Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella

Over the last decade, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms has become a global problem for modern medicine around the world. Bacteria quickly acquire genes of resistance to the action of the antibiotics. Bacterial infections that used to be easy to treat, now, in some cases, can even be life-threatening. Resistant microorganisms pose a danger not only among the adult population but also among the pediatric population. According to the World Health Organization, up to 200,000 newborns die each year from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Premature babies are at particular risk because their immune systems are still underdeveloped. The use of antibiotics in children should be reasonably approached, as recent studies have shown an increase of the spread of bacteria with resistance genes. Infections caused by resistant microorganisms are more difficult to treat and require special methods and approaches, especially for children, where the choice of antibiotics is already limited. The purpose of the study is to analyze the literature for the current state of the problem of antibiotic resistance, prospects for future development, relevance in pediatric practice. Materials and methods. The research materials are publications of national and foreign authors. Analytical methods were used as main research methods. This article considers the problem of antibiotic resistance, general mechanisms of its formation, research data on the prevalence of circulation of resistant strains in the pediatric population and their role in the initiation of resistant bacterial infections. Conclusion. It is concluded that bacteria insensitive to antibiotics are quite common among the pediatric population and in some cases are life-threatening. This phenomenon requires constant monitoring in order to detect and correctly treat persistent bacterial infections. There are many strains resistant to first- and second-generation antibiotics circulating in children. In some cases, the treatment of certain conditions in pediatrics may lead to the use of reserve antibiotics. Systemic coordinated work around the world and an individual approach in determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics in each case can prevent the rapid acquisition of resistance genes by bacteria. It is also necessary to spread information about the threat of antibiotic resistance in order to raise public awareness and counteract the empirical use of antibiotics at home without a prescription. There is also an urgent need to invent new chemical compounds with bactericidal properties as soon as possible

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Recalibration of the Antimicrobial MIC

Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research ◽

10.31579/2768-0487/021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 01-02

Author(s):

Daniel Amsterdam

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Laboratory Assay

In 2009, the World health organization (WHO) referred to the problem of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance stating, “Antibiotic Resistance – one of the three greatest threats to human health.” In 2019 (i.e., just as the COVID-19 pandemic was evolving), more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections were identified in the United States, resulting in more than 35,000 deaths (CDC 2019). The initial laboratory assay which demonstrated the activity of an antibacterial compound was performed by Alexander Fleming. He showed that an extract from the mold, Penicillium rubens, could inhibit the growth of several species of Gram-positive bacteria – but not Gram-negative bacteria that were cross-streaked on agar against the diffused Penicillium compound.

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Evaluation of Emerging Antimicrobials Resistance in Nosocomial Infections Caused by E. Coli: The Comparison Results of Observed Cases and Compartmental Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-495402/v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahshid Nasehi ◽

Babak Eshrati ◽

Hamidreza Baradaran ◽

Leila Janani ◽

Sasan Ghorbani-Kalkhajeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

World Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Microbial Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

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A REVIEW ARTICLE ON: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.32553/jbpr.v9i3.763 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ajid K. Mule ◽

Suraj Malpani ◽

Shradha T. Nemane ◽

Sushil S. Kore ◽

Ayaj S. Pathan

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

World Health ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

The World ◽

Tract Infections ◽

The U.S

Antibiotics are the ‘wonder drugs’ to combat microbes. For decades, various types of antibiotics have not only been used for therapeutic purposes but practiced prophylactically across other industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. Antibiotic-resistant infections correlate with the level of antibiotic consumption. Non-judicial use of antibiotics is one of the reason for making the microbes resistant. The antibiotic therapy store for emerging hard-to-treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is limited, resulting in high morbidity and mortality report. As per the World Health Organization “First worldwide Report on Antibiotic Resistance”, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC&P) and the spread of “superbugs” - bacteria that have changed in ways that provided antibiotics non effective against them - is a severe and growing threat around the world. Once common treatments for not only everyday intestinal and urinary tract infections but also pneumonia as well as infections in newborn and diseases like gonorrhea are no longer working in people. Thus, in 2013, two million people in the U.S. were affected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die each year as a result. Keywords: Wonder drugs, antibiotic resistance, CDC&P, Superbugs etc.

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Evaluation of Emerging Antimicrobials Resistance in Nosocomial Infections Caused by E. Coli: the Comparison Results of Observed Cases and Compartmental Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-495402/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahshid Nasehi ◽

Babak Eshrati ◽

Hamid Reza Baradaran ◽

Leila Janani ◽

Sasan Ghorbani Kalkhajeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

World Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Microbial Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

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Antibiotic-resistant microbiota of water and soil ecosystems as risk factors for human health

Ecology and Noospherology ◽

10.15421/032111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 67-70

Author(s):

T. Yu. Matylonok ◽

O. Ye. Pakhomov ◽

N. M. Polishchuck

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Human Health ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Large Scale ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Drugs ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Soil Ecosystems ◽

