scholarly journals Transmission of the L-Zagreb mumps vaccine virus, Croatia, 2005-2008

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Kaic ◽  
I Gjenero-Margan ◽  
B Aleraj ◽  
S Ljubin-Sternak ◽  
T Vilibić-Čavlek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Mumps Vaccine ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

We report on three cases of symptomatic transmission of the L-Zagreb mumps vaccine virus from three vaccinated children to five adult contacts. The five contact cases were parents of the vaccinated children and presented with parotitis and in one case also with aseptic meningitis. The etiology of the contacts' illness was determined by viral culture, genomic sequencing, serology and epidemiological linking. Two of the vaccinated children developed vaccine associated parotitis as an adverse event three weeks following immunization. Symptoms in contact cases developed five to seven weeks after the vaccination of the children. The five contact cases, as well as the three children with adverse events recovered completely. The children had been vaccinated with MMR vaccine produced by the Institute of Immunology Zagreb, each of them with a different lot. One of the possible explanations for these adverse events is that the very low levels of wild mumps virus circulation in the last decade, combined with waning immunity in those who received one dose of vaccine or suffered from mumps in childhood, resulted in susceptible young adults and that this unique epidemiological situation allows us to detect horizontal transmission of mumps vaccine virus.

Horizontal transmission of the Leningrad-3 live attenuated mumps vaccine virus

Vaccine ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1530-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
A ATRASHEUSKAYA ◽  
A NEVEROV ◽  
S RUBIN ◽  
G IGNATYEV
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Mumps Vaccine

Current Status of Mumps and Mumps Vaccine in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-969
Author(s):  
Gregory F. Hayden ◽  
Stephen R. Preblud ◽  
Walter A. Orenstein ◽  
J. Lyle Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Mumps Vaccine ◽  
Low Levels

Reported mumps in the United States has declined to all-time low levels following the increasingly widespread use of mumps-virus vaccine. Mumps vaccine has proven safe and effective. Its incorporation into combined live-virus vaccines, especially measles-mumps-rubella, has made mumps vaccination a practical and economically feasible component of routine immunization activities. Because of the favorable experience to date with mumps vaccine and the associated drop in mumps morbidity and mortality, mumps control programs likely will receive increasing public health attention in the coming years.

scholarly journals Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Bin Su ◽  
Hsiao-Liang Chang ◽  
Kow-Tong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
English Language ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Mumps Vaccine

Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV). We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and vaccine development of mumps. Previous studies were identified using the key words “mumps” and “epidemiology”, “pathogenesis” or “vaccine” in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We excluded the articles that were not published in the English language, manuscripts without abstracts, and opinion articles from the review. The number of cases caused by MuV decreased steeply after the introduction of the mumps vaccine worldwide. In recent years, a global resurgence of mumps cases in developed countries and cases of aseptic meningitis caused by some mumps vaccine strains have renewed the importance of MuV infection worldwide. The performance of mumps vaccination has become an important issue for controlling mumps infections. Vaccine development and routine vaccination are still effective measures to globally reduce the incidence of mumps infections. During outbreaks, a third of MMR vaccine is recommended for groups of persons determined by public authorities.

scholarly journals An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (15) ◽  
pp. 3219-3225 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. WILLOCKS ◽  
D. GUERENDIAIN ◽  
H. I. AUSTIN ◽  
K. E. MORRISON ◽  
R. L. CAMERON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Strain Variation ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Mumps Vaccine ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYAn outbreak of mumps within a student population in Scotland was investigated to assess the effect of previous vaccination on infection and clinical presentation, and any genotypic variation. Of the 341 cases, 79% were aged 18–24. Vaccination status was available for 278 cases of whom 84% had received at least one dose of mumps containing vaccine and 62% had received two. The complication rate was 5·3% (mainly orchitis), and 1·2% were admitted to hospital. Genetic sequencing of mumps virus isolated from cases across Scotland classified 97% of the samples as genotype G. Two distinct clusters of genotype G were identified, one circulating before the outbreak and the other thereafter, suggesting the virus that caused this outbreak was genetically different from the previously circulating virus. Whilst the poor vaccine effectiveness we found may be due to waning immunity over time, a contributing factor may be that the current mumps vaccine is less effective against some genotypes. Although the general benefits of the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine should continue to be promoted, there may be value in reassessing the UK vaccination schedule and the current mumps component of the MMR vaccine.

