scholarly journals Experimental investigation of the susceptibility of Italian Culex pipiens mosquitoes to Zika virus infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Boccolini ◽  
Luciano Toma ◽  
Marco Di Luca ◽  
Francesco Severini ◽  
R Romi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Time Points

We investigated the susceptibility of an Italian population of Culex pipiens mosquitoes to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, tested in parallel with Aedes aegypti, as a positive control. We analysed mosquitoes at 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 20 and 24 days after an infectious blood meal. Viral RNA was detected in the body of Cx. pipiens up to three days post-infection, but not at later time points. Our results indicate that Cx. pipiens is not susceptible to ZIKV infection.

scholarly journals Analysis of the immunological biomarker profile during acute Zika virus infection reveals the overexpression of CXCL10, a chemokine already linked to neuronal damage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Gomes Naveca ◽  
Gemilson Soares Pontes ◽  
Aileen Yu-hen Chang ◽  
George Allan Villarouco da Silva ◽  
Valdinete Alves do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Neuron Apoptosis ◽  
Circulating Cytokines

AbstractInfection with Zika virus (ZIKV) manifests in a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild illness to severe neurological complications. To define immunologic correlates of ZIKV infection, we characterized the levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in 54 infected patients of both genders, at five different time-points after symptoms onset using microbeads multiplex immunoassay; statistical analysis and data mining compared to 100 age-matched controls. ZIKV-infected patients present a striking systemic inflammatory response with high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Despite the strong inflammatory pattern, IL-1Ra and IL-4 are also induced during acute infection. Interestingly, the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ; chemokines, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5; and the growth factor G-CSF display a bimodal distribution accompanying viremia. While this is the first manuscript to document bimodal distributions of viremia in ZIKV infection, bimodal viremia has been documented in other viral infections with primary viremia peaks during mild systemic disease and a secondary viremia with distribution of the virus to organs and tissues. Moreover, biomarker network analysis demonstrated distinct dynamics in consonance with the bimodal viremia profiles at different time-points during ZIKV infection. Such robust cytokine and chemokine response has been associated with blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinvasiveness in other flaviviral infections. High-dimensional data analysis further established CXCL10, a chemokine involved in fetal neuron apoptosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, as the most promising biomarker of acute ZIKV infection for a potential clinical application.Author SummaryInfection with Zika virus manifests in a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild illness to severe neurological complications. This study characterized the levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in Zika-infected patients showing an inflammatory immune response. Specifically, this study identified a chemokine, CXCL10, known to be involved in fetal neuron apoptosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, as the most promising biomarker to characterize acute Zika virus infection.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Pathogenesis: From Early Case Reports to Epidemics

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Pardy ◽  
Martin J. Richer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Congenital Zika Syndrome ◽  
Early Case ◽  
The Impact

For the first 60 years following its isolation, Zika virus (ZIKV) remained a relatively poorly described member of the Flaviviridae family. However, since 2007, it has caused a series of increasingly severe outbreaks and is now associated with neurological symptoms such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). A number of reports have improved our understanding of rare complications that may be associated with ZIKV infection in adults, the areas of the body to which it spreads, and viral persistence in various tissues. Likewise, studies on the effect of ZIKV infection during pregnancy have identified risk factors for CZS and the impact this syndrome has on early childhood. Understanding these outcomes and the factors that drive ZIKV pathogenesis are key to developing vaccination and therapeutic approaches to avoid these severe and potentially debilitating symptoms.

scholarly journals Zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome: From systematic review to living systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Jacques Counotte ◽  
Dianne Egli-Gany ◽  
Maurane Riesen ◽  
Million Abraha ◽  
Teegwendé Valérie Porgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The Body ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

