sketchplans Help Young Adolescents Recall more Information about an Event?

10.26686/wgtn.17014262.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Paula O'Connor

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Best Practice ◽

Young Adolescents ◽

Visual Aids ◽

Interview Protocol ◽

Investigative Interview ◽

Best Practice Guidelines ◽

New Information ◽

Forensic Interviewers ◽

Verbal Interview

A common practice among forensic interviewers in New Zealand involves asking children to draw a sketchplan of the location of the incident to help them recall and report more information about their experiences (Wolfman, Brown & Jose, 2016). There is no evidence to suggest, however, that this technique is useful when used alongside an exhaustive verbal interview. So, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether sketchplans, when used in conjunction with a forensically relevant interview protocol, help young adolescents recall more information about an event. Sixty-eight 11-13 year-old children viewed a staged magic show and, one month later, were interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Investigative Interview Protocol. Following the interview, children were asked to either: draw a sketchplan, draw generally, or have a break and think about the event, and were then asked to report anything else they could remember. The visual aids (i.e. sketchplans and drawings) did not increase the amount of new information reported relative to the talk-only condition, but did help children maintain accuracy. Sketchplans did, however, help young adolescents recall location-based information about the event. The findings do not support the use of sketchplans as a tool for helping young adolescents recall more information about their experiences when best practice guidelines are followed. Sketchplans may be useful, however, when location details about the incident are required for the investigation.

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Economic expertise as a tool of the evidence of the obtained results

ED/2019/1 - The economic discourse ◽

10.36742/2410-0919-2019-3-2 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 15-23

Author(s):

Nadia Bugay

Keyword(s):

Evidence Base ◽

Scientific Article ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Correct Conclusion ◽

Economic Journals ◽

Special Knowledge ◽

Scientific Substantiation ◽

Conducting Research ◽

Practical Nature ◽

Theoretical Developments

Introduction. Economic expertise is defined as a procedural action that consists in conducting research and providing expert economist on issues, the solution of which requires special knowledge in accounting, finance, analysis, auditing. The obvious relevance of the problem, the incompleteness of theoretical developments in the field of economic expertise and the practical need for scientific substantiation of methods of its conduct, contributing to the identification of negative tendencies and the adoption of appropriate decisions for their elimination, led to the choice of the topic of proposed article. Methods. The following research methods are used in the scientific article: deduction and induction, synthesis and analysis, dialectical, historical and systematic approaches, specific methods. The information base of the scientific article is: legislative and regulatory acts, as well as articles in economic journals, monographs, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists. Results. The main aspects, tasks, methods of economic expertise, the correct conclusion of the expert-economist on the basis of a certain study of the sources of information provided, as they are a necessary component in the formation of the evidence base of the investigated unlawful act are analyzed in the article. The main problems of theoretical and practical nature are highlighted, as well as the necessary ways of solving them, which are directed to the prospects of development and increase of efficiency of results of both the process of economic examination and the profession of economist, in particular. Discussion. The use of economic expertise as one of the sources of evidence, the detection of economic offenses, is unjustifiably one-sided and limited in nature. Insufficient development of the methodology of expert studies of the reliability of accounting and reporting information significantly narrows the scope of economic expertise, limiting it to meet the needs of judicial investigative bodies. All this leads to the search for alternative ways, identification and implementation of the necessary measures that would contribute to solving problematic issues in the field of forensic accounting. Keywords: economic expertise, expert economist, offense, evidence, methodology, sources of information, accounting.

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Mapping Memories: Do Sketchplans Help Young Adolescents Recall more Information about an Event?

10.26686/wgtn.17014262 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Paula O'Connor

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Best Practice ◽

Young Adolescents ◽

Visual Aids ◽

Interview Protocol ◽

Investigative Interview ◽

Best Practice Guidelines ◽

New Information ◽

Forensic Interviewers ◽

Verbal Interview

A common practice among forensic interviewers in New Zealand involves asking children to draw a sketchplan of the location of the incident to help them recall and report more information about their experiences (Wolfman, Brown & Jose, 2016). There is no evidence to suggest, however, that this technique is useful when used alongside an exhaustive verbal interview. So, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether sketchplans, when used in conjunction with a forensically relevant interview protocol, help young adolescents recall more information about an event. Sixty-eight 11-13 year-old children viewed a staged magic show and, one month later, were interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Investigative Interview Protocol. Following the interview, children were asked to either: draw a sketchplan, draw generally, or have a break and think about the event, and were then asked to report anything else they could remember. The visual aids (i.e. sketchplans and drawings) did not increase the amount of new information reported relative to the talk-only condition, but did help children maintain accuracy. Sketchplans did, however, help young adolescents recall location-based information about the event. The findings do not support the use of sketchplans as a tool for helping young adolescents recall more information about their experiences when best practice guidelines are followed. Sketchplans may be useful, however, when location details about the incident are required for the investigation.

