scholarly journals Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of invasive pathogens: the Estonian experience

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Loivukene ◽  
K Kermes ◽  
E Sepp ◽  
V Adamson ◽  
P Mitt ◽  
...  

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the needs for surveillance of invasive Gram-negative pathogens in Estonia. The antimicrobial susceptibility data of invasive isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and enterococci were collected in accordance with EARSS (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System) protocols. Despite the higher rate of Gram positive pathogens, their resistance to antimicrobials was low in contrast to the elevated resistance established for Gram negative pathogens. The higher resistance to antimicrobials was particularly associated with A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Also, the proportion of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-producing strains was 23% among Klebsiella spp. and 3.6% among E. coli. The inclusion of invasive Gram negative pathogens in antimicrobial resistance surveillance provides useful information concerning local pathogen susceptibility, as well as for the empirical treatment of suspected infections.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-679
Author(s):  
Alok K. Srivastava ◽  
Lokesh K. Pandey

Background: [1, 3, 4]oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of a variety of benzaldehyde derivatives, obtained from oxidation of substituted 5-(3/6 substituted-4-Methylphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one and various substituted acetophenone. The resultant chalcones were coupled with penta-O-acetylglucopyranose followed by deacetylation to get [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides. Various analytical techniques viz IR, NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the synthesised compounds.The compounds were targeted against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum for antifungal activity. Methods: A mixture of Acid hydrazides (3.0 mmol) and N, Nʹ- carbonyl diimidazole (3.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dioxane was refluxed to afford substituted [1, 3, 4]-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one. The resulted [1, 3, 4]- oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (1.42 mmol) was oxidized with Chromyl chloride (1.5 mL) in 20 mL of carbon tetra chloride and condensed with acetophenones (1.42 mmol) to get chalcones 4. The equimolar ratio of obtained chalcones 4 and β -D-1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-acetylglucopyranose in presence of iodine was refluxed to get nucleosides 5. The [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were tested to determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value with the experimental procedure of Benson using disc-diffusion method. All compounds were tested at concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.62 mg/mL, 0.31 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL for antifungal activity against three strains of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli (E. coli), and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis). Result: The chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas antifungal activity against A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas compounds 5a-t containing glucose moiety showed better activity against fungi. The glucose moiety of compounds 5 helps to enter into the cell wall of fungi and control the cell growth. Conclusion: Chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 incorporating [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against three fungi; viz. A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. In addition to this, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria E. Coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas 5a-t showed better activity against fungi.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S723-S724
Author(s):  
Vandarith Nov ◽  
Darapheak Chau ◽  
Chhorvann Chhea

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major and growing global public health problem. The Cambodia Ministry of Health established a pilot laboratory-based AMR surveillance system for blood specimens in 2017. The objective of this study is to characterize AMR among pathogenic isolates from blood samples. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using one year of data from a pilot AMR Surveillance system in Cambodia. Four blood culture isolate pathogens were included: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi /Salmonella Paratyphi A and Staphylococcus aureus. Blood culture isolates that were referred from eleven sentinel sites were analyzed at the National Public Health Laboratory for identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was done using disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration method following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results Among 214 pathogenic isolates from blood samples, E.coli was the most common (56.1%), followed by Salmonella Typhi/Salmonella Paratyphi A (18.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.5%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.7%). Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in half of the isolates. E.coli was resistant to ampicillin (94.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (84.5%), and ceftriaxone (79.2%). Salmonella Typhi was resistant to ampicillin (73.3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60.0%) and Salmonella Paratyphi A were resistant to fluoroquinolones (91.7%). For last resort antibiotics, E.coli was resistant to carbapenem groups (3.2% for imipenem, 4.9% for meropenem, and 5.0% for ertapenem). Klebsiella pneumoniae was not resistant to any groups. Conclusion E.coli was found at high rates in blood samples and was resistant to common antibiotics used in Cambodia. These pilot data show the importance of establishing a national AMR surveillance system in Cambodia to monitor AMR trends following GLASS guidelines. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Yu Liu ◽  
Yu-Lin Lee ◽  
Min-Chi Lu ◽  
Pei-Lan Shao ◽  
Po-Liang Lu ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT A multicenter collection of bacteremic isolates of Escherichia coli (n = 423), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 372), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 300), and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (n = 199) was analyzed for susceptibility. Xpert Carba-R assay and sequencing for mcr genes were performed for carbapenem- or colistin-resistant isolates. Nineteen (67.8%) carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (n = 28) and one (20%) carbapenem-resistant E. coli (n = 5) isolate harbored blaKPC (n = 17), blaOXA-48 (n = 2), and blaVIM (n = 1) genes.