Background. The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas has caused international concern due to neurological sequelae linked to the infection, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The World Health Organization stated that there is “sufficient evidence to conclude that Zika virus is a cause of congenital abnormalities and is a trigger of GBS”. This conclusion was based on a systematic review of the evidence published until 30.05.2016. Since then, the body of evidence has grown substantially, leading to this update of that systematic review with new evidence published from 30.05.2016 – 18.01.2017, update 1. Methods. We review evidence on the causal link between ZIKV infection and adverse congenital outcomes and the causal link between ZIKV infection and GBS or immune-mediated thrombocytopaenia purpura. We also describe the transition of the review into a living systematic review, a review that is continually updated. Results. Between 30.05.2016 and 18.01.2017, we identified 2413 publications, of which 101 publications were included. The evidence added in this update confirms the conclusion of a causal association between ZIKV and adverse congenital outcomes. New findings expand the evidence base in the dimensions of biological plausibility, strength of association, animal experiments and specificity. For GBS, the body of evidence has grown during the search period for update 1, but only for dimensions that were already populated in the previous version. There is still a limited understanding of the biological pathways that potentially cause the occurrence of autoimmune disease following ZIKV infection. Conclusions. This systematic review confirms previous conclusions that ZIKV is a cause of congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly, and is a trigger of GBS. The transition to living systematic review techniques and methodology provides a proof of concept for the use of these methods to synthesise evidence about an emerging pathogen such as ZIKV.

scholarly journals Autophagy Contributes to Host Immunity and Protection against Zika Virus Infection via Type I IFN Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyi Huang ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Shuhui Meng ◽  
Zhuohang Chen ◽  
Haifan Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Ifn ◽  
Zikv Infection

Recent studies have indicated that the Zika virus (ZIKV) has a significant impact on the fetal brain, and autophagy is contributing to host immune response and defense against virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that ZIKV infection triggered increased LC3 punctuation in mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), mouse microglial cell line (BV2), and hindbrain tissues, proving the occurrence of autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, manual intervention of autophagy, like deficiency inhibited by 3-MA, can reduce viral clearance in RAW264.7 cells upon ZIKV infection. Besides, specific siRNA strategy confirmed that autophagy can be activated through Atg7-Atg5 and type I IFN signaling pathway upon ZIKV infection, while knocking down of Atg7 and Atg5 effectively decreased the ZIKV clearance in phagocytes. Furthermore, we analyzed that type I IFN signaling could contribute to autophagic clearance of invaded ZIKV in phagocytes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ZIKV-induced autophagy is favorable to activate host immunity, particularly through type I IFN signaling, which participates in host protection and defense against ZIKV infection.

scholarly journals Zika Virus-Immune Plasmas from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals Enhance Zika Pathogenesis in Adult and Pregnant Mice

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoung-Shik Shim ◽  
Young-Chan Kwon ◽  
Michael J. Ricciardi ◽  
Mars Stone ◽  
Yuka Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Fetal Demise ◽  
Antibody Dependent Enhancement ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

ABSTRACT Preexisting immunity against dengue virus or West Nile virus was previously reported to mediate antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in a mouse model. We show here that ZIKV-immune plasma samples from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals mediated ZIKV ADE of infection in vitro and in mice. In a lethal infection model with a viral inoculum 10 times higher, both ADE and protection were observed, depending on the amount of infused immune plasma. In a vertical-transmission model, ZIKV-immune plasma infused to timed pregnant mice increased fetal demise and decreased the body weight of surviving fetuses. Depletion of IgG from an immune plasma abolished ADE of infection, and the presence of purified IgG alone mediated ADE of infection. Higher viral loads and proinflammatory cytokines were detected in mice treated with ZIKV-immune plasma samples compared to those receiving control plasma. Together, these data show that passive immunization with homotypic ZIKV antibodies, depending on the concentration, could either worsen or limit a subsequent ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of virus infection is common to many viruses and is problematic when plasma antibody levels decline to subneutralizing concentrations. ADE of infection is especially important among flaviviruses, many of which are the cause of global health problems. Recently, human plasma samples immune to heterologous flaviviruses were shown to promote Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Here we showed in immunocompromised mouse models that homologous immune plasma samples protect mice from subsequent infection at high antibody concentrations but that they mediate ADE of infection and increase ZIKV pathogenesis in adult mice and fetal demise during pregnancy at low concentrations.

scholarly journals Low Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Zika Virus from Viremic Rhesus Macaques

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Rosilainy Surubi Fernandes ◽  
Mariana Rocha David ◽  
Filipe Vieira Santos De Abreu ◽  
Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito ◽  
Noemi R. Gardinali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Time Points

