scholarly journals Aspects of the petrology and geochemistry of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elliot Swallow
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Fall Deposit ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Magmatic Complex ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Stratigraphic Framework ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Geochemical Investigation ◽  
System 1

<p>Silicic (i.e. dacitic-rhyolitic) magmatic systems have the potential to generate large, explosive caldera-forming eruptions which have global effects and consequences. How, and over what timescale, magma accumulates and is stored in the upper crust are key aspects in understanding such systems and their associated hazards. The absence of such eruptions in the historical record, however, has forced understanding of these systems to be developed through numerical models or the study of the deposits in the geological record. Numerical models primarily focus on the long-term generation but instantaneous eruption of single magma (i.e. melt-dominant) bodies. In contrast, the stratigraphic and geochemical nature of eruption deposits often show features more consistent with complex magmatic systems comprising multiple melt-dominant bodies that may have formed rapidly but erupted episodically. Further studies of past eruption deposits are valuable, therefore, in reconstructing silicic magmatic systems and highlighting the nature of melt-dominant body generation and storage.  To this end, this thesis examines the 2.08 Ma, ∼2,500 km³ Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT), Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field (YPVF), U.S.A, the deposit of the first and largest of three caldera-forming eruptions in the YPVF. The HRT comprises an initial fall deposit followed by three ignimbrite members (A, B and C) with a second fall deposit between members B and C. Despite emanating from an archetypal silicic volcanic field, minimal previous work has been undertaken on the geochemical nature of the HRT but it is thought to conform to traditional, unitary magma body ideas. A revised stratigraphic framework, detailing an episodic and prolonged initial fall deposit, identification of a weeks-months time gap between members A and B, and a similar but longer years-decades hiatus in activity between members B and C provides the context for this geochemical investigation. A large sample suite representative of the diverse range of physical characteristics of clasts and material found in the HRT was analysed. In situ micro-analysis of matrix glass (major and trace elements) and crystals (major elements) in the initial fall deposit are coupled with major and trace element, and isotopic compositions of single silicic clasts (i.e. pumice/fiamme) from all three ignimbrite members, supplemented by in situ analysis of their crystals and groundmass glass. These data are used to reconstruct the silicic magmatic system. Furthermore, major and trace element, andisotopic compositions of rare mafic (i.e. basaltic to andesitic) material found in members A and B provide an insight into the thermal and chemical drivers of HRT silicic volcanism.  This macro- and micro-analytical investigation using multiple techniques reveals remarkable complexity within the large-scale HRT magmatic complex. Four geochemically distinct magmatic systems are differentiated on single clast elemental and isotopic characteristics that are further reflected in crystal and glass compositions. Two of these systems (1 and 2) were active in the initial fall deposit and member A. Magmatic system 1 is volumetrically dominant in the HRT and is characterised by moderate-high Ba single clast (450-3540 ppm) and glass (100-3360 ppm) compositions, in contrast to the distinctly low-Ba (≤250 ppm single clast, <65 ppm glass Ba contents) magmatic system 2. Both these magmatic systems exhibit clustered glass compositions, indicating multiple, laterally-adjacent melt-dominant bodies were present, and shared moderate isotopic compositions (e.g. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶SrAC = 0.70950-0.71191) are explicable by a multi-stage partial melting-fractional crystallisation petrogenesis. The time break between members A and B is associated with mixing and mingling within magmatic system 1, related to a renewed influx of mafic material, and a cessation of activity of system 2, which is absent from member B. The time break between members B and C reflects significant changes within the magmatic complex. Magmatic system 2 is rejuvenated and melt-dominant bodies associated with two new magmatic systems (3 and 4) are formed, with at least system 3 comprising multiple bodies. These latter two magmatic systems strongly differ in their elemental characteristics (system 3: high SiO₂ [75-78 wt% SiO₂]; system 4: dacite-rhyolite [66-75 wt% SiO₂]). Despite this, they have similar and highly radiogenic (e.g. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶SrAC = 0.72462-0.72962) isotopic compositions indicating shared extensive incorporation of Archean crust. They also contrast in their relation to mafic compositions, with system 4 associated with olivine tholeiitic compositions erupted prior to and following the HRT in the YPVF. In contrast, system 3, like systems 1 and 2, is associated with high-Ba, high-Zr mafic compositions found co-erupted in HRT members A and B. These compositions are similar to lava flows erupted further west at the Craters of the Moon field, and are interpreted as representing partial melts from regions in the lithospheric mantle enriched by high-T, P fluids emanating from the subducted Farallon slab.  Overall, the HRT magmatic complex was remarkably heterogeneous. Two contemporaneous mafic root zones drove four silicic magmatic systems, episodically active throughout the eruption. At least three of these systems comprised multiple laterally-adjacent melt-dominant bodies. Intra-eruption time breaks are associated with broad-scale reorganisation of the magmatic complex. This complexity highlights the utility of a detailed, systematic, multi-technique geochemical investigation, within a stratigraphic framework, of the deposits of large silicic caldera-forming eruptions, and breaks new ground in the understanding of such systems.</p>

