In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Javanese Tamarind  Leaves Infusion (Tamarindus indica Linn.) in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is the most common bacteria that cause diarrhea. Based on Kurniawati’s research, ethanol extract of tamarind leaves has an antimicrobial effect to Escherichia coli. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial effect using disk diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of tamarind leaves infusion against Escherichia coli. This research was done using a real laboratory experimental design with tamarind leaves infusion and Escherichia coli microbes as the research objects. Zones of inhibition were observed using disk diffusion method by putting the tamarind leaves infusion disks on Mueller-Hinton agars with Ampicillin antibiotic for comparison, followed by observing the MIC using macro broth dilution method and MBC. The result of disk diffusion showed that tamarind leaves infusion had no zone of inhibition, whereas the mean value of the zones of inhibition of ampicillin is 17.2 mm. The MIC of tamarind leaves infusion is 62.5 mg/mL. Average growth of bacteria for the MBC of tamarind leaves infusion at 125 mg/mL and 62.5 mg/mL concentration are 13 CFU/mL and >300 CFU/mL. It can be concluded that tamarind leaves infusion has antimicrobial activity effect against E.coli and that effect is bacteriostatic. Keywords: Tamarindus indica Linn, Escherichia coli, MIC, MBC

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Antibacterial activity of cis- and trans-resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum rhizome

Acta periodica technologica ◽

10.2298/apt0637131k ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 131-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zoran Kukric ◽

Ljiljana Topalic-Trivunovic

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cis And Trans

The work is concerned with the antibacterial effect of ethanolic solutions of cis- and trans-resveralrol (cis-.lrans-3,5.4'-trihydroxystilbene) obtained by the extraction (ethanol-water 1:1 v/v) of Polygonum cuspidatum rhizome. Antibacterial activity was tested by disk diffusion method on the following bacteria: Escherichia coli, Sarcina liitea. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcits sp., using extract concentrations of 5 mg/disk. All tests showed significant antimicrobial activity, whereby the extract with trans-resveratrol exhibited more significant effect than the extract of cis-resveratrol.

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Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes prevalence in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

Microbiology Research ◽

10.4081/mr.2011.e8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Ronak Bakhtiari ◽

Jalil Fallah Mehrabadi ◽

Hedroosha Molla Agamirzaei ◽

Ailar Sabbaghi ◽

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

Resistance to b-lactam antibiotics by gramnegative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a major public health issue worldwide. The predominant resistance mechanism in gram negative bacteria particularly E. coli is via the production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) enzymes. In recent years, the prevalence of b-lactamase producing organisms is increased and identification of these isolates by using disk diffusion method and no-one else is not satisfactory. So, this investigation focused on evaluating the prevalence of ESBL enzymes by disk diffusion method and confirmatory test (Combined Disk). Five hundred clinical samples were collected and 200 E. coli isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. To performing initial screening of ESBLs was used from Disk diffusion method on E. coli isolates. A confirmation test (Combined Disk method) was performed on isolates of resistant to cephalosporin's indicators. Up to 70% isolates exhibited the Multi Drug Resistance phenotype. In Disk diffusion method, 128(64%) E. coli isolates which resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime while in Combined Disk, among 128 screened isolates, 115 (89.8%) isolates were detected as ESBLs producers. This survey indicate beta lactamase enzymes are playing a significant role in antibiotic resistance and correct detection of them in phenotypic test by using disk diffusion and combined Disk is essential for accurate recognition of ESBLs.