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Are More Profiles Better Than Fewer?: Searching for Parsimony and Relevance in Stated Choice Experiments

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1719-22 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 1719 (1) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Peter R. Stopher ◽

David A. Hensher

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Choice Model ◽

Fractional Factorial ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Stated Choice ◽

Complex Design ◽

Data Collection Instrument ◽

Main Effects ◽

Better Than

Transportation planners increasingly include a stated choice (SC) experiment as part of the armory of empirical sources of information on how individuals respond to current and potential travel contexts. The accumulated experience with SC data has been heavily conditioned on analyst prejudices about the acceptable complexity of the data collection instrument, especially the number of profiles (or treatments) given to each sampled individual (and the number of attributes and alternatives to be processed). It is not uncommon for transport demand modelers to impose stringent limitations on the complexity of an SC experiment. A review of the marketing and transport literature suggests that little is known about the basis for rejecting complex designs or accepting simple designs. Although more complex designs provide the analyst with increasing degrees of freedom in the estimation of models, facilitating nonlinearity in main effects and independent two-way interactions, it is not clear what the overall behavioral gains are in increasing the number of treatments. A complex design is developed as the basis for a stated choice study, producing a fractional factorial of 32 rows. The fraction is then truncated by administering 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 profiles to a sample of 166 individuals (producing 1, 016 treatments) in Australia and New Zealand faced with the decision to fly (or not to fly) between Australia and New Zealand by either Qantas or Ansett under alternative fare regimes. Statistical comparisons of elasticities (an appropriate behavioral basis for comparisons) suggest that the empirical gains within the context of a linear specification of the utility expression associated with each alternative in a discrete choice model may be quite marginal.

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Conducting epigenetics research with refugees and asylum seekers: attending to the ethical challenges

Clinical Epigenetics ◽

10.1186/s13148-021-01092-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Faten Taki ◽

Inmaculada de Melo-Martin

Keyword(s):

Asylum Seekers ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Ethical Challenges ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Healthcare Barriers ◽

Humanitarian Action ◽

Disease States ◽

Conducting Research ◽

Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽

Epigenetic Research

AbstractAn increase in global violence has forced the displacement of more than 70 million people, including 26 million refugees and 3.5 asylum seekers. Refugees and asylum seekers face serious socioeconomic and healthcare barriers and are therefore particularly vulnerable to physical and mental health risks, which are sometimes exacerbated by immigration policies and local social discriminations. Calls for a strong evidence base for humanitarian action have encouraged conducting research to address the barriers and needs of refugees and asylum seekers. Given the role of epigenetics factors to mediate the effect of psychological and environmental exposures, epigenetic modifications have been used as biomarkers for life adversity and disease states. Therefore, epigenetic research can be potentially beneficial to address some of the issues associated with refugees and asylum seekers. Here, we review the value of previous and ongoing epigenetic studies with traumatized populations, explore some of the ethical challenges associated with epigenetic research with refugees and asylees and offer suggestions to address or mitigate some of these challenges. Researchers have an ethical responsibility to implement strategies to minimize the harms and maximize the short and long-term benefits to refugee and asylee participants.

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Children’s ability to edit their memories when learning about the environment from credible and noncredible websites

Cognitive Research Principles and Implications ◽

10.1186/s41235-021-00305-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kim P. Roberts ◽

Katherine R. Wood ◽

Breanne E. Wylie

Keyword(s):

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Choice Test ◽

Multiple Choice Test ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Older Children ◽

Inaccurate Information ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Many Sources ◽

Website Content

AbstractOne of the many sources of information easily available to children is the internet and the millions of websites providing accurate, and sometimes inaccurate, information. In the current investigation, we examined children’s ability to use credibility information about websites when learning about environmental sustainability. In two studies, children studied two different websites and were tested on what they had learned a week later using a multiple-choice test containing both website items and new distracters. Children were given either no information about the websites or were told that one of the websites (the noncredible website) contained errors and they should not use any information from that website to answer the test. In both studies, children aged 7- to 9-years reported information from the noncredible website even when instructed not to, whereas the 10- to 12-year-olds used the credibility warning to ‘edit out’ information that they had learned from the noncredible website. In Study 2, there was an indication that the older children spontaneously assessed the credibility of the website if credibility markers were made explicit. A plausible explanation is that, although children remembered information from the websites, they needed explicit instruction to bind the website content with the relevant source (the individual websites). The results have implications for children’s learning in an open-access, digital age where information comes from many sources, credible and noncredible. Education in credibility evaluation may enable children to be critical consumers of information thereby resisting misinformation provided through public sources.