Despite worldwide efforts to understand the transmission dynamics of Zika virus (ZIKV), scanty evaluation has been made on the vector competence of Aedes aegypti fed directly on viremic human and non-human primates (NHPs). We blood-fed Ae. aegypti from two districts in Rio de Janeiro on six ZIKV infected pregnant rhesus macaques at several time points, half of which were treated with Sofosbuvir (SOF). Mosquitoes were analyzed for vector competence after 3, 7 and 14 days of incubation. Although viremia extended up to eight days post monkey inoculation, only mosquitoes fed on the day of the peak of viremia, recorded on day two, became infected. The influence of SOF treatment could not be assessed because the drug was administered just after mosquito feeding on day two. The global infection, dissemination and transmission rates were quite low (4.09%, 1.91% and 0.54%, respectively); no mosquito was infected when viremia was below 1.26 × 105 RNA copies/mL. In conclusion, Ae. aegypti vector competence for ZIKV from macaques is low, likely to be due to low viral load and the short duration of ZIKV viremia in primates suitable for infecting susceptible mosquitoes. If ZIKV infection in human and macaques behaves similarly, transmission of the Zika virus in nature is most strongly affected by vector density.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Morrison ◽  
Michael S. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that now causes epidemics affecting millions of people on multiple continents. The virus has received global attention because of some of its unusual epidemiological and clinical features, including persistent infection in the male reproductive tract and sexual transmission, an ability to cross the placenta during pregnancy and infect the developing fetus to cause congenital malformations, and its association with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. This past year has witnessed an intensive effort by the global scientific community to understand the biology of ZIKV and to develop pathogenesis models for the rapid testing of possible countermeasures. Here, we review the recent advances in and utility and limitations of newly developed mouse and nonhuman primate models of ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Caine ◽  
Brett Jagger ◽  
Michael Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged suddenly in the Americas in 2015 and was associated with a widespread outbreak of microcephaly and other severe congenital abnormalities in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. Vertical transmission of ZIKV in humans was confirmed when viral RNA was detected in fetal and placental tissues, and this outcome has been recapitulated experimentally in animals. Unlike other flaviviruses, ZIKV is both arthropod- and sexually-transmitted, and has a broad tissue tropism in humans, including multiple tissues of the reproductive tract. The threats posed by ZIKV have prompted the development of multiple in vivo models to better understand the pathogenesis of ZIKV, particularly during pregnancy. Here, we review the progress on animal models of ZIKV infection during pregnancy. These studies have generated a foundation of insights into the biology of ZIKV, and provide a means for evaluating vaccines and therapeutics.

scholarly journals A BRIEF REVIEW ON ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi ◽  
Antônio Carlos Albuquerque Bandeira ◽  
Luana Leandro Gois ◽  
Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
The World

Since isolation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Uganda from Zika forest in the 1947, for sixty years the virus has caused only scattered human cases in Africa and Southeast Asia. From 2007, outbreaks with an increasing number of cases, including cases with neurological manifestations, have been occurring in Pacific islands. In 2015, ZIKV reached Brazil with an explosive number of cases and a severe neurological impact on fetuses and newborns. The natural history and several immunological aspects of ZIKV infection need to be characterized. In this review it is summarized the spread of ZIKV around the world and pointed out some gaps on the immunological knowledge related to the infection. The characterization of the immunodominant/protective immune response would contribute to vaccine and diagnosis tests development.

scholarly journals Risk estimates for microcephaly related to Zika virus infection - from French Polynesia to Bahia, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Johansson ◽  
Luis Mier-y-Teran-Romero ◽  
Jennita Reefhuis ◽  
Suzanne M Gilboa ◽  
Susan L Hills
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has been linked to birth defects,1 yet the magnitude of risk remains uncertain. A study of the Zika outbreak in French Polynesia estimated that the risk of microcephaly due to ZIKV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy was 0.95% (95% confidence interval: 0.34-1.91%), based on eight microcephaly cases identified retrospectively in a population of approximately 270,000 people with an estimated 66% ZIKV infection rate.2

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