scholarly journals Approaches for quantifying antimicrobial consumption per animal species based on national sales data: a Swiss example, 2006 to 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís P Carmo ◽  
Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula ◽  
Cedric Müntener ◽  
Anne Chevance ◽  
Gérard Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Sales Data

Antimicrobial use in animals is known to contribute to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, it is critical to monitor antimicrobial sales for livestock and pets. Despite the availability of veterinary antimicrobial sales data in most European countries, surveillance currently lacks consumption monitoring at the animal species level. In this study, alternative methods were investigated for stratifying antimicrobial sales per species using Swiss data (2006−2013). Three approaches were considered: (i) Equal Distribution (ED) allocated antimicrobial sales evenly across all species each product was licensed for; (ii) Biomass Distribution (BMD) stratified antimicrobial consumption, weighting the representativeness of each species' total biomass; and (iii) Longitudinal Study Extrapolation (LSE) assigned antimicrobial sales per species based on a field study describing prescription patterns in Switzerland. LSE is expected to provide the best estimates because it relies on field data. Given the Swiss example, BMD appears to be a reliable method when prescription data are not available, whereas ED seems to underestimate consumption in species with larger populations and higher treatment intensity. These methods represent a valuable tool for improving the monitoring systems of veterinary antimicrobial consumption across Europe.

scholarly journals Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals from 2017 to 2030

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Katie Tiseo ◽  
Laura Huber ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Timothy P. Robinson ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Intensive Farming

Demand for animal protein is rising globally and has been facilitated by the expansion of intensive farming. However, intensive animal production relies on the regular use of antimicrobials to maintain health and productivity on farms. The routine use of antimicrobials fuels the development of antimicrobial resistance, a growing threat for the health of humans and animals. Monitoring global trends in antimicrobial use is essential to track progress associated with antimicrobial stewardship efforts across regions. We collected antimicrobial sales data for chicken, cattle, and pig systems in 41 countries in 2017 and projected global antimicrobial consumption from 2017 to 2030. We used multivariate regression models and estimated global antimicrobial sales in 2017 at 93,309 tonnes (95% CI: 64,443, 149,886). Globally, sales are expected to rise by 11.5% in 2030 to 104,079 tonnes (95% CI: 69,062, 172,711). All continents are expected to increase their antimicrobial use. Our results show lower global antimicrobial sales in 2030 compared to previous estimates, owing to recent reports of decrease in antimicrobial use, in particular in China, the world’s largest consumer. Countries exporting a large proportion of their production are more likely to report their antimicrobial sales data than countries with small export markets.

Unlocking Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in British Columbia Using Alcohol Sales Data: A Foundation for Public Health Monitoring

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 499-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott MacDonald ◽  
Jinhui Zhao ◽  
Basia Pakula ◽  
Tim Stockwell ◽  
Lorissa Martens
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
Alcohol Sales

Alcohol sales data provide a more accurate indication of alcohol consumption than alternative methods such as population surveys. This information can be used to better understand epidemiological issues related to alcohol consumption, policy development and evaluation. Official sales records were collected for the 28 regional districts of British Columbia (BC) for 2002–2005, while homemade alcohol was estimated from survey data. Alcohol consumption rates were found to vary across geographic regions, by season, and with population level demographics. Government stores were the largest source of alcohol consumption in BC, accounting for 45.1% of total alcohol consumption in 2004. U-Brews/U-Vins accounted for 4.0%, private liquor stores accounted for 27.5% of the total, and homemade alcohol made up 4.3% of total alcohol consumption. Analysis also revealed that the average alcohol concentration in wines (12.53%) and coolers (6.77%) has been underestimated by Statistics Canada. The feasibility of developing this type of alcohol monitoring system is examined. Finally, implications for the development of targeted public health initiatives and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KEPADATAN IKAN DENGAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN ESTUARI DI KABUPATEN BANYUASIN

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Aroef Hukmanan Rais ◽  
Rupawan Rupawan ◽  
Herlan Herlan
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Distribution Of Fish

