WATER SUPPLY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BRANCH OF THEECONOMIC COMPLEX

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Shakhnoza Abduvaliyevna Makhmudova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Measured Mass ◽  
Important Branch

This article deals with the problem of transporting water horizontally, vertically and at an incline of 45 degrees at different speeds of water. The results obtained in tabular form and the analysis of these values was carried out.Keywords: flow rate, indicated volume, measured mass, average tempеrature, distilled water temperature, tested water temperature, actual volume.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Improvement of Wet Cooling Tower Efficiency with Diverse Packing Compaction Using ANN-PSO Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Hasan Alimoradi ◽  
Madjid Soltani ◽  
Pooriya Shahali ◽  
Farshad Moradi Kashkooli ◽  
Razieh Larizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Air Flow Rate

In this study, a numerical and empirical scheme for increasing cooling tower performance is developed by combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a neural network and considering the packing’s compaction as an effective factor for higher accuracies. An experimental setup is used to analyze the effects of packing compaction on the performance. The neural network is optimized by the PSO algorithm in order to predict the precise temperature difference, efficiency, and outlet temperature, which are functions of air flow rate, water flow rate, inlet water temperature, inlet air temperature, inlet air relative humidity, and packing compaction. The effects of water flow rate, air flow rate, inlet water temperature, and packing compaction on the performance are examined. A new empirical model for the cooling tower performance and efficiency is also developed. Finally, the optimized performance conditions of the cooling tower are obtained by the presented correlations. The results reveal that cooling tower efficiency is increased by increasing the air flow rate, water flow rate, and packing compaction.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a drinking water temperature model in domestic drinking water supply systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1031-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Zlatanovic ◽  
Andreas Moerman ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek ◽  
Jan Vreeburg ◽  
Mirjam Blokker
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Supply Systems

scholarly journals Modeling Study of Design Flow Rates for Cascade Water Supply Systems in Residential Skyscrapers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2580
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Eric Lee ◽  
Ling-Tim Wong ◽  
Kwok-Wai Mui
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Design Flow Rate

Skyscrapers are common nowadays around the world, especially in cities with limited development area. In order to pump water up to the higher level of a skyscraper, a cascade water supply system has to be installed. Currently, cascade water supply systems are mainly designed based on practical experiences or requirements of existing standards/guidelines that, in fact, are not specifically for skyscrapers. However, thorough studies on cascade water supply system designs are still limited in the literature. This study proposes mathematical models and uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate of a typical cascade water supply system that feeds various appliances in a residential skyscraper in Hong Kong. Graphs that showed the correlations between the inflow rate in the supply pipe and water volume in the tank are obtained. While tank storage volume is confirmed, the design flow rate of the cascade water supply system can be determined from these graphs. The proposed mathematical models can also be applied to evaluate the design flow rate of cascade water supply systems in other types of skyscrapers (e.g., office, commercial building) as well as with the changes in water demand patterns in the models.

scholarly journals Experimental evaluation of two consecutive air-gap membrane distillation modules with heat recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1678-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Abd El-Rady Abu-Zeid ◽  
Gamal ElMasry
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Air Gap Membrane Distillation

Abstract Two rectangular modules with a total interior membrane surface area of 13.53 m2 were consecutively combined to evaluate the use of heat recovery in an air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system. Several operating inlet parameters including feed water temperature, mass water flow rate and salinity were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the performance of the system was improved by virtue of efficient heat recovery resulting from combining two AGMD membrane modules in series. Under optimal inlet operating parameters of cooling water temperature of 20 °C, salinity of 0.05% and flow rate of 3 l/min, the system productivity (Pp) increased up to 192.9%, 179.3%, 176.5% and 179.2%, and the thermal efficiency (ηth) by 261.5%, 232.6%, 239.4% and 227.3% at feed water temperatures of 45 °C, 55 °C, 65 °C and 75 °C, respectively. Concurrently, the specific waste heat input (Ew.h.i) decreased by 6.7%, 4.7%, 5.6% and 2.7% due to the efficient heat recovery. The results confirmed that heat recovery is an important factor affecting the AGMD system that could be improved by designing one of the two AGMD modules with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fibers with a flow length shorter than the other one having a salt rejection rate of 99%.

Distortion in Induction-Hardened Cylindrical Part

2019 ◽  
Vol 395 ◽  
pp. 30-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Hájek ◽  
David Rot ◽  
Jakub Jiřinec
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Induction Hardening ◽  
Cylindrical Part ◽  
Post Process ◽  
Power Frequency ◽  
Bottom Face ◽  
Through Hole

This article concerns distortion of a workpiece after induction-hardening under various conditions. It focuses particularly on the effects of quenching water temperature, PAG polymer concentration and the rotation speed of the workpiece during induction hardening. Electrical as well as non-electrical quantities which affect the process were monitored. They included the current passing through the inductor, the power frequency, quenching water temperature, the flow rate of the quenchant through the spray-quench device, the speed of rotation of the workpiece and some others. The workpiece was a cylinder 70 mm in length which contained a drilled off-axis through hole. Prior to hardening, dimensions of the workpiece and the hole were measured on three planes set in different distances from the bottom face. The measurement was repeated after induction hardening and the findings are reported in this article. Post-process hardness was measured on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece. Hardening depths obtained with different quenchants were measured.