scholarly journals Aspects of the petrology and geochemistry of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elliot Swallow
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Fall Deposit ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Magmatic Complex ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Stratigraphic Framework ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Geochemical Investigation ◽  
System 1

<p>Silicic (i.e. dacitic-rhyolitic) magmatic systems have the potential to generate large, explosive caldera-forming eruptions which have global effects and consequences. How, and over what timescale, magma accumulates and is stored in the upper crust are key aspects in understanding such systems and their associated hazards. The absence of such eruptions in the historical record, however, has forced understanding of these systems to be developed through numerical models or the study of the deposits in the geological record. Numerical models primarily focus on the long-term generation but instantaneous eruption of single magma (i.e. melt-dominant) bodies. In contrast, the stratigraphic and geochemical nature of eruption deposits often show features more consistent with complex magmatic systems comprising multiple melt-dominant bodies that may have formed rapidly but erupted episodically. Further studies of past eruption deposits are valuable, therefore, in reconstructing silicic magmatic systems and highlighting the nature of melt-dominant body generation and storage.  To this end, this thesis examines the 2.08 Ma, ∼2,500 km³ Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT), Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field (YPVF), U.S.A, the deposit of the first and largest of three caldera-forming eruptions in the YPVF. The HRT comprises an initial fall deposit followed by three ignimbrite members (A, B and C) with a second fall deposit between members B and C. Despite emanating from an archetypal silicic volcanic field, minimal previous work has been undertaken on the geochemical nature of the HRT but it is thought to conform to traditional, unitary magma body ideas. A revised stratigraphic framework, detailing an episodic and prolonged initial fall deposit, identification of a weeks-months time gap between members A and B, and a similar but longer years-decades hiatus in activity between members B and C provides the context for this geochemical investigation. A large sample suite representative of the diverse range of physical characteristics of clasts and material found in the HRT was analysed. In situ micro-analysis of matrix glass (major and trace elements) and crystals (major elements) in the initial fall deposit are coupled with major and trace element, and isotopic compositions of single silicic clasts (i.e. pumice/fiamme) from all three ignimbrite members, supplemented by in situ analysis of their crystals and groundmass glass. These data are used to reconstruct the silicic magmatic system. Furthermore, major and trace element, andisotopic compositions of rare mafic (i.e. basaltic to andesitic) material found in members A and B provide an insight into the thermal and chemical drivers of HRT silicic volcanism.  This macro- and micro-analytical investigation using multiple techniques reveals remarkable complexity within the large-scale HRT magmatic complex. Four geochemically distinct magmatic systems are differentiated on single clast elemental and isotopic characteristics that are further reflected in crystal and glass compositions. Two of these systems (1 and 2) were active in the initial fall deposit and member A. Magmatic system 1 is volumetrically dominant in the HRT and is characterised by moderate-high Ba single clast (450-3540 ppm) and glass (100-3360 ppm) compositions, in contrast to the distinctly low-Ba (≤250 ppm single clast, <65 ppm glass Ba contents) magmatic system 2. Both these magmatic systems exhibit clustered glass compositions, indicating multiple, laterally-adjacent melt-dominant bodies were present, and shared moderate isotopic compositions (e.g. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶SrAC = 0.70950-0.71191) are explicable by a multi-stage partial melting-fractional crystallisation petrogenesis. The time break between members A and B is associated with mixing and mingling within magmatic system 1, related to a renewed influx of mafic material, and a cessation of activity of system 2, which is absent from member B. The time break between members B and C reflects significant changes within the magmatic complex. Magmatic system 2 is rejuvenated and melt-dominant bodies associated with two new magmatic systems (3 and 4) are formed, with at least system 3 comprising multiple bodies. These latter two magmatic systems strongly differ in their elemental characteristics (system 3: high SiO₂ [75-78 wt% SiO₂]; system 4: dacite-rhyolite [66-75 wt% SiO₂]). Despite this, they have similar and highly radiogenic (e.g. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶SrAC = 0.72462-0.72962) isotopic compositions indicating shared extensive incorporation of Archean crust. They also contrast in their relation to mafic compositions, with system 4 associated with olivine tholeiitic compositions erupted prior to and following the HRT in the YPVF. In contrast, system 3, like systems 1 and 2, is associated with high-Ba, high-Zr mafic compositions found co-erupted in HRT members A and B. These compositions are similar to lava flows erupted further west at the Craters of the Moon field, and are interpreted as representing partial melts from regions in the lithospheric mantle enriched by high-T, P fluids emanating from the subducted Farallon slab.  Overall, the HRT magmatic complex was remarkably heterogeneous. Two contemporaneous mafic root zones drove four silicic magmatic systems, episodically active throughout the eruption. At least three of these systems comprised multiple laterally-adjacent melt-dominant bodies. Intra-eruption time breaks are associated with broad-scale reorganisation of the magmatic complex. This complexity highlights the utility of a detailed, systematic, multi-technique geochemical investigation, within a stratigraphic framework, of the deposits of large silicic caldera-forming eruptions, and breaks new ground in the understanding of such systems.</p>

