scholarly journals Inequality in Chile before the first globalization: an approach derived from agricultural market income, 1830s-1850s

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-134
Author(s):  
Manuel Llorca-Jaña ◽  
Juan Navarrete-Montalvo ◽  
Roberto Araya-Valenzuela ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Agricultural Market ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Unskilled Labourer ◽  
Chilean Population ◽  
Very High

This article assesses agricultural market income inequality by examining three untapped comprehensive agricultural censuses of all of Chile, undertaken in 1834, 1838 and 1852. Since there had been no Chilean income inequality measurements prior to 1860, this is a novel contribution. Given Chile’s great dependence on the agricultural sector during the pre-industrial period of the 1830s to 1850s, measures of agricultural market income inequality can safely be taken as a proxy for total income inequality. This study found that agricultural market income inequality was extremely high during the first decades after Chilean independence. Gini coefficients for agricultural market income among landowners were 0.75, 0.75 and 0.79 for 1834, 1838 and 1852 respectively, while the figures for the entire rural Chilean population, including the landless, were 0.79, 0.87, and 0.89. Around 85% of the population did not own any land and for an unskilled labourer to rent a plot of 1,500 hectares in 1834 cost 3.3 years of wages, and annual wages of 11.3 in 1838. In a conclusion that is at odds with previous historiographical findings, our data suggest that inequality in Chile was very high and had begun to increase decades before the first globalization.

scholarly journals International Comparisons of Income Inequality and Welfare in the 1980s

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Park Chanyong
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Income Decile

The main purpose of this paper is to compare the income inequality and welfare levels between countries selected on a worldwide basis in the 1980s. As analytical tools, Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficients and generalized Lorenz curves are used. Implicit in our analysis is the presumption that welfare is a function of the "size" of total income and distributional equality. This study makes it possible to observe the welfare levels of the selected countries by combining real GDP per capita with income decile. It thus contributes to increasing our understanding of household income inequality and welfare levels in the 1980s. Data for this study is from the "Households Income and Expenditure Statistics, 4th edition" (HIES), one of a series published by the International Labour Organization.

Determinants of Income Inequality in the Early Twenty-First Century: A Cross-National Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
National Study ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Income Transfers ◽  
Early Twenty

This paper uses Solt’s Standardized World Income Inequality Database and attempts to explain variations in Gini coefficients for net household income across 142 developing, transitional and developed societies. The causal model contains three sets of explanatory variables: (1) economic dualism, (2) educational attainment and educational inequality, and (3) political and state influences on income inequality. The most important cause of inequality is still the Kuznets effect: societies at low and high levels of development have less inequality than those at intermediate levels. Population growth increases inequality. Rising labor productivity in the agricultural relative to that in the non-agricultural sector, and being a former Soviet society reduce inequality. Educational attainment has less effect than educational inequality on income inequality. Government income transfers sometimes reduce inequality, but have no effect when all variables are in the model. Finally, liberal democracy has no net effect on inequality

Evaluation of Socio-Economic Conditions of Coldwater Fish Farmers: A Case Study of Sikkim

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-71
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The People

ABSTRACT The study analyses the socio-economic status, degree of income inequality and perceived socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers of the four districts of Sikkim. A total sample size of 200 fish farmers was selected from the four districts depending upon the presence of the number of farmers in each district. Purposive random sampling method was used and the results were analysed from descriptive statistics such as frequency count and percentages. The degree of income inequality was analysed through Gini coefficients. The factors that determined the perceived socio-economic living conditions were analysed with a logistic regression model. The socio-economic status of the people was found to be in good condition and there were not many variations among the fish farmers of different districts. Most of the respondents had pucca houses with the combination of firewood and LPG as a source of cooking fuel and also had access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water and sanitation facilities in the households. The study also found that income inequality was not so severe amongst the fish farmers of the three districts except for the East district which had the strongest income inequality. The per capita income, housing condition and ratio of above primary education to total members had a significant impact on the perceived living conditions of the fish farmers. Keywords

Changes in Income Distribution in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Income inequality in Brazil, already high, increased after the military coup of 1964 and remained very high even after democratization in the 1980s. It decreased substantially in the period 2001–2014, after inflation was controlled. The Gini index of the per capita household income dropped from 0.594 in 2001 to 0.513 in 2014. The determinants of this decline in inequality are analyzed considering the components of that income and how each one affected changes in inequality, showing the impact of changes in the remuneration of private sector employees and in pensions paid by the government, as well as federal transfer programs. Changes in education lie behind the first of these effects, and the increase of the minimum wage reinforced all three. The economic crises after 2014 interrupted the process of decline, and among economically active persons, inequality even increased from 2014 to 2015. Measures to further reduce inequality are suggested.

scholarly journals Forecasting the Inequality of Income Distribution in Consequence of the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Suparmono Suparmono ◽  
Anna Partina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Statistical Series ◽  
Forecast Result ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Social Safety Nets ◽  
Series Book