Experimental Study on the Desalination System Using Humidification-Dehumidification Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Hamed Abbady ◽  
Mahmoud Salem Ahmed ◽  
Hamdy Hassan ◽  
A.S.A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Cooling Water Flow Rate ◽  
Output Ratio

In this paper, an experimental work studies the principal operating parameters of a proposed desalination process using air humidification-dehumidification method. The major objective of this work is to determine the humid air behavior through the desalination system. Different operating conditions including the effect of the water temperature at the entry to the humidifier, the ratio of the mass of water to the air, the air/water flow rate, and cooling water at entry the dehumidifier on the desalination performance were studied. The results show that the freshwater increases with increasing the water temperature at the inlet of the humidifier, the ratio of the mass of water to air, and cooling water flow rate in the dehumidifier. Cooling water outlet temperature at the condenser increases with increasing the water temperature at humidifier inlet. Also, it decreases as increasing cooling water flow rate while the ratio of the mass of water to air achieves the highest productivity and gained output ratio (GOR). The achieved mass ratio (MR) is 4.5 and the mass flow rate of air is 0.8 kg/min.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Engineering at 100 BC-AD 300 Nabataean Petra (Jordan)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3498
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Maximum Flow Rate ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Pipeline Systems

The principal water supply and distribution systems of the World Heritage site of Petra in Jordan were analyzed to bring forward water engineering details not previously known in the archaeological literature. The three main water supply pipeline systems sourced by springs and reservoirs (the Siq, Ain Braq, and Wadi Mataha pipeline systems) were analyzed for their different pipeline design philosophies that reflect different geophysical landscape challenges to provide water supplies to different parts of urban Petra. The Siq pipeline system’s unique technical design reflects use of partial flow in consecutives sections of the main pipeline to support partial critical flow in each section that reduce pipeline leakage and produce the maximum flow rate the Siq pipeline can transport. An Ain Braq pipeline branch demonstrated a new hydraulic engineering discovery not previously reported in the literature in the form of an offshoot pipeline segment leading to a water collection basin adjacent to and connected to the main water supply line. This design eliminates upstream water surges arising from downstream flow instabilities in the two steep pipelines leading to a residential sector of Petra. The Wadi Mataha pipeline system is constructed at the critical angle to support the maximum flow rate from a reservoir. The analyses presented for these water supply and distribution systems brought forward aspects of the Petra urban water supply system not previously known, revising our understanding of Nabataean water engineers’ engineering knowledge.

Establishing Mine Water Supply Network Physical Model Based on the Abnormal Similar Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
pp. 850-854
Author(s):  
Zhong An Jiang ◽  
Lei Lei Shi ◽  
Pei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Similarity Criterion ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Similar Theory

It’s necessary to establish a perfect dust water supply system according to Coal mine safety regulations. In order to do researches on the reliability of mine dust water supply network, this paper deduces the similarity number of flow rate and pressure under the condition of abnormal similarity, and establish the physical model of mine water supply network according to the gravity similarity criterion at first in lin-nan mine as the background. Monitor the running status of the whole network, measure the flow rate and pressure of the monitoring stations, and then contrast the experiment result and EPANETH simulation result with the data of the original network. The results show that physical model meets gravity similarity under the condition of abnormal similarity, which provides the experimental basis for the follow-up research on mine water supply network.

Power Consumption Saving of Chiller Water System for Semiconductor Factory in Taiwan

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 1492-1501
Author(s):  
Ching Liang Chen ◽  
Yung Chung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Cooling Temperature ◽  
Total Power Consumption ◽  
Temperature Water

Recently, the semiconductor manufacturing industry has exhibited not only fast growth, but intense power consumption. Consequently, reducing power consumption is critical for running reliability. A view of literature reveals that the power consumption of facility system is 56.6 % in the fabs. Among all facility systems, chiller plants are the largest energy users, consuming 27.2 % of the total power consumption. Therefore, saving power consumption for chiller plants involves a considerable economic benefit. In addition, cooling the water temperature further improves the efficiency of chillers. Hence, this report analyzes the optimal temperature between the chiller and cooling tower. Currently, controlling the chiller and cooling tower are separate processes, though, in fact, they should not be. This is because the water cooling temperature affects the efficiency of the chiller. Each reduced degree of the chiller condenser temperature reduces the electrical power by approximately 2 % in the cooling tower, in contrast to the chiller. Therefore, the optimal water cooling water temperature must be analyzed. The analysis method in this report is linear regression. First, determine the equations of power consumption for the chiller and cooling tower with variables representing the water cooling temperature, water supply temperature of the chiller, and outdoor loading and wet-bulb temperatures. Second, add the coefficient of the same variable to obtain the total power consumption equation for the chiller and cooling tower. The result shows the relationships of power consumption with water cooling temperature under identical conditions of the water cooling temperature, water supply temperature of chiller, and outdoor loading and wet-bulb temperatures. Finally, use the differential method to determine the optimal water cooling temperature.

Flow Characteristics of Dilute Polymer Solutions in Micro Tubes

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keizo Watanabe ◽  
Satoshi Ogata ◽  
Munehiko Hirao
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Polymer Solutions ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Flow Rate Ratio ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Micro Piv ◽  
Dilute Polymer Solutions ◽  
Piv Measurement

Pressure drops and velocity profiles for micro tubes were investigated for the laminar flow of distilled water and dilute polymer solutions. The test micro tubes were fused silica capillaries with diameters in the range of 50.2–251.8 μm, and a value of l/d (length/diameter) of about 340. By performing pressure drop measurements, it is shown that the experimental data agree well with the Hagen-Poiseuille equation in the case of Newtonian fluids. On the other hand, the flow rate of dilute polymer solutions increases relative to that of distilled water in the low Reynolds number range. The increased flow rate ratio is a maximum of about 15% in the case of d = 251.8 μm. For the result of the micro PIV measurement, however, there are few differences between the velocity profile of distilled water and the Peo 5 ppm solution.

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