scholarly journals The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, Yellowstone: evacuation of multiple magmatic systems in a complex episodic eruption

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1371-1426
Author(s):  
Elliot J Swallow ◽  
Colin J N Wilson ◽  
Bruce L A Charlier ◽  
John A Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Magmatic Complex ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Compositional Diversity ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Glass Compositions ◽  
Fall Deposits

Abstract The 2·08 Ma, ∼2500 km3 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT) eruption, Yellowstone, generated two fall deposits and three ignimbrite members (A, B, C), accompanying a ∼95 x 65 km caldera collapse. Field data imply that the pre-A fall deposits took weeks to be erupted, then breaks of weeks to months occurred between members A and B, and years to decades between B and C. We present compositional and isotopic data from single silicic clasts (pumice or fiamme) in the three ignimbrite members, plus new data from co-eruptive mafic components to reconstruct the nature and evacuation history of the HRT crustal magmatic complex. Geochemical data, building on field characteristics, are used to group nine silicic clast types into seven compositional suites (A1-A3; B1; C1-C3) within their respective members A, B and C. Isotopic data are then added to define four magmatic systems that were tapped simultaneously and/or sequentially during the eruption. Systems 1 and 2 fed the initial fall deposits and then vented throughout member A, accompanied by trace amounts of mafic magma. In member A, volumetrically dominant system 1 is represented by a rhyolite suite (A1: 73·0–77·7 wt % SiO2, 450–1680 ppm Ba) plus a distinct low-silica rhyolite suite (A2: 69·2–71·6 wt % SiO2, >2500 ppm Ba). System 2 yielded only a low-Ba, high-silica rhyolite suite (A3: 76·7–77·4 wt % SiO2, ≤250 ppm Ba). Glass compositions in pumices from systems 1 and 2 show clustering, indicative of the same multiple melt-dominant bodies identified in the initial fall deposits and earliest ignimbrite. Member B samples define suite B1 (70·7–77·4 wt % SiO2, 540–3040 ppm Ba) derived from magmatic system 1 (but not 2) that had undergone mixing and reorganisation during the A: B time break, accompanying mafic magma inputs. Mafic scoriae erupted in upper member B cover similar compositions to the member A clasts, but extend over a much broader compositional range. Member C clast compositions reflect major changes during the B: C time break, including rejuvenation of magmatic system 2 (last seen in member A) as suite C3 (75·3–77·2 wt % SiO2, 100–410 ppm Ba), plus the appearance of two new suites with strong crustal signatures. Suite C2 is another rhyolite (74·7–77·6 wt % SiO2, with Ba decreasing with silica from 2840 to 470 ppm) that defines magmatic system 3. Suite C2 also shows clustered glass compositions, suggesting that multiple melt-dominant bodies were a repetitive feature of the HRT magmatic complex. Suite C1, in contrast, is dacite to