scholarly journals Mumps Caused by an Inadequately Attenuated Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Bakker ◽  
RG Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Separate Region ◽  
Production Problems ◽  
Immunization Campaign

PROBLEM:Reports of mumps following measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunization.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether mumps was caused by immunization or whether there was a concurrent epidemic of a wild strain of mumps.DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:Analysis of surveillance data and a cohort study of three schools that participated in the campaign.OUTCOME MEASURES:Cases of clinical mumps and orchitis, and immunization history and records were reviewed. The MMR vaccine was produced by the Serum Institute of India and contained the Leningrad-Zagreb strain of mumps virus. Four lots were used in the specific immunization campaign.RESULTS:Sentinel health facility surveillance showed an increase in mumps after two school immunization campaigns in western Suriname and a mass immunization campaign in the same region. There was also an increase in a geographically separate region following a mass campaign with the same vaccine. Three hundred fifteen children from three schools that were targeted in the immunization campaign were interviewed. The attack rate for mumps in those immunized was 15.1%; in those not immunized, the attack rate was 4.7%. In the affected males, the attack rate for orchitis was five of 19 (21%). Assuming 90% protection by the MMR vaccine, the incidence ratio (observed to expected) was 32.CONCLUSIONS:The mumps outbreak was caused by an inadequately attenuated MMR vaccine. Because this vaccine had not been used in these populations before in Suriname, it was not possible to determine wether the outbreak was due the virulence of the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain or due to production problems with one or more specific lots of vaccine. The vaccine was withdrawn from further use.

scholarly journals Forgotten, but not forgiven: facing immunization challenges in the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
Ricardo Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pandemic Flu

The creator of several vaccines given to children around the world everyday, Maurice Hilleman, advised that at the same time that new vaccines would emerge in the 21st century due to technological advances, unfounded criticisms of vaccines would extended beyond spurious belief systems to actual anti-vaccine movements. He pointed out that these movements are aimed at disruption of vaccine programmes through use of public media including the press, television and the Internet in his response to the spurious association between autism and Crohn's disease with one of his main creations, MMR vaccine (1). Andrew Wakefield, author of an unsound scientific paper in 1998 proposing such association, was motivated by an undue agreement to support a lawsuit (2). Nevertheless, Wakefield remains as an outstanding voice in the anti-vaccine movement (3). Why the once feared diseases disappeared from collective memory? On the other hand, adverse events following immunization that we used to bear as a fair risk for the expected benefit are not accepted anymore? Why we have forgotten the benefits, but not forgiven the risks? How could we define new strategies to face the challenges of immunization programmes? The 1976 swine flu immunization programme in United States was a landmark on the questioning of risk-benefit ratio for vaccines. The concern on a new pandemic flu after triggered a large mass vaccination campaign. Pandemic flu cases did not appear, but serious adverse events did raise questions on public opinion (4). This contrasted with most of the vaccines where decreasing incidence of a preventable diseases compared with safety concerns seems to be acceptable for the society. On the other hand, efficacious vaccines, like whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP), have been also on the spot due to relevant adverse events after immunization...

scholarly journals Mumps: an Update on Outbreaks, Vaccine Efficacy, and Genomic Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Lam ◽  
Jennifer B. Rosen ◽  
Jane R. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Mmr Vaccine

SUMMARY Mumps is an acute viral infection characterized by inflammation of the parotid and other salivary glands. Persons with mumps are infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after parotitis onset, and transmission is through respiratory droplets. Despite the success of mumps vaccination programs in the United States and parts of Europe, a recent increase in outbreaks of mumps virus infections among fully vaccinated populations has been reported. Although the effectiveness of the mumps virus component of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is suboptimal, a range of contributing factors has led to these outbreaks occurring in high-vaccination-coverage settings, including the intensity of exposure, the possibility of vaccine strain mismatch, delayed implementation of control measures due to the timeliness of reporting, a lack of use of appropriate laboratory tests (such as reverse transcription-PCR), and time since last vaccination. The resurgence of mumps virus infections among previously vaccinated individuals over the past decade has prompted discussions about new strategies to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. The decision to implement a third dose of the MMR vaccine in response to an outbreak should be considered in discussions with local public health agencies. Traditional public health measures, including the isolation of infectious persons, timely contact tracing, and effective communication and awareness education for the public and medical community, should remain key interventions for outbreak control. Maintaining high mumps vaccination coverage remains key to U.S. and global efforts to reduce disease incidence and rates of complications.