2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hawser ◽  
Robert E. Badal ◽  
Samuel K. Bouchillon ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  

A total of 542 clinical isolates of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli from intra-abdominal infections were collected during 2008 from seven hospitals in India participating in the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Isolates were from various infection sources, the most common being gall bladder (30.1 %) and peritoneal fluid (31.5 %), and were mostly hospital-associated isolates (70.8 %) as compared to community-acquired (26.9 %). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (62.7 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3 %). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) rates in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were very high, at 67 % and 55 %, respectively. Most isolates exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. The most active drugs were generally ertapenem, imipenem and amikacin. However, hospital-acquired isolates in general, as well as ESBL-positive isolates, exhibited lower susceptibilities than community-acquired isolates. Further surveillance monitoring of intra-abdominal isolates from India is recommended.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (43) ◽  
pp. 256-270
Author(s):  
Tharinne Oliveira Silva Cavalheiro ◽  
Dora Inés Kozusny-Andreani

Bioaerossóis são partículas transportadas pelo ar que se originam de micro-organismos vivos, como bactérias, fungos e vírus e, podem permanecer suspensos e viáveis ​​na corrente de ar por longos períodos de tempo. Seus componentes têm efeitos negativos, especialmente na saúde de pessoas imunocomprometidas. Objetivou-se avaliar a presença de microrganismos viáveis potencialmente patogênicos em bioaerossóis de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital do noroeste paulista.. Para a pesquisa foram colhidas amostras do ar de locais definidos. Todas as amostras foram cultivadas em Placas de Petri contendo meios seletivos e não seletivos para bactérias e fungos, incubadas à temperatura de 37 ºC por 24-48h para cultivos bacterianos e de 4 a 15 dias para cultivos fúngicos. Posteriormente, foi realizada a avaliação das características das colônias bem como a identificação por métodos bioquímicos convencionas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a presença de leveduras das espécies Candida albicans e Candida spp e bactérias gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis e Micrococcus spp, gram-negativas Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp.   Verificou-se pradrão de resistência a antibióticos em E. coli e Micrococcus spp, S. aureus foi sensível a maioria dos antibióticos, enquanto foi possível observar 100% de sensibilidades para S. epidermidis e Klebsiella spp.


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney K Lawrence ◽  
Chris Sathianathan ◽  
Mauro Verrelli ◽  
Philippe Lagacé-Wiens ◽  
Robert Ariano ◽  
...  