rhyolite (65·6–75·0 wt % SiO2, with Ba increasing with silica from 750 to 1710 ppm) that defines magmatic system 4. Compositions from magmatic systems 1 and 2 dominantly reflect fractional crystallization, but include partial melting of cumulates related to earlier intrusions of the same mafic magmas as those syn-eruptively vented. Country rock assimilation was limited to minor amounts of a more radiogenic (with respect to Sr) evolved contaminant. In contrast, systems 3 and 4 show similar strongly crustal isotopic compositions (despite their differences in elemental composition) consistent with assimilation of Archean rocks via partial melts derived from cumulates associated with contrasting mafic lineages. System 3 links to the same HRT mafic compositions co-erupted in members A and B. In contrast, system 4 links to olivine tholeiite compositions erupted in the Yellowstone area before, sparsely during, and following the HRT itself. All four magmatic systems were housed beneath the HRT caldera area. Systems 1 and 2 were hosted in Archean crust that had been modified by Cretaceous/Eocene magmatism, whereas systems 3 and 4 were hosted within crust that retained Archean isotopic characteristics. The extreme compositional diversity in the HRT highlights the spatial and temporal complexities that can be associated with large-volume silicic magmatism.

scholarly journals Milk Production, Body Weight, Body Condition Score, Activity, and Rumination of Organic Dairy Cattle Grazing Two Different Pasture Systems Incorporating Cool- and Warm-Season Forages

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Ritz ◽  
Bradley J. Heins ◽  
Roger D. Moon ◽  
Craig C. Sheaffer ◽  
Sharon L. Weyers
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Organic Dairy ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1

Organic dairy cows were used to evaluate the effect of two organic pasture production systems (temperate grass species and warm-season annual grasses and cool-season annuals compared with temperate grasses only) across two grazing seasons (May to October of 2014 and 2015) on milk production, milk components (fat, protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), somatic cell score (SCS)), body weight, body condition score (BCS), and activity and rumination (min/day). Cows were assigned to two pasture systems across the grazing season at an organic research dairy in Morris, Minnesota. Pasture System 1 was cool-season perennials (CSP) and Pasture System 2 was a combination of System 1 and warm-season grasses and cool-season annuals. System 1 and System 2 cows had similar milk production (14.7 and 14.8 kg d−1), fat percentage (3.92% vs. 3.80%), protein percentage (3.21% vs. 3.17%), MUN (12.5 and 11.5 mg dL−1), and SCS (4.05 and 4.07), respectively. Cows in System 1 had greater daily rumination (530 min/day) compared to cows in System 2 (470 min/day). In summary, warm-season annual grasses may be incorporated into grazing systems for pastured dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Fungicide Spray Advisories for Lettuce Downy Mildew

