High-Performance Steels in Europe

2005 ◽  
pp. 99-146
Author(s):  
Anders Samuelsson ◽  
Falko Schröter ◽  
Gerhard Sedlacek ◽  
Christian Müller ◽  
Alain Nussbaumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

<p>Since the first application of steel in steel structures in the 19th century the develop­ment of steel construction has been closely linked to the development in material properties and production methods. Significant achievements concerning strength, economy, design versatility, fabrication and erection techniques and service perform­ance would not have been possible without the substantial improvements of steel. Es­pecially with the application of "new" production processes for carbon steels such as the thermo-mechanical rolling and the quenching and tempering process, steel with a high construction strength but guaranteeing also good fabrication properties such as weldability was introduced into the construction market.</p>

scholarly journals Metallographic Testing of 19th Century Steel in an Operating Water Tower

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2204
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Hotała ◽  
Rajmund Ignatowicz ◽  
Maciej B. Lachowicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The 19Th Century

The world’s first steel structures were built towards the end of the 19th century. Some of them are still in use today, whereas others are maintained as precious technical heritage. In both cases, there may be a need to assess their technical condition and carry out repairs and reinforcements, which requires an understanding of the properties of the steel used. The few studies that have been undertaken of such steel structures indicate that the properties depend on the history of use. This paper presents the results of metallographic tests of a steel tank in a water tower built in 1884 in Lower Silesia. The chemical composition was consistent with that of the puddled steel used in the 19th century. The carbon content showed significant segregation and ranged from 0.011% to 0.072% mass. As a consequence, a typical microstructure for low-carbon steels (ferritic) was observed, changing locally to ferritic-pearlitic. The tested steel contained a very high content of phosphorus and silicon. The microstructure with numerous slags favoured the formation of surface delamination caused by the corrosion processes. The degree of corrosion of the steel of the tank was also assessed, as well as the type of corrosion inside the tank. Corrosion was favoured by the oxygen concentration cell. The results of the research will be used to assess the potential for continuing tank use and the reinforcements that have been planned. The results presented will add to the somewhat limited research results available for steel dating back to the 19th century, which is still present in many building structures. Such a database is especially needed by those designing technical measures aimed at maintaining these historical structures in good technical condition.

Concrete Cover Effect on Bond Behaviour of UHPC

2016 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
David Čítek ◽  
Jiří Kolísko ◽  
Stanislav Řeháček ◽  
Tomáš Mandlík
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Concrete Cover ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Ultra High Performance Concrete ◽  
Bond Behaviour ◽  
Ordinary Concrete ◽  
Alternative Material

New materials require extensive research. Ultra high performance concrete is relatively modern cementitious material with favourable material properties. In previous research a lot of different mixtures of UHPC and many important properties were developed and tested as a basis for upcoming numerical analysis. Especially bond behaviour between steel and UHPC and comparison to bond behaviour of ordinary concrete were examined. UHPC has significant better material properties, especially bond behaviour, and represent an alternative material for some steel structures which can satisfy in some cases the requirements on construction dimension and economy. The function of the constructions details using small anchorage length was experimentally verified too. For reliable transfer of the forces the reinforcement need to be protected by sufficient concrete cover. This article deals with bond behaviour of embedded steel ribbed reinforcement in UHPC with small concrete cover and summarizes previous research results in field of the bond of UHPC.

Overview of Current Phosphoric Acid Production Processes and a New Idea of Kiln Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangya Zheng ◽  
Jupei Xia ◽  
Zhengjie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Major Equipment ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
Great Competitiveness

: China primarily contains medium and low-grade phosphorus ores that are used to produce phosphoric acid. Here, we provide an overview of phosphoric acid production processes, including wet, thermal, and kiln methods, as well as the fundamental principles, major equipment, and technological aspects of each process. Progress in the kiln method using lowgrade phosphate rock is described, which involves the KPA and CDK processes. The literature shows that the addition of admixtures adds great competitiveness to kiln phosphate production methods and has considerable development prospects.

Origins and consequences of economic globalization: moving beyond a flawed orthodoxy

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612098342
Author(s):  
Syed Javed Maswood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Network ◽  
New Production ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Liberal Trade

Contemporary economic globalization is typically seen as a product of both trade and economic liberalization after the Second World War and of technological advances that have made it possible to overcome coordination and management of geographically dispersed production units. Trade liberalization and technological advances were certainly important variables, but I argue that it was neo-protectionist American policies of the early 1980s that provided the initial catalyst for globally networked production processes. American protectionism encouraged Japanese investment in the United States that allowed US car manufacturers to learn the essentials of network manufacturing as practiced by Japanese transplants in the United States. In the next stage of global network manufacturing, liberal trade played a much more pivotal role because the global supply chains could not obviously be maintained without liberal trade. In this paper, I also discuss the likelihood of a reversal and suggest that globalization is unlikely to reversed in a significant way. Liberal trade is essential to the integrity of global supply chain networks, but these new production processes have themselves created a firewall against future systemic protectionism.

scholarly journals Experimental study on fatigue performance of Q420qD high-performance steel cross joint in complex environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haigen Cheng ◽  
Cong Hu ◽  
Yong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Joint Connection ◽  
High Performance Steel ◽  
The Cross