Background: Given the morbidity and mortality associated with bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients, understanding the microbiology is essential to optimizing treatment in this high-risk population.Objectives: To conduct a retrospective surveillance study of clinical blood isolates from adult hemodialysis patients, and to predict the microbiological coverage of empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in this population.Methods: Clinical blood isolate data were collected from the 4 main outpatient hemodialysis units in Winnipeg, Manitoba, from 2007 to 2014. The distribution of organisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities were characterized. When appropriate, changes over time were tested using time series analysis. Study data were used to predict and compare the microbiological coverage of various empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients.Results: The estimated annual number of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis increased steadily over the study period (p < 0.001), whereas the number of blood isolates increased initially, then decreased significantly, from 180 in 2011 to 93 in 2014 (p = 0.04). Gram-positive bacteria represented 72.6% (743/1024) of isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus (36.9%, 378/1024) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (23.1%, 237/1024). Only 26.1% (267/1024) of the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, the majority Enterobacteriaceae. The overall rate of methicillin resistance in S. aureus was 17.5%, and although annual rates were variable, there was a significant increase over time (p = 0.04). Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria was relatively low, except in Escherichia coli, where 13.5% and 16.2% of isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Empiric therapy with vancomycin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage was predicted to cover 98.8% to 99.7% of blood isolates from hemodialysis patients, whereas cefazolin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage would cover only 67.5% to 68.4%.Conclusions: In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, data such as these and ongoing surveillance are essential components of antimicrobial stewardship in the hemodialysis population.Keywords: hemodialysis, microbiology, surveillance, resistance, antimicrobial stewardshipRÉSUMÉ Contexte : Étant donné la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux infections du sang parmi les patients en hémodialyse, la compréhension de la microbiologie est essentielle à l’optimisation du traitement de cette population exposée à un risque élevé.Objectifs : Mener une étude de surveillance rétrospective des isolats de sang cliniques des patients adultes en hémodialyse et prédire la couverture microbiologique des thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang dans cette population.Méthodes : Les données relatives aux isolats de sang cliniques ont été recueillies dans les quatre unités ambulatoires principales d’hémodialyse à Winnipeg (Manitoba), entre 2007 et 2014. La caractérisation a porté sur la distribution des organismes et les susceptibilités aux antimicrobiens. L’évolution dans le temps a été testée au besoin à l’aide d’une analyse chronologique. Les données de l’étude ont permis de prédire et de comparer la couverture microbiologique de diverses thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang pour les patients en hémodialyse.Résultats : On estime que le nombre annuel de patients recevant une hémodialyse chronique a augmenté régulièrement au cours de la période de l’étude (p < 0,001); le nombre d’isolats de sang a tout d’abord augmenté, puis il a grandement diminué : de 180 en 2011, il est passé à 93 en 2014 (p = 0,04). Les bactéries à Gram positif représentaient 72,6 % (743/1024) des isolats, y compris les Staphylococcus aureus (36,9 %, 378/1024) et les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (23,1 %, 237/1024). Seulement 26,1 % (267/1024) des isolats étaient des bactéries à Gram négatif, la majorité desquelles étant des Enterobacteriaceae. Le taux général de résistance à la méticilline de S. aureus était de 17,5 %, et bien que les taux annuels étaient variables, une augmentation importante a été observée avec le temps (p = 0,04). La résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries à Gram négatif était relativement faible, sauf Escherichia coli, où respectivement 13,5 % et 16,2 % des isolats étaient résistants à la ceftriaxone et à la ciprofloxacine. On prévoyait que la thérapie empirique à la vancomycine associée à un agent pour la couverture à Gram positif couvrirait de 98,8 % à 99,7 % des isolats de sang des patients en hémodialyse, tandis que la céfazoline associée à un agent de la couverture à Gram négatif ne couvrirait que 67,5 % à 68,4 %.Conclusions : À une époque qui se caractérise par une augmentation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, des données comme celles-ci et celles portant sur la surveillance continue sont des composantes essentielles de la bonne gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens pour les patients adultes en hémodialyse.Mots-clés : hémodialyse, microbiologie, surveillance, résistance, gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina L. Páez ◽  
Claudia M. Bazán ◽  
María E. Bongiovanni ◽  
Judith Toneatto ◽  
Inés Albesa ◽  
...  

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in the need for new approaches to be developed to combat previously easily treatable infections. The main aim of this work was to establish the potential of the syntheticα-diimine chromium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes (where theα-diimine ligands are bpy = 2,2-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]-phenazine) like [Cr(phen)3]3+, [Cr(phen)2(dppz)]3+, [Ru(phen)3]2+, and [Ru(bpy)3]2+as antibacterial agents by generating oxidative stress. The [Cr(phen)3]3+and [Cr(phen)2(dppz)]3+complexes showed activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.125 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL, while [Ru(phen)3]2+and [Ru(bpy)3]2+do not exhibit antimicrobial activity against the two bacterial genera studied at the concentration range used. When ciprofloxacin was combined with [Cr(phen)3]3+for the inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coli, an important synergistic effect was observed, FIC 0.066 forS. aureusand FIC 0.064 forE. coli. The work described here shows that chromium(III) complexes are bactericidal forS. aureusandE. coli. Our results indicate thatα-diimine chromium(III) complexes may be interesting to open new paths for metallodrug chemotherapy against different bacterial genera since some of these complexes have been found to exhibit remarkable antibacterial activities.


2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7528-7533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Cerca ◽  
Tomás Maira-Litrán ◽  
Kimberly K. Jefferson ◽  
Martha Grout ◽  
Donald A. Goldmann ◽  
...  

Poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is a surface polysaccharide produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphyloccus epidermidis and is an effective target for opsonic and protective Ab for these two organisms. Recently, it has been found that Escherichia coli produces an exo-polysaccharide, designated polyglucosamine, that is biochemically indistinguishable from PNAG. We analyzed 30 E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract and neonatal bloodstream infections for the pga locus, PNAG antigen production, and susceptibility to opsonic killing and protection from lethal infection by Ab to PNAG. Twenty-six of 30 strains carried the pga locus, 25 of 30 expressed immunologically detectable PNAG, and 21 of 30 could be killed by rabbit IgG specific for the deacetylated form of the staphylococcal PNAG. Ab to staphylococcal PNAG protected mice against lethality from five different E. coli strains expressing PNAG. PNAG expression by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms could make this antigen a conserved vaccine target for multiple pathogenic species of bacteria.


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