scholarly journals Tuberculosis and BCG in Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Watson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Tuberculin Sensitivity ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine was developed from an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its widespread use as a vaccine against tuberculosis spread in Europe, and subsequently globally, over the next 50 years. It remains one of the most frequently administered vaccines in the world. It has also been one of the most controversial. Widely differing estimates of the effectiveness of BCG at protecting against different forms of tuberculosis in different population subgroups in different settings have been published [1]. Some countries, with a low incidence of tuberculosis, did not adopt the use of BCG vaccine at all and some others abandoned its use at a later stage. In addition, great variation developed in national programmes for the administration of BCG including the age(s) at which it should be given, whether or not its administration should be preceded by tuberculin sensitivity testing, and whether repeat vaccinations with BCG should be given.

scholarly journals The double-sided effects of Mycobacterium Bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junli Li ◽  
Lingjun Zhan ◽  
Chuan Qin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Mycobacterial Diseases ◽  
Protection Mechanisms

AbstractBacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only vaccine proven to be effective against tuberculosis (TB), is the most commonly used vaccine globally. In addition to its effects on mycobacterial diseases, an increasing amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence accumulated since its introduction in 1921 has shown that BCG also exerts non-specific effects against a number of diseases, such as non-mycobacterial infections, allergies and certain malignancies. Recent Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has put BCG, a classic vaccine with significant non-specific protection, into the spotlight again. This literature review briefly covers the diverse facets of BCG vaccine, providing new perspectives in terms of specific and non-specific protection mechanisms of this old, multifaceted, and controversial vaccine.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine Strains Lack narK2 and narX Induction and Exhibit Altered Phenotypes during Dormancy

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2587-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Honaker ◽  
Amanda Stewart ◽  
Stephanie Schittone ◽  
Angelo Izzo ◽  
Michèl R. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Nitrate Respiration ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Anaerobic Dormancy ◽  
Dosr Regulon ◽  
Substitution Mutation

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease that affects one-third of the world's population. The sole extant vaccine for tuberculosis is the live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We examined 13 representative BCG strains from around the world to ascertain their ability to express DosR-regulated dormancy antigens. These are known to be recognized by T cells of M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, especially those harboring latent infections. Differences in the expression of these antigens could be valuable for use as diagnostic markers to distinguish BCG vaccination from latent tuberculosis. We determined that all BCG strains were defective for the induction of two dormancy genes: narK2 (Rv1737c) and narX (Rv1736c). NarK2 is known to be necessary for nitrate respiration during anaerobic dormancy. Analysis of the narK2/X promoter region revealed a base substitution mutation in all tested BCG strains and M. bovis in comparison to the M. tuberculosis sequence. We also show that nitrate reduction by BCG strains during dormancy was greatly reduced compared to M. tuberculosis and varied between tested strains. Several dormancy regulon transcriptional differences were also identified among the strains, as well as variation in their growth and survival. These findings demonstrate defects in DosR regulon expression during dormancy and phenotypic variation between commonly used BCG vaccine strains.

scholarly journals IFN-α Boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin-Vaccine Promoted Th1 Type Cellular Response and Protection against M. tuberculosis Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Rivas-Santiago ◽  
G. G. Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Type I Ifns ◽  
Cellular Immune

The role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis and control of mycobacterial infection is still controversial. It has been reported that type I IFNs exacerbated M. tuberculosis infection through hampering Th1 type cellular immune response. However, under certain conditions they can act as natural immune adjuvants for commercial vaccines. At this point, we have reported recently that successive IFN-alpha boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin (BCG) vaccinated mice protected adult mice from intradermal M. lepraemurium infection and a difference in iNOS was observed. In the present work, we have found that intramuscular IFN-α boosting of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Güerin (BCG) vaccine, either in vitro (human cell line or macrophages derived from PBMC) or in vivo (aerosol mouse model of MTb infection), promoted mostly the development of specific anti-antimycobacterial Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ; IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-17; IL1β) while bacterial load reduction (0.9 logs versus PBS or BCG vaccine) was observed. These findings indicate that, under the experimental settings reported here, interferon alpha can drive or affect the TH cellular immune response in favour of BCG-inducing immunity against M. tuberculosis infection.