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Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/2030-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 169-174

Author(s):

M. Holasova ◽

R. Karpiskova ◽

S. Karpiskova ◽

V. Babak ◽

J. Schlegelova

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Study Results ◽

Agar Dilution

With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of Campylobacter spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICR) for ciprofloxacin ≥ 0.5, erythromycin ≥ 4, gentamicin ≥ 4, nalidixic acid ≥ 32 and tetracycline ≥ 4 μg/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MICR ≥ 2 μg/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R Ã¢ÂÂ¤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MICR of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Cultivable Endophytic and Rhizosphere Fungi Associated with “Mile-a-Minute,” Mikania cordata (Asteraceae)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/5292571 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pavithra L. Jayatilake ◽

Helani Munasinghe

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Rhizosphere Fungi

Endophytic and rhizosphere fungi are understood to be aiding the host plant to overcome a range of biotic and abiotic stresses (nutrition depletion, droughts, etc.) hence, they remain to be reservoirs of plethora of natural products with immense use. Consequently, this investigation of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi isolated from Mikania cordata (a perennial vine that is well established in Sri Lanka) for their antimicrobial properties was performed with the aim of future derivation of potential beneficial pharmaceutical products. Leaves, twigs, and roots of M. cordata were utilized to isolate a total of 9 endophytic fungi out of which the highest amount (44%) accounted was from the twigs. A sample of the immediate layer of soil adhering to the root of M. cordata was utilized to isolate 15 rhizosphere fungi. Fusarium equiseti and Phoma medicaginis were endophytes that were identified based on colony and molecular characteristics. The broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity depicted by F. equiseti (MK517551) was found to be significantly greater (p≤0.05, inhibitory against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853) than P. medicaginis (MK517550) (inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853) as assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma asperellum were rhizospere fungi that exhibited remarkable antimicrobial properties against the test pathogens chosen for the study. T. asperellum indicated significantly greater bioactivity against all four bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 under study. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the fungi depicting antimicrobial properties were determined. The results obtained suggest that F. equiseti, P. medicaginis, T. asperellum, and T. virens of M. cordata harness bioprospective values as natural drug candidates. This is the first report on isolation and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi of Mikania cordata.

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Inaccuracy of the Disk Diffusion Method Compared with the Agar Dilution Method for Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter spp.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01090-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 52-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mirva Lehtopolku ◽

Pirkko Kotilainen ◽

Pauli Puukka ◽

Ulla-Maija Nakari ◽

Anja Siitonen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Campylobacter Spp

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Antimicrobial Effects of Egyptian Local Chicory,Cichorium endiviasubsp. pumilum

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2018/6475072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ahmed M. Amer

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Parallel Increase ◽

Local Plant ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

The discovery of novel and more efficient antimicrobial agents from natural sources like plants is one of the most important ways through which the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens can be overcome. Herein, we report the potential antimicrobial activity ofCichorium endiviaL.subsp.pumilum. Different concentrations of various solvent extracts prepared from several parts of chicory were tested for their antimicrobial effect against a panel of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the well diffusion method, where zones of inhibition were used as indicators of antimicrobial activity. The results indicated the superiority of seed extracts over both leaf and root extracts. Methanol extracts showed higher activity compared with chloroform and water extracts. Increased solvent extract concentration was accompanied by a parallel increase in the diameter of the inhibition zone. Gram-positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. On a whole, the highest observed inhibition zones (21.3 ± 0.6 and 20.1 ± 0.4 mm) were recorded with the methanolic extract of chicory seeds againstS. aureusandB. cereus, respectively.These results offer insights into the antimicrobial potency of this Egyptian local plant and provide a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

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In vitro antimicrobial screening of Lycoperdon lividium and determination of the ethanol extract composition by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i2.26369 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 389 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kerem Canli ◽

Ergin Murat Altuner ◽

Ilgaz Akata ◽

Yavuz Turkmen ◽

Ugur Uzek

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Video Clip ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Wide Range

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Lycoperdon lividium against 17 bacterial and 1 fungal strains and analyse the composition of ethanol extracts by GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of L. lividium extracts having 15 mg/mL concentration was assessed against a wide range of strains by disk diffusion method. The ethanol extract of L. lividium had antimicrobial activity against several microorganism tested, but it was active especially against S. carnosus. The results obtained herein indicate that L. lividium contains several active metabolites.Video clip<a href="https://youtube.com/v/ymWOQBeNN84">Disk diffusion test</a>: 7 min 11 sec