Estuari di wilayah Kabupaten Banyuasin dengan potensi biodiversitas sumber daya ikan yang tinggi, merupakan wilayah penangkapan yang potensial dan berkontribusi besar terhadap poduksi perikanan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Distribusi biomassa sumber daya ikan di wilayah estuari sangat dinamis dan dipengaruhi oleh parameter salinitas dan suhu perairan pada suatu lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi kepadatan biomassa ikan dalam hubungannya dengan kondisi lingkungan perairan di wilayah perairan estuari Kabupaten Banyuasin.Pengambilan sampel ikan dilakukan dengan percobaan penangkapan menggunakan alat tangkap trawl mini yang diopeasikan di tiga wilayah estuari yaitu Sungai Banyuasin, Sungai Musi dan Sungai Upang. Pada masing-masing wilayah estuari ditentukan sebanyak empat lokasi sampling. Frekuensi pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebanyak empat kali yaitu pada Maret, Juni, Agustus dan Oktober agar mewakili kondisi musiman.Parameter lingkungan yang dianalisa adalah salinitas, suhu perairan, kecerahan, nitrat, amoniak, total fosfat dan kelimpahan fitoplankton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 87 spesies ikan telah teridentifikasi. Diperoleh nilai kepadatan biomassa 332,13 – 861,49 kg/km2 di estuari Upang, 590,51 – 2.235,04 kg/km2 di estuari Musi dan 1.296,4 - 33.714,88 kg/km2 di estuari Banyuasin. Spesies ubur-ubur (Aurelia aurita) mendominasi tangkapan pada Agustus hingga Oktober yang mencapai 77,22% dari biomassa total ikan dikarenakan lingkungan yang sesuai untuk keperluan pertumbuhannya. Kepadatan biomassa ikan berkorelasi positif dengan parameter salinitas dan kelimpahan fitoplankton, dan berkorelasi negatif terhadap parameter amoniak. Estuaries of Banyuasin district has a high biodiversity of fish resources and significant contribution to the fisheries production in the South Sumatera Province. The biomass distribution of fish in the estuary fluctuated and probably affected by by salinity and water temperature. This research aims to investigate the correlation between biomass density and environment condition in the estuary of Banyuasin Regency. Sampling was conducted through experimental fishing used a mini trawl that operated in three estuary areas, such as: Banyuasin Rivers, Musi Rivers, and Upang Rivers. Every estuary area was replicated for four sampling sites. Samples were collected during March, June, August and October. The waters parameters analyzed were salinity, water temperature, transparency, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate total, and phytoplankton. The results showed that about 87 species of fish have been identified. The biomass density was 332,13 – 861,49 kg/km2 in estuary Upang, 590,51 – 2.235,04 kg/km2 in estuary Musi and 1.296,4 - 33.714,88 kg/km2 in estuari Banyuasin. A jelly fish (Aurelia aurita) is dominated in August to October, up to 77.22% of total biomass. The biomass density of fish was positively correlated with salinity and phytoplankton abundance, whereas negatively correlated to ammoniac condition.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jordan: Results of an Internet-Based Global Point Prevalence Survey

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Khawla Abu Hammour ◽  
Esraa AL-Heyari ◽  
Aya Allan ◽  
Ann Versporten ◽  
Herman Goossens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infection ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Point Prevalence Survey ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Background: The Global Point Prevalence Survey (Global-PPS) provides a standardised method to conduct surveillance of antimicrobial prescribing and resistance at hospital level. The aim of the present study was to assess antimicrobial consumption and resistance in a Jordan teaching hospital as part of the Global-PPS network. Methods: Detailed antimicrobial prescription data were collected according to the Global Point Prevalence Survey protocol. The internet-based survey included all inpatients present at 8:00 am on a specific day in June–July 2018. Resistance data were based on microbiological results available on the day of the PPS. Results: Data were collected for 380 patients admitted to adult wards, 72 admitted children, and 36 admitted neonates. The overall prevalence of antimicrobial use in adult, paediatric, and neonatal wards was 45.3%, 30.6%, and 22.2% respectively. Overall, 36 patients (7.4%) were treated for at least one healthcare-associated infection (HAI). The most frequent reason for antimicrobial treatment was pneumonia. Cephalosporins and carbapenems were most frequent prescribed among adult (50.6%) and paediatric/neonatal wards (39.6%). Overall resistance rates among patients treated for a community or healthcare-associated infection was high (26.0%). Analysis of antibiotic quality indicators by activity revealed good adherence to treatment guidelines but poor documentation of the reason for prescription and a stop/review date in the notes. Conclusion: The present study has established baseline data in a teaching hospital regarding the quantity and quality of prescribed antibiotics in the hospital. The study should encourage the establishment of tailor-made antimicrobial stewardship interventions and support educational programs to enhance appropriate antibiotic prescribing.

scholarly journals Antibiotic prescriptions and cycles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Norway: can a nationwide prescription register be used for surveillance?

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1892
Author(s):  
H. S. BLIX ◽  
D. F. VESTRHEIM ◽  
V. HJELLVIK ◽  
D. SKAARE ◽  
A. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescription Database ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Norwegian Prescription Database

SUMMARYMycoplasma pneumoniae outbreaks cause increased use of macrolides and tetracyclines. We aimed to investigate whether drug use data, in addition to laboratory data, could improve understanding of the spread of M. pneumoniae epidemics. Number of users of Mycoplasma antibiotics (erythromycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin) per week and county of residence in an indicator age group (6–12 years) was retrieved from the Norwegian prescription database for the epidemic season 2011–2012 and compared to non-epidemic seasons. In 2011, increased use of Mycoplasma antibiotics was first observed in September on the west coast of Norway. The Norwegian laboratory-based surveillance system showed the first increase in positive tests in August 2011 and an epidemic was announced on 25 October 2011. At that time the use of Mycoplasma antibiotics had already exceeded three times the use in non-epidemic periods. Data for three counties from the regional microbiological laboratories showed that the increase in number of positive samples coincided in time with the increase in prescription data. Laboratory data cannot accurately determine the extent of an epidemic, and drug use data cannot identify the cause. Establishing a systematic interaction between the two monitoring systems will enhance surveillance and probably contribute to improved infection control and prudent antibiotic prescribing.

