scholarly journals The types of fertility patterns in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Majdzińska
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Fertility Pattern

The aim of this paper is to present the types of fertility patterns that characterise European countries and their NUTS-1 units in the early 21st c. and in the near future. The types of fertility patterns were defined by ordering six five-year age groups of women aged from 15 to 44 years, according to the groups’ fertility rates (from the highest to the lowest). The analysis resulted in the creation of 14 different types of fertility patterns. Countries located in the same European region tend to have the same or similar type of fertility pattern. In most European countries, the postponement transition can be observed, and it will probably continue in the future. Differences between the fertility rates of the age groups were assessed within countries and between countries with the same type of fertility pattern by calculating the so-called fertility rate ratios. The paper also provides an overview of the main theories and concepts explaining the course of family formation processes in Europe and indicates factors that shape fertility patterns in European countries today.

scholarly journals Is Europe becoming a `gerontocracy'? New evidence on age cleavages in Europe since the 1980s

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Politics ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Ideological Differences ◽  
Growing Age ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Evidence

This paper asks how strong the evidence is for a large and growing age cleavage in European politics, using new estimates of the ideological positions of different age groups in 27 European countries across four issue domains from 1981-2016, together with age-period-cohort analysis and an examination of voting patterns by age. The young turn out to be much more socially liberal than the old in most countries, but also more opposed to taxation and government spending. Age divides are generally no larger now than they were thirty years ago, are explained primarily by cohort replacement effects, and are likely to fall in the near future. Nonetheless, age divides in voting are large and in some places actually increasing. A likely explanation is that, although age-based ideological differences are not new, parties have increasingly emerged and polarised along the dimensions where the young and old have long differed from each other.

scholarly journals Fertility Trends in European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (353) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Palma
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Parity Progression ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data

This work is intended as an attempt to illustrate and compare the pattern of fertility in European countries: Belarus, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. It deals with the analysis of fertility trends, with an emphasis on birth by parity. Using data from the Human Fertility Database (HFD) from the year 2016, it has considered the parameters of parity progression ratios (PPR), projected parity progression ratios (PPPR), age‑specific fertility rates (ASFR), age‑order specific fertility rates (AOSFR), and cumulated order‑specific fertility rates accordingly analysed. We have applied indicators known as the projected parity progression ratios to estimate trends of fertility. These offer a more detailed view of the family formation process than the traditional total fertility rate (TFR).

Visual representation and communication

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272
Author(s):  
Tingyi S. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Information Design ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Knowledge Communication

There is great potential for graphics to present quantities, processes, and spatial relations that make knowledge communication more effective through simple to complex visual languages. Visual representation conveys certain messages, directly or metaphorically. An effective visual representation communicates with users by offering core messages and other embedded qualities. These embedded qualities generate interest in the topics/issues, create desirable energy for seeking more knowledge in depth, and enable readers to explore their favorable influences. It is no longer enough to consider a visual representation to be merely attractive or pleasing; it also has to be designed in a way to effectively tell stories in order to better play its role as an information carrier and to meet users’ needs for multiple modes of usage. This study examines the ways in which visual explanation both tells stories and presents their underlying meanings. Visual information design not only presents concepts and events across time but also disseminates information widely through various media. This case study investigates various visual depictions of fertility rates and observes the causes and effects of viewers’ decision making. The total fertility rates in Taiwan dropped dramatically from 1951 to 2006, according to the Department of Household Registration Affairs, Ministry of Interior (MOI), Taiwan. This drop not only will render the aging population greater than other age groups in the near future, but also greatly changes social, economic, and environmental progress in this region. This study’s small effort in the information design field will help create a link between practitioners’ intelligence and researchers’ suggestions, thereby helping enhance the effectiveness of visual communication.