This study aims to forecasting the Covid-19 Pandemic's effect on income inequality distribution in Kulon-Progo Regency during of 2020 to 2028. The study analysis tools utilized forecast are linear and non-linear trend. The historical data use during of 2010 to 2019, data source obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics Yogyakarta in statistical series book of 2020. The findings of forecast result show that the Covid-19 pandemic directly impact on the increased income inequality distribution. The implication is to carry out the process of economic recovery due to the Covid-19 pandemic case by identifying community groups who are vulnerable to decreased income through strengthening social safety nets. In addition, government policies can also optimize the utilization and transportation services to increase farmer exchange rates, because most people work in the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Male Income, Female Income, and Household Income Inequality in Israel: A Decomposition Analysis

2009 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ayal Kimhi
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Good For ◽  
Income Variability ◽  
Positive Effect

Differentiating between the sensitivity of income inequality to male income and female income and decomposing inequality by income determinants, we find that total income inequality is less sensitive to female income variability or the level of female income, than to male income variability or the level of male income. Uniform increases in education reduce income inequality, with increases in female education having a larger effect than increases in male education. An increase in the population fraction of ethnic minorities has a positive effect on inequality, but this operates mostly through female income. All this suggests that female income is the most adequate target for inequality-reducing policy, and that within-household gender equality is good for reducing income inequality among households.

scholarly journals Fair and Inclusive Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Aghion ◽  
Reda Cherif ◽  
Fuad Hasanov
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Growth Opportunities ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Sustained Growth ◽  
Market Income ◽  
High Level ◽  
Export Industries

We show empirical evidence that there may not be a tradeoff between market income inequality and high sustained growth, which is key for poverty alleviation. We argue that the economies that achieved high sustained growth and low market income inequality are characterized by dynamism—a drive toward sophisticated export industries, innovation, and creative destruction and a high level of competition. What a country produces and how much it competes domestically and internationally are important for achieving fair and inclusive markets. We explore policy options to steer industrial and market structures toward providing growth opportunities for both workers and firms.

Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient, and the Income Inequality in Turkey in the Last 13 Years

2019 ◽  
pp. 554-574
Author(s):  
Sema Bölükbaş
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
National Income ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Accession Process

Today income inequality and poverty are among highly disputed issues all over the world. It has been well understood that this problem can not be solved only with economic growth. Some social policy implementations conducive to redistribute the national income are essential to create a decrease in social and eceonomic inequalities. This is also true for Turkey. In last decade Turkey has managed high growth rates, budget discipline and improved some basic public services. As a result, absolute poverty rates decreased considerably. Although Turkey's welfare regime is going through a serious transformation process with effect of EU accession process, these policies have not been able to reduce relative poverty rates and income inequalities. Consequently Turkey's last decade is marked by high gini coefficients and income inequalities. It is obvious that there is a great need to develop a welfare regime which is able to establish a fairer income distribution.

scholarly journals The Spatial Dimension of Income Inequality: An Analysis at Municipal Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Mastronardi ◽  
Aurora Cavallo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper focuses on the analysis on income inequality in Italy at the municipal level of the areas defined by the National Strategy for Inner Areas. We discuss an analysis of the economic and spatial dynamics of the phenomenon through the construction of the Gini’s coefficient and the estimation of the regression model for the evaluation of the determinants of inequality. We highlight the influence of the spatial dimension on income inequality in Italy. Inequality appears to be greater in densely populated urban centers with a strong incidence of tertiary activities and young population. Conversely, in the inner areas, the distribution of income is more balanced due probably to the weakness of the social and economic structure that determines low levels of income and job opportunities mainly in the agricultural sector.

Income inequality and Neisseria gonorrhoeae notifications in females: a country-level analysis

Sexual Health ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amie L. Bingham ◽  
Anne M. Kavanagh ◽  
Christopher Kit Fairley ◽  
Louise A. Keogh ◽  
Rebecca J. Bentley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Level Analysis

Background Patterns of population susceptibility to sexually transmissible infections may be influenced by various social determinants of health, however these receive relatively little attention. Income inequality is one such determinant that has been linked to a number of poor health outcomes. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether there is an association between income inequality and Neisseria gonorrhoeae notification rates when measured at the country level. Methods: Gini coefficients, gonorrhoea notification rates among women, per capita gross domestic product and approximate size of female population were obtained for 11 countries of the OECD. Linear regression was used to measure the association between income inequality and gonorrhoea notification rates, using generalised estimation equations (GEE) to control for the non-independence of repeat measures from particular countries. Results: A total of 36 observations from 11 countries were included. Gini coefficients ranged from 0.21 to 0.38 and gonorrhoea notifications from 0.7 to 153 per 100000 females. Significant associations were found between country-level income inequality and gonorrhoea notification rates among women (b = 17.79 (95% CI: 10.64, 24.94, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Significant associations were found, highlighting the importance of acknowledging and accounting for social determinants of sexual health and suggesting that further research in this arena may be fruitful.

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