scholarly journals Evaluation of the Distribution and Basic Directions of Prevention of Tobacco Smoking in Schoolchildren aged 11-17 (Regional Aspect)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
H. O. Latina ◽  
◽  
H. L. Zaikina
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Intersectoral Cooperation ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Life Path

The relevance of the study is determined by the development of preventive measures regarding bad habits in the younger generation, based on estimates of the prevalence of smoking depending on the region of Ukraine. The purpose of research was to assess the prevalence of smoking and to develop areas of prevention among adolescents 11-17 years old. Material and methods. Estimation of the prevalence of smoking among students in secondary schools in Sumy was carried out as a part of the regular Global Survey of adolescents in accordance with the WHO global tobacco control system. The study involved 1557 adolescents 11-17 years old (grades 5-11) in 2018. Results and discussion. As a result of the survey, the absence of significant differences in the specific weight of the answers of those wishing to try smoking (54.08%) and those who do not aspire to such an attempt (45.92%) was found. The age of the first attempt to smoke is 12-13 years (26.87%). A lack of smoking habits was found in 69.68% of respondents as opposed to 8.6%. The “dangerous” smoking spots for teens are the house, the house of friends, parties and the street. Unfortunately, modern teens begin to smoke other forms of tobacco besides cigarettes (11.62%); have a high awareness of electronic cigarettes (90.42%). The prevalence of tobacco smoking is 17.36%, which is 9.34% less than the prevalence rate in 2013, which indicates a downward trend in smoking among adolescents 11-17 years old. In addition to preventive measures to combat the spread of smoking, scientists are also working on programs to get rid of this bad habit and, according to S. Kalkhoran et al. should be used, along with behavioral support, pharmacological therapy to get rid of the bad habit. The following measures should be actively used: Quit-line - targeted programs for smokers; development of preventive measures based on the assessment of the causes of smoking; intersectoral cooperation in the creation and implementation of educational programs on tobacco prevention (doctors, teachers, psychologists, social educators); change the form of providing information on nicotine addiction, the dangers of smoking, the need to quit the habit, steps to overcome addiction; additionally introduce measures on the motivational and value attitudes of modern humanity (negative perception of the smoker by society, a healthy able-bodied person - the path to success and prosperity, etc.); develop preventive measures to prevent smoking of other forms of tobacco; to strengthen the psychological support of prevention measures in the direction of finding the personality of the adolescent, the uniqueness of the choice of future life path, professions, hobbies; to introduce training in economics "Planning your own budget". Conclusion. The development of preventive measures in the fight against smoking, today, should include a transfer of hygienic, psychological, pedagogical, medical measures to search for new methods of reporting information about the dangers of smoking, gaining experience in non-smoking and getting rid of bad habits

scholarly journals E-cigarettes from the perspective of teenagers – results of focus studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pluta ◽  
Ł Balwicki
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Traditional Tobacco ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract Research shows that over 80% of smokers start their habit under the age of 18. A few years ago young people undertook risky behaviors related to nicotine initiation mainly by smoking cigarettes. Today, next to traditional tobacco products, electronic cigarettes are becoming more and more popular. Due to the prevalence of new forms of nicotine addiction, modification of anti-tobacco prevention programs is required. The purpose of the research was exploration - learning the opinions and attitudes of young people towards e-cigarettes. The qualitative study was conducted using the FGI method (focus group interview). The meetings were modereted by specially trained psychologists. 48 students participated in the meetings of six focus groups, divided by gender and smoking status (smokers/non-smokers). The participants are young people aged 15-19, attending high schools in Warsaw, Kielce and Lublin. In conversations, young people emphasized the impact of e-cigarettes in smoking initiation - it usually occurs at the age of 12-14. E-cigarettes are perceived as cigarettes “for younger”, non-addictive, less serious, providing more entertainment. 'Cloud chasing' is particularly popular. They perform social functions - they are helpful in establishing relationships. Teenagers do not see the harmfulness of e-cigarettes. Participants mentioned their advantages over traditional tobacco products - they can be smoked everywhere and do not leave an unpleasant smell. Some of the respondents admit to the simultaneous use of electronic and traditional cigarettes. Moreover, many parents allow children to smoke electronic cigarettes. Vaping have become a natural way to relaxation and socialization for adolescents. E-cigarettes do not have such a negative connotation as traditional tobacco products. Young people do not see them as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Key messages Adolescents do not see e-cigarettes as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Vaping have become more and more popular - it's natural way to relaxation and socialization for young people.