Fluctuations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Shower Particle ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Instrumental Effects ◽  
Important Type ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electromagnetic Component

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.

scholarly journals Incidence of Benign Meningiomas in the United States: Current and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bhala ◽  
Douglas R Stewart ◽  
Victoria Kennerley ◽  
Valentina I Petkov ◽  
Philip S Rosenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Benign Meningioma ◽  
Case Count ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Benign meningiomas are the most frequently reported central nervous system tumors in the United States (US), with increasing incidence in past decades. However, the future trajectory of this neoplasm remains unclear. Methods We analyzed benign meningioma incidence of cases identified by any means (eg, radiographically with or without microscopic confirmation) in US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registries among 35–84-year-olds during 2004–2017 by sex and race/ethnicity using age-period-cohort (APC) models. We employed APC forecasting models to glean insights regarding the etiology, distribution, and anticipated future (2018–2027) public health impact of this neoplasm. Results In all groups, meningioma incidence overall increased through 2010, then stabilized. Temporal declines were statistically significant overall and in most groups. JoinPoint analysis of cohort rate-ratios identified substantial acceleration in White men born after 1963 (from 1.1% to 3.2% per birth year); cohort rate-ratios were stable or increasing in all groups and all birth cohorts. We forecast that meningioma incidence through 2027 will remain stable or decrease among 55–84-year-olds but remain similar to current levels among 35–54-year-olds. Total meningioma burden in 2027 is expected to be approximately 30,470 cases, similar to the expected case count of 27,830 in 2018. Conclusions Between 2004–2017, overall incidence of benign meningioma increased and then stabilized or declined. For 2018–2027, our forecast is incidence will remain generally stable in younger age groups but decrease in older age groups. Nonetheless, the total future burden will remain similar to current levels because the population is aging.

scholarly journals Are the Acute Effects of THC Different in Aging Adults?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Raeghan L. Mueller ◽  
Jarrod M. Ellingson ◽  
L. Cinnamon Bidwell ◽  
Angela D. Bryan ◽  
Kent E. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aging Adults

In recent years of expanding legalization, older adults have reported the largest increase in cannabis use of any age group. While its use has been studied extensively in young adults, little is known about the effects of THC in older adults and whether the risks of cannabis might be different, particularly concerning intoxication and cognition. The current study investigated whether age is associated with the deleterious effects of THC on cognitive performance and other behavioral measures before and after ad libitum self-administration of three different types of cannabis flower (THC dominant, THC + CBD, and CBD dominant). Age groups consisted of young adults (ages 21–25) and older adults (ages 55–70). Controlling for pre-use scores on all measures, the THC dominant chemovar produced a greater deleterious effect in younger adults compared with older adults in tests of learning and processing speed, whereas there were no differences between old and young in the effects of the other chemovars. In addition, the young group reported greater cannabis craving than the older group after using the THC chemovar. Consistent with some reports in the preclinical literature, the findings suggest that older adults may be less sensitive to the effects of THC on cognitive and affective measures.

scholarly journals Trends and Rural-Urban Differences in Asthma Hospitalizations in Saskatchewan 1970-1989

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Senthilselvan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Asthma Hospitalization ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Rural Dwellers

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in hospitalization rates for atsthma in Saskatchewan from 1970 to 1989 and to investigate the differences in asthma hospitalization rates between rural and urban dwellers.DESIGN: Asthma hospitalization rates were calculated for the age groups O to 4, 5 to 9. 10 to 14, 15 to 24. 25 to 34. 35 to 49 and 50 to 64 years for the period between 1970 and 1989. Only the first admission in each year for each person was included in the analysis. As the classification of asthma changed in 1978. trends in asthma hospitalization rates were investigated separately for the periods 1970 to 1978 and 1979 to 1989. respectively. Rate ratios were obtained for male/female and rural/urban comparisons by fitting Poisson regression models.SETTING: The hospitalization data for respiratory diseases for the province of Saskatchewan were examined by age group, sex and place or residence.RESULT: No significant increases were observed in asthma hospitalization rates lrorn 1970 to 1978. In the period 1979 to 1989. asthma hospitalization rates increased significantly among children under four years from 4.31/1000 in 1979 to 7.04/1000 in 1989. Among children under 14 years. asthma hospitalization rates were greater in boys than in girls . The converse was true for adults aged 15 and above, with women having a higher hospitalization rate for asthma than men . In adults aged 35 and above. rural dwellers had higher hospitalization rates for asthma than urban dwellers throughout the study period. In other age groups, although rural dwellers had higher asthma hospitalization rates than did urban dwellers during 1970 to 1984. the differences disappered duri ng 1985 to 1989.CONCLUSION: Further studies are required to find reasons for the increase in asthma hospitalizations among young children under four years old and for the differences between rural and urban dwellers in the age group 35 years and above.