The World ◽

Resistant Strains

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the three major health challenges of the 21st century. One of the most important reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment is the irrational and uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, not only for medical but also other purposes, and their improper disposal. The microbiome of aquatic and soil ecosystems is characterized by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance through mobile genetic elements, contact with antibacterial drugs and their residues, the action of heavy metals and environmental stress. Also, according to the literature, it is noted that the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs in the environment existed much earlier than in clinical strains. These facts can not help but worry, because antibiotic-resistant strains of the environment have an extremely negative impact on human health. Once in the human body with water and food, they significantly complicate and / or make it impossible to further treat life-threatening diseases. Also, antibacterial residues circulating in aquatic and soil ecosystems, entering the human body can cause cancer, allergic reactions or disruption of the natural intestinal microflora. These ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. The aim of our work was to analyze with the help of theoretical methods of scientific research the reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance among environmental microbiota, namely in aquatic and soil ecosystems. To determine the impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of these ecosystems on human health. We have found that antibacterial drugs, antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance genes are a particular problem for wastewater treatment. Antibiotics can provide a selective load, as the mechanisms that break them down can promote resilience and selectively enrich. Wastewater treatment plants can be a favorable factor for the horizontal transfer of genes and the development of bacterial polyresistance, and high-resistance genes can be preserved even after disinfection. Soil is also an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Microorganisms are in a constant struggle for existence in this ecosystem and try to colonize the micro-scale with the most favorable for their ecotype habitat. Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria are in close contact with other members of the microbiota, which in turn promotes the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, even between cells of different species or genera through genetic determinants. Conclusion: ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. Therefore, this problem should be properly addressed, as the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues in the environment can cause unpredictable environmental consequences and adversely affect human health with more severe incurable infectious diseases. Monitoring programs for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and resistance genes in soil and aquatic ecosystems are necessary and very relevant today. After all, this microbiota poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health and can easily spread from one part of the world around the world.

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Development of antimicrobial therapy methods to overcome the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acta Naturae ◽

10.32607/actanaturae.10955 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 34-45

Author(s):

Olga V. Kisil ◽

Tatiana A. Efimenko ◽

Nina I. Gabrielyan ◽

Olga V. Efremenkova

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Uv Light ◽

Outer Membrane Proteins ◽

World Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

The World ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Health Organization

The spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogens represents a threat to human health around the world. In 2017, the World Health Organization published a list of 12 top-priority antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria for which new effective antibiotics or new ways of treating the infections caused by them are needed. This review focuses on Acinetobacter baumannii, one of these top-priority pathogens. The pathogenic bacterium A. baumannii is one of the most frequently encountered infectious agents in the world; its clinically significant features include resistance to UV light, drying, disinfectants, and antibiotics. This review looks at the various attempts that have been made to tackle the problem of drug resistance relating to A. baumannii variants without the use of antibiotics. The potential of bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides in the treatment of infections caused by A. baumannii in both planktonic and biofilm form is assessed. Such topics as research into the development of vaccines based on the outer membrane proteins of A. baumannii and the use of silver nanoparticles, as well as photodynamic and chelate therapy, are also covered.

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Uji Resistensi Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Kucing di Klinik Hewan Kota Bogor

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis ◽

10.33772/jitro.v7i3.13442 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 203

Author(s):

Yamin Yaddi ◽

Safika Safika ◽

Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Animal Health ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistance To Antibiotics ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

ABSTRAKPermasalahan resistensi Antibiotika pada hewan kesayangan menjadi kendala kesehatan hewan di seluruh dunia. World Health Organisation (WHO) menyebutkan bahwa pada masa mendatang resistensi antibiotika akan menjadi tantangan yang terbesar dalam dunia kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat resistensi antibiotika terhadap Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari kucing pada klinik hewan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa resistensi Escherichia coli tertinggi terjadi pada golongan β-laktam (ampisilin 66% dan amoksisilin 60%) yang diikuti oleh golongan tetrasiklin (oksitetrasiklin 54% dan dosisiklin 24%), serta golongan kuinolon (enrofloksasin 38% dan ciprofloksasin 28%). Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan medis bagi praktisi hewan kesayangan dalam penggunaan antibiotika.Kata Kunci: Escherichia coli, klinik hewan, kucing, resistensi antibiotikaABSTRACTThe problem of antibiotic resistance in pets is obstacles to animal health throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) states that in the future, antibiotic resistance will become the biggest challenge in the health concern. This study aims to measure the level of Escherichia coli resistance to antibiotics which is isolated from cats on veterinary clinics in Bogor City. The results showed that the highest resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in the β-lactam group (ampicillin 66% and amoxicillin 60%) followed by tetracycline (oxytetracycline 54% and doxycycline 24%), and quinolone group (enrofloxacin 38% and ciprofloxacin 28%). This study is expected to become medical considerations for pet practitioners in the use of antibiotics.Keywords: animal clinic, antibiotic resistance, cats, Escherichia coli

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Antibiotics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Literature and Guidelines Considering Antibiotic Resistance

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601913010383 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 383-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luca Guerrini ◽

Annalisa Monaco ◽

Davide Pietropaoli ◽

Eleonora Ortu ◽

Mario Giannoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Research Method ◽

Antibiotic Prescription ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

The World ◽

Risk Patients

Background: Antibiotic resistance is an important issue for public health. Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the clinical situations which require the administration of antibiotics in dentistry. Methods: The authors want to do a review of the literature and a comparison of guidelines in dentistry among different countries. The research method was based on the use of Pubmed and the research of indexed articles and documents published by authorities and boards about the antibiotic prescription in dentistry. The paper is an analysis deep inside the physiological and pathological situations that, according to different guidelines, require the use of antimicrobics. The spirit is a clinical one because this paper wants to be a guide for dentists, especially before the administration, in order to moderate the use of antimicrobials. We must remember that the World Health Organisation organizes each year the World Antibiotic Awareness Week, in order to fight against the improper administration of antibiotics in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and industrial livestock. Results: Different guidelines converge on a very calibrate and proper administration of antibiotics. Antibiotics should be used only in recommended situations for risk patients. The authorities and boards should investigate the habits of antibiotic administration, which according to some papers seem to be large and diffused use, not only limited to situations described in guidelines. Conclusion: Dentists, together with the General Practitioners and Paediatricians, should be cautious and accurate and should administrate antibiotics only if recommended by guidelines and effective and safe.

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