Graft detachments in endothelial keratoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-318092
Author(s):  
Rashmi Deshmukh ◽  
Sridevi Nair ◽  
Darren Shu Jeng Ting ◽  
Tushar Agarwal ◽  
Jacqueline Beltz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Endothelial Keratoplasty ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty ◽  
Secondary Interventions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Donor Graft

Graft detachment is the most common complication of endothelial keratoplasty. With the ongoing advancements in the field of endothelial keratoplasty, our understanding of risk factors of graft detachments and its management has been evolving. Various prevention measures have been described in literature including presoaking the donor graft, anterior chamber tamponade, venting incisions, sutures to prevent dislocation of graft. Management of a detached graft involves secondary interventions such as rebubbling, suturing and regrafts. In this review, we discuss graft detachment in different types of endothelial keratoplasty techniques including Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty; with emphasis on incidence, risk factors, preventive measures and their management.

Objective assessment of nasal resistance among electronic cigarette users

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
S W Lim ◽  
AB Zulkiflee
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nasal Airway Resistance

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes have been a popular alternative to tobacco smoking. The effect of tobacco smoking on nasal airway resistance has been investigated before; however, the effect of the aerosol generated by electronic cigarettes is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of e-cigarettes on nasal airway resistance. Methods Sixty-one participants were recruited into a vapers group and a control group. The vapers group was instructed to smoke for 5 minutes, and their nasal resistance was measured pre-procedure and at 1 and 5 minutes post-procedure. The results were compared between both groups. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that vaping has no statistically significant effect on total nasal airway resistance. Conclusion Although the differences between both groups were not statistically significant overall, the vapers group showed a reduction in nasal airway resistance in the short term.

Money laundering through cryptocurrencies - analysis of the phenomenon and appropriate prevention measures

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Wronka
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Electronic Storage ◽  
Patterns Of Abuse ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Purpose The aim of this paper is to assess the relevance of cryptocurrencies with regard to the money laundering risk on the market and to present widespread money laundering techniques and recognizable patterns of abuse. In addition, this paper aims to find an answer to the question to what extent the measures of the fifth EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD) as well as other appropriate preventive measures are sufficient to reduce the money laundering risk in the area of virtual currencies (VC). Design/methodology/approach Firstly, the analysis requires a consideration of the theoretical foundations of money laundering methods, as well as a presentation of the technical foundations of cryptocurrencies and their ecosystem. Secondly, it is discussed to what extent VC are suitable for money laundering, which characteristics enable them to launder money and which new money laundering techniques result from this. In addition, a comparison of different money laundering risk classification is done in relation to VC from the perspective of different actors in the financial market. Findings Owing to their simple electronic storage and transferability, crypto assets pose a concrete risk of money laundering. Their inclusion in the fifth AMLD was therefore a necessary step by the European legislator. However, the question arises to whether the directive and the further preventive measures presented in this paper sufficiently fulfil the objective of reducing the money laundering risk in relation to VC. One positive aspect is the inclusion of the crypto custody business as a financial service in the German Banking Act. According to the definition in Section 1 (1a) sentence 2 no. 6, the offering of wallets is subject to authorization and the offering party becomes an obligated party within the meaning of the Germany Money Laundering Act. From a supervisory point of view, the new licensing requirement is very much welcomed, as the custody of private cryptographic keys entails considerable risks. However, non-custodian wallet providers who do not store the private keys of their users, are not covered. A closer analysis of the amending directive to the fourth EU AMLD reveals that other relevant players in the crypto market, such as mixer and tumbler services, are also not covered. Originality/value It is quite clear that cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technology will continue to accompany one in the coming years. Further credit institutions arising in the market exposed to the described risks will be seen. The paper will therefore present and evaluate possible risk reduction/options for anti-money laundering for new and existing financial institutions.