Horizontal Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Cattle Housing

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2656 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. McGEE ◽  
L. SCOTT ◽  
J. J. SHERIDAN ◽  
B. EARLEY ◽  
N. LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Right

Ruminant livestock, particularly cattle, is considered the primary reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study examines the transmission of E. coli O157:H7 within groups of cattle during winter housing. Holstein Friesian steers were grouped in six pens of five animals. An animal inoculated with and proven to be shedding a marked strain of E. coli O157: H7 was introduced into each pen. Fecal (rectal swabs) and hide samples (900 cm2 from the right rump) were taken from the 36 animals throughout the study. Water, feed, and gate or partition samples from each pen were also examined. Within 24 h of introducing the inoculated animals into the pens, samples collected from the drinking water, pen barriers, and animal hides were positive for the pathogen. Within 48 h, the hides of 20 (66%) of 30 cohort animals from the six pens were contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. The first positive fecal samples from the noninoculated cohort animals were detected 3 days after the introduction of the inoculated steers. During the 23 days of the study, 15 of 30 cohort animals shed the marked E. coli O157: H7 strain in their feces on at least one occasion. Animal behavior in the pens was monitored during a 12-h period using closed circuit television cameras. The camera footage showed an average of 13 instances of animal grooming in each pen per hour. The study suggests that transmission of E. coli O157:H7 between animals may occur following ingestion of the pathogen at low levels and that animal hide may be an important source of transmission.

scholarly journals Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Gold ◽  
William H. Baumgartl ◽  
Ramazan A. Okyay ◽  
Warren E. Licht ◽  
Paul L. Fidel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Severity Levels

ABSTRACT The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to determine whether any MMR IgG titers are inversely correlated with severity in recovered COVID-19 patients previously vaccinated with MMR II. We divided 80 subjects into two groups, comparing MMR titers to recent COVID-19 severity levels. The MMR II group consisted of 50 subjects who would primarily have MMR antibodies from the MMR II vaccine, and a comparison group of 30 subjects consisted of those who would primarily have MMR antibodies from sources other than MMR II, including prior measles, mumps, and/or rubella illnesses. There was a significant inverse correlation (rs = −0.71, P < 0.001) between mumps virus titers (mumps titers) and COVID-19 severity within the MMR II group. There were no significant correlations between mumps titers and severity in the comparison group, between mumps titers and age in the MMR II group, or between severity and measles or rubella titers in either group. Within the MMR II group, mumps titers of 134 to 300 arbitrary units (AU)/ml (n = 8) were found only in those who were functionally immune or asymptomatic; all with mild symptoms had mumps titers below 134 AU/ml (n = 17); all with moderate symptoms had mumps titers below 75 AU/ml (n = 11); all who had been hospitalized and had required oxygen had mumps titers below 32 AU/ml (n = 5). Our results demonstrate that there is a significant inverse correlation between mumps titers from MMR II and COVID-19 severity. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has presented various paradoxes that, if understood better, may provide clues to controlling the pandemic, even before a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available. First, young children are largely spared from severe disease. Second, numerous countries have COVID-19 death rates that are as low as 1% of the death rates of other countries. Third, many people, despite prolonged close contact with someone who is COVID-19 positive, never test positive themselves. Fourth, nearly half of people who test positive for COVID-19 are asymptomatic. Some researchers have theorized that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may be responsible for these disparities. The significance of our study is that it showed that mumps titers related to the MMR II vaccine are significantly and inversely correlated with the severity of COVID-19-related symptoms, supporting the theorized association between the MMR vaccine and COVID-19 severity.

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