scholarly journals Successful Handling of Disseminated BCG Disease in a Child with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia Bacalhau ◽  
Cristina Freitas ◽  
Rosalina Valente ◽  
Deolinda Barata ◽  
Conceição Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Life Threatening

In high-burden countries,Mycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is administered in newborn to prevent severeMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. Because life-threatening disseminated BCG disease may occur in children with primary immunodeficiency, vaccination strategy against tuberculosis should be redefined in non-high-burden countries. We report the case of a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who developed disseminated BCG disease, highlighting the specific strategies adopted.

scholarly journals A new era in the control of tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Girardi ◽  
Giuseppe Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Hiv Aids

In the last two decades of the twentieth century, the world faced an unexpected resurgence of tuberculosis. Favored by the dismantling of control interventions in rich, low incidence countries, by the overburden on national Tuberculosis Programs in resource-poor countries and by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the number of persons affected and the number of deaths due to tuberculosis started to rise. [...]

scholarly journals First isolation of Mycobacterium bovis SIT 482 BOV from beef cattle in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 2279
Author(s):  
M.L. AVSEVER ◽  
C. ÇAVUŞOĞLU ◽  
I. ÇAMKERTEN
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease which should be emphasized in our country as in many countries. A large number of genotypes have been revealed by spoligotyping method of M. bovis in the world. M. bovis SIT 482. BOV is one of these genotypes and it is also M. bovis genotype in which BCG vaccine is administered in humans. The BCG vaccine is obtained through multiple passages of this genotype. However, this genotype, like other genotypes, can cause serious infections in humans and animals. There are data on the isolation of M. bovis SIT 482 BOV from animal and human tuberculosis cases in the world. In our country, the isolation of this genotype has been reported only in humans and no data have been found in the animals. In this study, M. bovis SIT 482. BOV was isolated from the samples of six cattle with internal organ samples obtained from licensed slaughterhouses in Aksaray. While isolation is carried out with BACTEC MGIT 960 liquid media, spoligotyping was carried out according to the manufacturer’s with kit (Isogen LifeScience, The Netherlands). This study aims to report M. bovis SIT 482 BOV from cattle in Turkey for the first time, to draw attention a very limited number reported in M. bovis cases in Turkey, highlight the importance of genotyping of tuberculosis factors and contribute to epidemiological studies. These and similar studies will contribute to the creation of genetic maps for eradication of M. bovis from cattle in our country. The study was also conducted to investigate whether M. bovis SIT 482. BOV isolated from cattle in Aksaray province is BCG strain or another strain giving the same pattern. 

Development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" in Ukraine in the 20's of the twentieth century

2001 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
O. V. Kozerod
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Problems

The development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" and its organizations in the first quarter of the twentieth century - one of the important research problems, which is still practically not considered in the domestic Judaica. At the same time, this problem is relevant in connection with the fact that the religious movement "Khabad" during the twentieth century became the most widespread and influential area of Judaism in Ukraine and throughout the world.

Coda: The Rosetta Stone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Schotter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Digital Code ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Origin Point

Hieroglyphs have persisted for so long in the Western imagination because of the malleability of their metaphorical meanings. Emblems of readability and unreadability, universality and difference, writing and film, writing and digital media, hieroglyphs serve to encompass many of the central tensions in understandings of race, nation, language and media in the twentieth century. For Pound and Lindsay, they served as inspirations for a more direct and universal form of writing; for Woolf, as a way of treating the new medium of film and our perceptions of the world as a kind of language. For Conrad and Welles, they embodied the hybridity of writing or the images of film; for al-Hakim and Mahfouz, the persistence of links between ancient Pharaonic civilisation and a newly independent Egypt. For Joyce, hieroglyphs symbolised the origin point for the world’s cultures and nations; for Pynchon, the connection between digital code and the novel. In their modernist interpretations and applications, hieroglyphs bring together writing and new media technologies, language and the material world, and all the nations and languages of the globe....

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