scholarly journals Impact of specific prevention on epidemic process of tick-borne viral encephalitis in Siberian Federal District's regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
S. V. Shirokostup ◽  
I. P. Saldan
Keyword(s):  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Siberian Federal District ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Prognostic Criterion ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of the effect of specific prevention measures on the incidence of tick-borne viral encephalitis in the population of the regions of the Siberian Federal District. The data on the incidence of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation and the regions of the Siberian Federal District for 2000–2017 years were used, the reporting of regional health services, the conditions and cause-effect relationships of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis were assessed in the analysis of epidemiological survey maps of outbreaks. The study found that the analysis of the potential risk of contact with the foci of this infection in the regions of the Siberian Federal District, based on the ranking of regions by the level of population’s appeal for tick bites, can be considered as a prognostic criterion in planning the volume of preventive measures. Vaccination, having a significant impact on reducing morbidity (r = –0.89; p < 0.001) and mortality (r = –0.86; p < 0.001) from this infection, together with seroprophylaxis, can be one of the leading factors in epidemiological forecasting the incidence of tick-borne viral encephalitis in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (13) ◽  
pp. 1665-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mas-Coma ◽  
M. D. Bargues ◽  
M. A. Valero
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Human Fascioliasis ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
First Time

AbstractHuman fascioliasis infection sources are analysed for the first time in front of the new worldwide scenario of this disease. These infection sources include foods, water and combinations of both. Ingestion of freshwater wild plants is the main source, with watercress and secondarily other vegetables involved. The problem of vegetables sold in uncontrolled urban markets is discussed. Distinction between infection sources by freshwater cultivated plants, terrestrial wild plants, and terrestrial cultivated plants is made. The risks by traditional local dishes made from sylvatic plants and raw liver ingestion are considered. Drinking of contaminated water, beverages and juices, ingestion of dishes and soups and washing of vegetables, fruits, tubercles and kitchen utensils with contaminated water are increasingly involved. Three methods to assess infection sources are noted: detection of metacercariae attached to plants or floating in freshwater, anamnesis in individual patients, and questionnaire surveys in endemic areas. The infectivity of metacercariae is reviewed both under field conditions and experimentally under the effects of physicochemical agents. Individual and general preventive measures appear to be more complicated than those considered in the past. The high diversity of infection sources and their heterogeneity in different countries underlie the large epidemiological heterogeneity of human fascioliasis throughout.