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Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistant mcr-1 Gene in Escherichia coli Isolated from Infected Chicken Livers in Nepal

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2060

Author(s):

Sayara Bista ◽

Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽

Binod Dhungel ◽

Pragya Koirala ◽

Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Dilution

Background: Plasmid-mediated resistance to the colistin in poultry is considered as an emerging problem worldwide. While poultry constitutes the major industry in Nepal, there is a paucity of evidence on colistin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates causing natural infections in poultry. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1 in E. coli isolated from liver samples of dead poultry suspected of E. coli infections. Methods: A total of two hundred and seventy liver samples (227 broilers and 43 layers) from dead poultry suspected of colibacillosis were collected from post-mortem in the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Kathmandu, between 1 February and 31 July 2019. The specimens were processed to isolate and identify E. coli; an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using disk diffusion method was performed with 12 different antibiotics: Amikacin (30 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), cotrimoxazole (25 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), imipenem (10 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg) and tetracycline (30 µg). Colistin resistance was determined by agar dilution method and colistin-resistant strains were further screened for plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene, using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 270 liver samples, 53.3% (144/270) showed growth of E. coli. The highest number (54%; 109/202) of E. coli isolates was obtained in the liver samples from poultry birds (of both types) aged less than forty days. In AST, 95.1% (137/144) and 82.6% (119/144) of E. coli isolates were resistant against tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively, while 13.2% (19/144) and 25.7% (37/144) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and imipenem, respectively. In the same assay, 76.4% (110/144) E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The phenotypic prevalence of colistin resistance was 28.5% (41/144). In the PCR assay, 43.9% (18/41) of colistin-resistant isolates were screened positive for plasmid-mediated mcr-1. Conclusion: The high prevalence of mcr-1 in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates in our study is a cause of concern for the probable coming emergence of colistin resistance in human pathogens, due to horizontal transfer of resistant genes from poultry to human isolates.

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Potential Antibacterial Activity of Two Important Local Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” along with Antioxidant Capacities

Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujps.v18i2.44462 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 223-232

Author(s):

AO Shittu ◽

A Aliyu ◽

MS David ◽

NS Njinga ◽

HI Ishaq

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Chewing Sticks

In order to authenticate and ascertain the various claim by the rural dwellers that depend on chewing sticks for their oral hygiene and protection against innumerable diseases, the antibacterial activity of the roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhii ATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml. F. zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/ml and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/ml while D. benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin). Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBC for D. benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/ml, respectively while that of F. zanthoxyloides ranged from 1.56 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by F. zanthoxyloides and D. benthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Phenolic compounds of plants, among them flavonoids are the chief constituents, which have potent antioxidant activities Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 223-232, 2019 (December)

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In vitro Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Romanian Propolis and Antibiotics against Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha43210074 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 327-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mihaela NICULAE ◽

Laura STAN ◽

Emoke PALL ◽

Anamaria Ioana PAȘTIU ◽

Iulia Maria BALACI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

The study was aimed to characterize the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts (EEP) against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis. The preliminary antimicrobial screening was performed by a disk diffusion method, followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) based on broth microdilution assay; further, the synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assessed by a disk diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. For the chemical characterisation of EEP, the flavonoids (flavones/flavonols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols) and total phenolics were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. The phenolic compounds of these extracts were also determined using HPLC. The results indicated for Romanian propolis ethanolic extracts the typical poplar composition profile with flavonoids and phenolic acids as main biological active compounds, with chromatographic analysis data confirmed also spectrophotometrically. In addition, positively correlated with the chemical composition, a strong antimicrobial efficacy was exhibited towards E. coli strains, along with interesting synergistic interaction with antibiotics that can be further investigated to obtain propolis-based formulation with antibacterial properties. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the safety and efficacy are intended to consider propolis in veterinary therapeutic protocols.

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