AbstractThe steel structure under the action of alternating load for a long time is prone to fatigue failure and affects the safety of the engineering structure. For steel structures in complex environments such as corrosive media and fires, the remaining fatigue life is more difficult to predict theoretically. To this end, the article carried out fatigue tests on Q420qD high-performance steel cross joints under three different working conditions, established a 95% survival rate $$S{ - }N$$ S - N curves, and analyzed the effects of corrosive media and high fire temperatures on its fatigue performance. And refer to the current specifications to evaluate its fatigue performance. The results show that the fatigue performance of the cross joint connection is reduced under the influence of corrosive medium, and the fatigue performance of the cross joint connection is improved under the high temperature of fire. When the number of cycles is more than 200,000 times, the design curves of EN code, GBJ code, and GB code can better predict the fatigue life of cross joints without treatment, only corrosion treatment, and corrosion and fire treatment, and all have sufficient safety reserve.

Mobile Bearbeitung von Faserverbundstrukturen/Mobile machining of fiber-reinforced plastics

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (09) ◽  
pp. 656-661
Author(s):  
H. Susemihl ◽  
C. Korth ◽  
C. Bremer ◽  
T. Brencher
Keyword(s):  
Worker Safety ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
New Production ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Bei der Bearbeitung großer Strukturen dominieren aktuell Maschinen, deren Größe vom Bauteil bestimmt wird. Die hier beschriebene Technologie führt zu einer prozessbestimmten Auslegung der Anlage und damit zu neuen Produktionsprozessen. Dazu wird ein selbständig navigierendes Transportsystem mit Roboter und Mehrachs-Bearbeitungseinheit eingesetzt. Verschiedene Sub-Systeme gestatten es, die Genauigkeit der Positionierung, Bearbeitung und Personensicherheit zu gewährleisten. &nbsp; Current machining trimming of large structures is done using machines of sizes determined by the parts’ dimensions. Instead, the technology described here permits a process driven design and thus new production processes. To achieve this, a self-navigating platform is equipped with a robot and a multi-axle-milling unit and been enhanced with sub-systems for navigation, referencing and worker safety.

The Discovery of Quartz Crystal Deposits and New Production Methods

Science ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 98 (2536) ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
Glenn Sonnedecker
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Methods

One Step Production of High-performance Sandwich Components

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Hopmann ◽  
R. Wagner ◽  
K. Fischer ◽  
A. Böttcher
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Foam Core ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Pressing Process ◽  
Wet Pressing ◽  
One Step ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Structural Parts ◽  
Complex Structural Parts

The combined PU spray and wet pressing process allows the manufacture of parts with high lightweight potential. The process can be used for the production of sandwich parts with compact continuous fiber reinforced PU outer layers and a process integrated formation of the foam core. Compared with established production processes for structural sandwich parts, the integration of the foam core formation in a wet pressing process is highly efficient and economical especially for complex structural parts.

scholarly journals Separation of Water from Mixtures Containing Formaldehyde, Water, Methanol, Methylal, and Poly(oxymethylene) Dimethyl Ethers by Pervaporation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Schmitz ◽  
Christian F. Breitkreuz ◽  
Eckhard Stöfer ◽  
Jakob Burger ◽  
Hans Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Membranes ◽  
New Production ◽  
Zeolite Membranes ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Membrane Flux

In this work, pervaporation experiments were carried out, in which water was separated from mixtures containing formaldehyde, water, methanol, methylal, and poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers (OME). This separation is interesting for new production processes for the synthetic fuel OME. Five commercial membranes were studied: two zeolite membranes (Type NaA and Type T from Mitsui &amp; Co.) and three PVA-based polymer membranes (PERVAP 4100, PERVAP 4101, and PERVAP 4102 from DeltaMem AG). The membrane flux and the composition of the permeate have been measured. The zeolite membranes were tested at 343 K and 7 mbar permeate pressure and the polymer membranes were tested at 353 K and 2 mbar permeate pressure. The investigated mixtures are inherently reactive, as formaldehyde reacts both with water and methanol. The zeolite membranes could only be used once, whereas the polymer membranes showed no significant degradation in a repeat experiment.

Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact Models for Various Mechanical Properties

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Quicksall ◽  
Robert L. Jackson ◽  
Itzhak Green
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Aluminum Bronze ◽  
Contact Models ◽  
Element Technique ◽  
Malleable Cast

This work uses the finite element technique to model the elasto-plastic deformation of a hemisphere contacting a rigid flat for various material properties typical of aluminum, bronze, copper, titanium and malleable cast iron. Additionally, this work conducted parametric FEM tests on a generic material in which the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are varied independently while the yield strength is held constant. A larger spectrum of material properties are covered in this work than in most previous works. The results are compared to two previously formulated elasto-plastic models simulating the deformation of a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat. Both of the previously formulated models use carbon steel mechanical properties to arrive at empirical formulations implied to pertain to various materials. While both models considered several carbon steels with varying yield strengths, they did not test materials with varying Poisson’s ratio or elastic modulus. The previously generated elasto-plastic models give fairly good predictions when compared to the FEM results for various material properties from the current work, except that one model produces more accurate predictions overall, especially at large deformations where other models neglect important trends due to decreases in “hardness” with increasing deformation.

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