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Wu ◽  
K. V. Subbarao ◽  
A. H. C. van Bruggen ◽  
S. T. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Lettuce Downy Mildew ◽  
Advisory System ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
System 1 ◽  
First Time

Lettuce growers in coastal California have relied mainly on protective fungicide sprays to control downy mildew. Thus, timing of sprays before infection is critical for optimal results. A leaf-wetness-driven, infection-based advisory system, previously developed, did not always perform satisfactorily. In this study, the advisory system was modified by incorporating a pathogen survival component (system 1) or both survival and sporulation components (system 2). These systems were then evaluated in commercial lettuce fields in coastal California during 1996-1998. Three or four treatments were carried out in each field: (i) no spray; (ii) sprays as scheduled by the growers; (iii) sprays following modified system 1; and (iv) sprays following the original advisory system (1996) or modified system 2 (1998). Downy mildew incidence was evaluated every 2 to 9 days. In fields with drip irrigation, the number of fungicide applications was reduced by one or two regardless of the advisory system used compared to the grower's calendar-based schedule, although one unnecessary spray was recommended in 1996 at Soledad and 1997 at Salinas. Under all three systems, disease levels were low (incidence <25% and about 1 lesion per plant) for fields with drip irrigation, but not for fields with sprinklers (incidence up to 100% and 5 to 10 lesions per plant). For the first time, we established that survival and sporulation components are not needed for a lettuce downy mildew forecasting system. Instead, a threshold with a shorter period of morning leaf wetness and high temperatures were found to have potential for improving forecasting efficiency.

scholarly journals Performance of deep learning technology for evaluation of positioning quality in periapical radiography of the maxillary canine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuho Mori ◽  
Yoshiko Ariji ◽  
Motoki Fukuda ◽  
Tomoya Kitano ◽  
Takuma Funakoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Periapical Radiography

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study was to create and test an automatic system for assessing the technical quality of positioning in periapical radiography of the maxillary canines using deep learning classification and segmentation techniques. Methods We created and tested two deep learning systems using 500 periapical radiographs (250 each of good- and bad-quality images). We assigned 350, 70, and 80 images as the training, validation, and test datasets, respectively. The learning model of system 1 was created with only the classification process, whereas system 2 consisted of both the segmentation and classification models. In each model, 500 epochs of training were performed using AlexNet and U-net for classification and segmentation, respectively. The segmentation results were evaluated by the intersection over union method, with values of 0.6 or more considered as success. The classification results were compared between the two systems. Results The segmentation performance of system 2 was recall, precision, and F measure of 0.937, 0.961, and 0.949, respectively. System 2 showed better classification performance values than those obtained by system 1. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values differed significantly between system 1 (0.649) and system 2 (0.927). Conclusions The deep learning systems we created appeared to have potential benefits in evaluation of the technical positioning quality of periapical radiographs through the use of segmentation and classification functions.

A New Class of Oxide Superconductor (Nd, Ce, Sr)2CuO4

1989 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Takayama-Muromachi
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Crystal Chemistry ◽  
Superconducting Phase ◽  
Type Structure ◽  
Oxide Superconductor ◽  
New Class ◽  
System 2 ◽  
New Type ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Tetragonal Cell