Spontaneous Glomerulonephritis in Dogs: II. Correlation of Glomerulonephritis with Age, Chronic Interstitial Nephritis and Extrarenal Lesions

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Müller-Peddinghaus ◽  
G. Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Renal Amyloidosis ◽  
Morphologic Study ◽  
Different Types ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Slight Damage ◽  
Severe Fibrosis

A morphologic study of 103 dogs, including two with renal amyloidosis, showed that different types of diffuse glomerulonephritis are correlated with different age groups. Membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were more common in middle-aged and older animals, whereas mesangial lesions were found predominantly in younger dogs and considered to be early glomerular changes. Glomerulonephritis largely occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. The incidence of interstitial lesions was 71%. Chronic interstitial nephritis was rare in dogs under 1 year old. Glomerulonephritis did not seem to induce interstitial nephritis. Glomerulonephritis occurred not only in kidneys with severe interstitial damage, but also in those with slight damage. This indicated that glomerulonephritis occurred independently of interstitial nephritis. In end-stage kidneys with severe fibrosis, mesangial changes seemed to predominate.

Bachelorhood and Sexuality in a Context of Female Shortage: Evidence from a Survey in Rural Anhui, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 703-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Attané ◽  
Zhang Qunlin ◽  
Li Shuzhuo ◽  
Yang Xueyan ◽  
Christophe Z. Guilmoto
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Rural County ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Exploratory Survey ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Future

AbstractTraditionally, marriage is a near universality in China. However, in the coming decades, owing to the growing sex imbalance, millions of men will be unable to marry. As a consequence, bachelorhood is becoming a new demographic concern, particularly affecting men from the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups. In China's cultural context today, heterosexual marriage remains a prerequisite for family formation and, in rural society particularly, the legitimate setting for sexual activity. Under such circumstances, bachelorhood is likely to produce privations on various fronts, the consequences of which for both the individual and the community are still largely unknown. This article focuses on the opinions and sexual behaviour of bachelors, and highlights significant variations from those of married men. It is based on the findings of an exploratory survey conducted in 2008 in selected villages in a rural county in Anhui province, referred to here as JC county. The survey provides insights into the more general situation of rural men unable to marry in a context of female shortage, and indicates the conditions a growing number of Chinese men will face in the near future.

scholarly journals Influence from cosmological uncertainties on galaxy number count at faint limit

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (28) ◽  
pp. 1550139
Author(s):  
Keji Shen ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Xin-He Meng
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Evolution ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Number Count ◽  
Density Prediction ◽  
Evolution Pattern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Cosmology ◽  
Cosmology Observations ◽  
Near Future

Counting galaxy number density with wide range sky surveys has been well adopted in researches focusing on revealing evolution pattern of different types of galaxies. As understood intuitively the astrophysics environment physics is intimately affected by cosmology priors with theoretical estimation or vice versa, or simply stating that the astrophysics effect couples the corresponding cosmology observations or the way backwards. In this paper, we try to quantify the influence on galaxy number density prediction at faint luminosity limit from the uncertainties in cosmology, and how much the uncertainties blur the detection of galaxy evolution, with the hope that this trying may indeed help for precise and physical cosmology study in near future or vice versa.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document