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Analysis of corporate political activity strategies of the food industry: evidence from France

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018001763 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 3407-3421 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Melissa Mialon ◽

Jonathan Mialon

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Food Industry ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Political Activity ◽

Health Issues ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Corporate Political Activity ◽

The Public ◽

Health Related ◽

Different Sources

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the corporate political activity (CPA) of major food industry actors in France.DesignWe followed an approach based on information available in the public domain. Different sources of information, freely accessible to the public, were monitored.Setting/SubjectsData were collected and analysed between March and August 2015. Five actors were selected: ANIA (Association Nationale des Industries Agroalimentaires/National Association of Agribusiness Industries); Coca-Cola; McDonald’s; Nestlé; and Carrefour.ResultsOur analysis shows that the main practices used by Coca-Cola and McDonald’s were the framing of diet and public health issues in ways favourable to the company, and their involvement in the community. ANIA primarily used the ‘information and messaging’ strategy (e.g. by promoting deregulation and shaping the evidence base on diet- and public health-related issues), as well as the ‘policy substitution’ strategy. Nestlé framed diet and public health issues, and shaped the evidence base on diet- and public health-related issues. Carrefour particularly sought involvement in the community.ConclusionsWe found that, in 2015, the food industry in France was using CPA practices that were also used by other industries in the past, such as the tobacco and alcohol industries. Because most, if not all, of these practices proved detrimental to public health when used by the tobacco industry, we propose that the precautionary principle should guide decisions when engaging or interacting with the food industry.

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Education and Training in the Labour Force

Labour Employment and Work in New Zealand ◽

10.26686/lew.v0i0.1016 ◽

1970 ◽

Author(s):

Raewyn O'Neill

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Formal Education ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Labour Force ◽

Education And Training ◽

Green Paper ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Capital Development ◽

And Training

In their 1997 green paper on tertiary education the Ministry of Education said, "to ensure our prosperity New Zealand needs to be a 'learning society' recognising the importance for all of our people to continue to develop new skills and knowledge throughout a person’s lifetime." Given the importance of an educated and adaptable workforce, there is surprisingly little information available on education and training undertaken in New Zealand. While some information is collected on those enrolled in study towards formal education qualifications, there is little available information on human capital development beyond this. One of the few sources of information is the Education and Training Survey (ETS), conducted in September 1996. This paper uses information collected in the ETS to look at the characteristics of those participating in education and training as well as the barriers to and reasons for participation in education and training. lt then goes on to compare the labour market outcomes of those people who participated in education and training with those who did not.

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The Missionary as Cultural Mediator: Alexander Don and the Chinese and European Communities in New Zealand

10.26686/wgtn.16997995.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Luke Stephen Tysoe

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Chinese Culture ◽

Public Speaking ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Chinese People ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Cultural Mediator ◽

Cultural Dialogue ◽

The Impact ◽

Do So

Missionaries to China, by virtue of their positions and knowledge, frequently became important channels of information between cultures. They transmitted Christianity and Western learning to Chinese people while simultaneously describing China to home audiences through their writings and public speaking. This thesis examines how Alexander Don, Presbyterian missionary to the New Zealand Chinese in Otago from 1879 to 1913, performed similar functions as a "cultural mediator". For most of his career, Don was one of the most significant links between Chinese and European people in New Zealand. He developed a relationship with the Chinese community while simultaneously describing Chinese culture to Europeans in his published reports. While Don's missionary career has been extensively documented, there have been no studies of his significance from the perspective of cross-cultural dialogue and exchange. In this thesis I will discuss the ways that Don acted as a cultural mediator, as well as the factors that impelled him to do so. I will make an in-depth investigation of Don's presentation of Chinese culture to European readers through his mission reports, and how this image changed over the course of his career. The picture Don painted was both motivated and influenced by his mission aims, his growing understanding of Chinese culture, and his developing rapport with Chinese people. In order to demonstrate that Don was unique as a cultural mediator in New Zealand, I will compare him to other sources of information on Chinese culture. It will be shown that he provided very different data and opinions from those conveyed by secular writers and authors, and that his descriptions were generally more detailed than those of other missionaries to the New Zealand Chinese and New Zealand missionaries in China. Don will also be compared to more well-known China missionaries, in order to show that he was similar to them in terms of educating Westerners about the East. Finally, I will weigh the impact of Don's cultural mediation activities. Although he gained few converts, he played a crucial role in improving Sino-European understanding and relations. In the final analysis, Don had a greater impact in these areas than he did in the field of evangelism.

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