ABSTRACTSince the discovery of the high-Tc superconductor in the La-Ba-Cu-O system [1], a great deal of experimental and theoretical effort have been made to clarify the nature of the Cu-based oxides. In order to elucidate mechanism of the high-Tc superconductivity, discovery of a new type of superconductor is no doubt of great importance. Recently, Akimitsu et al. found a new oxide superconductor in the Nd-Ce-Sr-Cu-O system [2]. Soon after their discovery, the superconducting phase was isolated and identified [3]. It has a tetragonal cell with space group P4/nmm and has a structure closely related to but different from the K2NiF4− or T'-Nd2CuO4− -type structure. Although, Tc of the Nd-Ce-Sr-Cu oxide is not so high (ca. 20 K) compared with the 1–2–3 or Bi(Tl)-based superconductors, it has aroused interest widely due to a very simple crystal structure. In this article, I will discuss superconductivity and crystal chemistry of the Nd-Ce-Sr-Cu oxide. Also, various compounds isostructural to it will be presented.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Postcaldera intrusive magmatism at the Platoro caldera complex, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Gilmer ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Zircon Geochronology ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountain

<div>Table S1: Whole-rock compositions of analyzed samples. Table S2: Major and trace element geochemistry of feldspar. Table S3: Major and trace element geochemistry of pyroxene. Table S4: Major and trace element geochemistry of biotite. Table S5: Major and trace element geochemistry of amphibole. Table S6: Zircon geochronology and trace element geochemistry. Table S7: Lutetium and hafnium isotopic compositions of zircon. Table S8: Amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Table S9: Sample locations and lithologies.<br></div>

scholarly journals Three levels of naturalistic knowledge

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Ethology ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Level Of Analysis

A recent naturalistic epistemological account suggests that there are three nested basic forms of knowledge: procedural knowledge-how, conceptual knowledge-what, and propositional knowledge-that. These three knowledge-forms are grounded in cognitive neuroscience and are mapped to procedural, semantic, and episodic long-term memory respectively. This article investigates and integrates the neuroscientifically grounded account with knowledge-accounts from cognitive ethology and cognitive psychology. It is found that procedural and semantic memory, on a neuroscientific level of analysis, matches an ethological reliabilist account. This formation also matches System 1 from dual process theory on a psychological level, whereas the addition of episodic memory, on the neuroscientific level of analysis, can account for System 2 on the psychological level. It is furthermore argued that semantic memory (conceptual knowledge-what) and the cognitive ability of categorization are linked to each other, and that they can be fruitfully modeled within a conceptual spaces framework.

scholarly journals The psychology of diagnostic error

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
L. Zwaan
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
System 2 ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Analytic Reasoning

Diagnostic errors in medicine occur frequently and the consequences for the patient can be severe. Cognitive errors as well as system related errors contribute to the occurrence of diagnostic error, but it is generally accepted that cognitive errors are the main contributor. The diagnostic reasoning process in medicine, is an understudied area of research. One reason is because of the complexity of the diagnostic process and therefore the difficulty to measure diagnostic errors and the causes of diagnostic error. In this paper, I discuss some of the complexities of the diagnostic process. I describe the dual-process theory, which defines two reasoning modes, 1. a fast, automatic and unconscious reasoning mode called system 1, and a slow and analytic reasoning mode called system 2. Furthermore, the main cognitive causes of diagnostic error are described.

Narrow and Broad Faculties in System 1 and System 2: Toward Consensus in the Debate on Modularity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-279
Author(s):  
Norbert Francis
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
System 2 ◽  
And Performance ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Abstract Research on learning, the structure of attained knowledge, and the use of this competence in performance has repeatedly returned to longstanding proposals about how to better understand proficient use of knowledge and how humans acquire it. The following article takes up an exchange between Chiappe & Gardner (2011) and Barrett & Kurzban (2012) on the concept of modularity, one of these proposals. Despite the disagreements expressed, a careful reading of the contributions shows that they also left us with lines of discussion that will eventually sort out the relevant hypotheses and integrate findings for future research. These lines of work will contribute to a clearer understanding of an updated version of the modularity hypothesis that is also compatible with evolutionary science perspectives on learning. How might the categories of domain-specific and domain-general correspond to the distinction between competence and performance and to that of narrow faculty and broad faculty?

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