Periodic and Continuous Vibration Monitoring for Preventive/Predictive Maintenance of Rotating Machinery

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Laws ◽  
A. Muszynska
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Predictive Maintenance ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Vibration Data

The application of vibration monitoring as part of Preventive/Predictive Maintenance programs is discussed. Several alternative methods, including periodic and continuous monitoring techniques, are described. Emphasis is given to the importance of selecting vibration transducers with due regard for the specific machinery type. The equally important need to install monitoring systems which are cost effective and provide genuinely useful information for maintenance engineers and vibration analysts is also highlighted. It is argued that critical machinery should be monitored continuously, and in cases when more detailed investigation is required that high-quality Predictive Maintenance vibration analysis techniques be applied. The need is also emphasized for specialist interpretation of vibration data in order to identify specific machinery malfunctions, of which several examples are given.

scholarly journals Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (18) ◽  
pp. 5649-5654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel ◽  
Charles Brower ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Bryan T. Grenfell ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Food Animals

Demand for animal protein for human consumption is rising globally at an unprecedented rate. Modern animal production practices are associated with regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. Despite the significant potential consequences for antimicrobial resistance, there has been no quantitative measurement of global antimicrobial consumption by livestock. We address this gap by using Bayesian statistical models combining maps of livestock densities, economic projections of demand for meat products, and current estimates of antimicrobial consumption in high-income countries to map antimicrobial use in food animals for 2010 and 2030. We estimate that the global average annual consumption of antimicrobials per kilogram of animal produced was 45 mg⋅kg−1, 148 mg⋅kg−1, and 172 mg⋅kg−1 for cattle, chicken, and pigs, respectively. Starting from this baseline, we estimate that between 2010 and 2030, the global consumption of antimicrobials will increase by 67%, from 63,151 ± 1,560 tons to 105,596 ± 3,605 tons. Up to a third of the increase in consumption in livestock between 2010 and 2030 is imputable to shifting production practices in middle-income countries where extensive farming systems will be replaced by large-scale intensive farming operations that routinely use antimicrobials in subtherapeutic doses. For Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, the increase in antimicrobial consumption will be 99%, up to seven times the projected population growth in this group of countries. Better understanding of the consequences of the uninhibited growth in veterinary antimicrobial consumption is needed to assess its potential effects on animal and human health.

Antimicrobial Consumption Data From Pharmacy and Nursing Records: How Good Are They?

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail S. Itokazu ◽  
Robert C. Glowacki ◽  
David N. Schwartz ◽  
Mary F. Wisniewski ◽  
Robert J. Rydman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Administration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Pharmacy Data

AbstractObjective:To determine whether randomly selected intravenous (IV) antimicrobial doses dispensed from an inpatient pharmacy were administered.Design:This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which dose administration was confirmed by direct observation and by assessment of the medication administration record (MAR). A retrospective analysis of the return rate of unused IV antimicrobial doses was performed subsequently.Setting:Medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) and non-ICUs of a 550-bed urban public teaching hospital.Participants:Hospitalized patients with an order in the pharmacy database for an IV antimicrobial during 9 non-consecutive weekdays in June 1999.Results:Of 397 doses, 221 (55.7%) assessed by bedside observation and 238 (59.9%) assessed by MAR review were classified as administered; 139 doses (35.0%) were dispensed but changes in the drug order or the patient's status prevented their administration. In the subsequent assessment, of 745 IV antimicrobial doses dispensed during 24 hours, 322 (43.2%) were returned to the pharmacy unused; 423 (56.8%) of the doses—consistent with our prior observations—were presumably administered.Conclusions:Because computerized pharmacy data may overestimate actual antimicrobial consumption, such data should be validated when used in studies of hospital antimicrobial use. Dispense-return analysis offers a simple validation method.

scholarly journals ALLOMETRIC MODELS FOR ESTIMATING ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS AND BIOMASS ALLOCATION OF CAPIXINGUI TREES (Croton floribundus Spreng.) IN AN AGRISILVICULTURAL SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Franceschi Nicodemo ◽  
Marcelo Dias Muller ◽  
Antônio Aparecido Carpanezzi ◽  
Vanderley Porfírio-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Allometric Models ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Bole Biomass

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to select allometric models to estimate total and pooled aboveground biomass of 4.5-year-old capixingui trees established in an agrisilvicultural system. Aboveground biomass distribution of capixingui was also evaluated. Single- (diameter at breast height [DBH] or crown diameter or stem diameter as the independent variable) and double-entry (DBH or crown diameter or stem diameter and total height as independent variables) models were studied. The estimated total biomass was 17.3 t.ha-1, corresponding to 86.6 kg per tree. All models showed a good fit to the data (R2ad > 0.85) for bole, branches, and total biomass. DBH-based models presented the best residual distribution. Model lnW = b0 + b1* lnDBH can be recommended for aboveground biomass estimation. Lower coefficients were obtained for leaves (R2ad > 82%). Biomass distribution followed the order: bole>branches>leaves. Bole biomass percentage decreased with increasing DBH of the trees, whereas branch biomass increased.

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