Knowledge, Information Sources, and Preventive Measures in response to the Infectious Diseases in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A national Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Feifei Li ◽  
Wei Liang ◽  
Yinyue Liu ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are a priority in public health. Improving the knowledge and preventive measures of children and adolescents is important for disease prevention. Information sources play a crucial role in delivering disease-related knowledge. However, there is limited national-level evidence of the knowledge, information sources, and preventive measures in response to infectious diseases in Chinese children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and interrelationships of knowledge, preventive measures of infectious diseases, and the information sources among Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS Participants in this cross-sectional study were embedded in a baseline survey of a national multi-centered cluster randomized controlled trial in seven provinces in China, using questionnaires to evaluate their level of knowledge and prevention measures, and the main source of information on infectious diseases. RESULTS A total of 30,287 children aged 6-17 years were enrolled. The mean scores of knowledge and preventive measures for infectious diseases were 2.35(SD=0.93) and 12.16 (SD=2.52), respectively. The majority of children and adolescents received information of infectious diseases through school (86.7%) and related groups (86.5%), followed by electronic media (73.4%). The results indicated that there were significant differences in knowledge and preventive measures among children and adolescents with different gender, age, children situation, living situation, residence, region, parents’ age and education level (P<0.05). In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender, age, living situation, residential area, region, mother's age, father's education level, knowledge score and main information source could better predict the score of preventive measures. Living with parents (vs Not living with parents; β=0.055 P<0.001), household income of 5000-10000 yuan (vs. Less than 5000 yuan; 0.024, P<0.001), south areas (vs. North: β=0.021), mother's age>35 years (vs.≤35years; 35-45 years: β=0.020, P=0.008; ≥45 years: β=0.022, P=0.005), father's education in high school/vocational school (vs. Junior high school and below; β=0.024, P=0.001), and high knowledge score (β=0.102, P<0.001) were more likely to have a high infectious disease prevention measures score(P<0.05). On the contrary, males (vs Females; β=-0.003, P<0.001), older (vs. 6-8 years; 12-14 years: β=-0.130, P<0.001;15-17years: β=-0.253, P<0.001), rural areas (vs. Urban; β=-0.023, P=0.001), central areas (vs. North; β=-0.036, P<0.001), and fathers aged 35-45 years (vs. ≤35 years; β=-0.021, P=0.009) were significantly associated with low infectious disease prevention measure scores(P<0.05). Interestingly, children or adolescents who accept information about infectious diseases through schools (vs. No; Yes: β=0.054, P<0.001) and paper media (vs. No; Yes: β=0.054, P<0.001) tend to score higher on measures to prevent infectious diseases(P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The national survey provides an overview of knowledge, information sources, and preventive measures in response to infectious diseases in Chinese children and adolescents. The research findings add values to the future intervention and policy-making for promoting the preventive measures of infectious diseases in children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Exosomal microRNAs are novel circulating biomarkers in cigarette, waterpipe smokers, E-cigarette users and dual smokers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameshwar P. Singh ◽  
Krishna P. Maremanda ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Irfan Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) vaping, cigarette smoke, and waterpipe tobacco smoking are associated with various cardiopulmonary diseases. microRNAs are present in higher concentration in exosomes that play an important role in various physiological and pathological functions. We hypothesized that the non-coding RNAs transcript may serve as susceptibility to disease biomarkers by smoking and vaping. Methods Plasma exosomes/EVs from cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers and dual smokers (cigarette and waterpipe) were characterized for their size, morphology and TEM, Nanosight and immunoblot analysis. Exosomal RNA was used for small RNA library preparation and the library was quantified using the High Sensitivity DNA Analysis on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq 500 and were converted to fastq format for mapping genes. Results Enrichment of various non-coding RNAs that include microRNAs, tRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, Mt-tRNAs, and other biotypes are shown in exosomes. A comprehensive differential expression analysis of miRNAs, tRNAs and piRNAs showed significant changes across different pairwise comparisons. The seven microRNAs that were common and differentially expressed of when all the smoking and vaping groups were compared with non-smokers (NS) are hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p and hsa-let-7i-5p. The e-cig vs. NS group has differentially expressed 5 microRNAs (hsa-miR-224-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-365a-3p, and hsa-miR-365b-3p), which are not expressed in other three groups. Gene set enrichment analysis of microRNAs showed significant changes in the top six enriched functions that consisted of biological pathway, biological process, molecular function, cellular component, site of expression and transcription factor in all the groups. Further, the pairwise comparison of tRNAs and piRNA in all these groups revealed significant changes in their expressions. Conclusions Plasma exosomes of cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, e-cig users and dual smokers have common differential expression of microRNAs which may serve to distinguish smoking and vaping subjects from NS. Among them has-let-7a-5p has high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish NS with the rest of the users, using ROC curve analysis. These findings will pave the way for the utilizing the potential of exosomes/miRNAs as a novel theranostic agents in lung injury and disease caused by tobacco smoking and vaping.

Electronic cigarettes: weighing up the evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 288-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Cope
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Young People ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Worrying Trend ◽  
Limited Period

Electronic cigarettes have been evaluated and assessed as a smoking cessation tool; however, as Graham Cope explains, a more cautious approach may be needed and users should be made aware of the potential harm of these devices Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been evaluated to assess their safety and value as a smoking cessation tool. They were deemed to be a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. The vapour emitted was regarded as harmless and that society's attitudes should change to encourage these devices into everyday use, and therefore the regulations should be relaxed to assist the decline of tobacco smoking. However, a more cautious approach argues that nicotine replacement therapy should be used first, and only after that fails should smoking e-cigarettes, known as vaping, be done at low strength and for a limited period. Users should be made aware that nicotine from e-cigarettes could be harmful and the increasing use of attractive forms of vaping by young people is a worrying trend.

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