Potential Antibacterial Activity of Two  Important Local Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus”  along with Antioxidant Capacities

In order to authenticate and ascertain the various claim by the rural dwellers that depend on chewing sticks for their oral hygiene and protection against innumerable diseases, the antibacterial activity of the roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhii ATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml. F. zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/ml and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/ml while D. benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin). Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBC for D. benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/ml, respectively while that of F. zanthoxyloides ranged from 1.56 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by F. zanthoxyloides and D. benthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Phenolic compounds of plants, among them flavonoids are the chief constituents, which have potent antioxidant activities Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 223-232, 2019 (December)

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MANGIFERA INDICA ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 262-269

Author(s):

M. A. Garga ◽

U. M. Garasin ◽

M. Abdullahi ◽

B. A. Muhammed ◽

A. Yakubu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Gram Staining ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

The aim of this research is to investigate the antibacterial activity and identify the phytochemical constituents of Mangifera indica leafs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. The sample was collected fresh from the premises of Bioresources Development Center (BIODEC), Katsina, Katsina State and was dried and pounded into powder. The powdered leaves were extracted using ethanol and aqueous solvents. Various concentrations ranging from 500mg to 62.5mg were prepared. Test isolates were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina (UMYUK) and were further authenticated using Gram staining and biochemical test. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zones of inhibition were read after 24 hours at 370C. The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the ethanolic leaves extracts at 500mg/ml had effect on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus with zones of inhibition of 12mm and 6mm respectively. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and phenols where only alkaloids was found to be absent in the aqueous extract. There is no significant difference between the solvents and various concentrations used base on t-test data analysis.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Cultivable Endophytic and Rhizosphere Fungi Associated with “Mile-a-Minute,” Mikania cordata (Asteraceae)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/5292571 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pavithra L. Jayatilake ◽

Helani Munasinghe

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Rhizosphere Fungi

Endophytic and rhizosphere fungi are understood to be aiding the host plant to overcome a range of biotic and abiotic stresses (nutrition depletion, droughts, etc.) hence, they remain to be reservoirs of plethora of natural products with immense use. Consequently, this investigation of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi isolated from Mikania cordata (a perennial vine that is well established in Sri Lanka) for their antimicrobial properties was performed with the aim of future derivation of potential beneficial pharmaceutical products. Leaves, twigs, and roots of M. cordata were utilized to isolate a total of 9 endophytic fungi out of which the highest amount (44%) accounted was from the twigs. A sample of the immediate layer of soil adhering to the root of M. cordata was utilized to isolate 15 rhizosphere fungi. Fusarium equiseti and Phoma medicaginis were endophytes that were identified based on colony and molecular characteristics. The broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity depicted by F. equiseti (MK517551) was found to be significantly greater (p≤0.05, inhibitory against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853) than P. medicaginis (MK517550) (inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853) as assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma asperellum were rhizospere fungi that exhibited remarkable antimicrobial properties against the test pathogens chosen for the study. T. asperellum indicated significantly greater bioactivity against all four bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 under study. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the fungi depicting antimicrobial properties were determined. The results obtained suggest that F. equiseti, P. medicaginis, T. asperellum, and T. virens of M. cordata harness bioprospective values as natural drug candidates. This is the first report on isolation and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi of Mikania cordata.

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Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Erbium(III) Complexes of C-3 Substituted 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime Derivatives

Metal-Based Drugs ◽

10.1155/mbd.2001.159 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 159-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. B. Jagtap ◽

N. N. Patil ◽

B. P. Kapadnis ◽

B. A. Kulkarni

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Magnetic Susceptibility ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oxime Derivatives

Erbium(III) complexes of 2-hydroxy-l,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime and its C-3 substituted derivatives are synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime derivatives are analysed using H1 and C13 NMR spectroscopy. The molecular composition of the synthesized complexes is found to be [ML3(H2O)2]. The antimicrobial activity of these complexes is determined by well diffusion method against the target microorganisms- Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial activities of 2- hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-1-oximes and their complexes are compared. It is observed that 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-l-oximes exhibit higher antifungal activity as compared to antibacterial activity. These activities are reduced upon complexation of these oximes with Erbium.

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF LIPPIA MULTIFLORA IN BENIN

Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22270/ujpr.v4i4.293 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

GANDONOU Dossa Clément ◽

BAMBOLA Bouraïma ◽

TOUKOUROU Habib ◽

GBAGUIDI Ahokannou Fernand ◽

DANSOU Christian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Lippia Multiflora ◽

Natural Substances

Present study involves the study of the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from the leaves by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry of Lippia multiflora harvested in the regions of Kétou, Savalou, Bohicon and Mono and tested by the well diffusion method against pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oils studied are terpene compounds, aromatic compounds, aliphatic compounds and other natural substances. The inhibition zone diameters determined allowed us to evaluate their degree of germ sensitivity of the strains tested. Essential oils extracted from Lippia multiflora harvested in these areas have the most pronounced antimicrobial activity. In total, the essential oils tested have different and specifically a degree of sensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus mirabilis A24974, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa except that harvested in the Savalou who does not have no degree of sensitivity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This work paves the way for food preservation with extracted natural substances and also the formulation of natural antimicrobials for this fact.

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IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENT ANTIMICROBIAL SECONDARY METABOLITE GENERATED FROM ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM JAMBLANG PLANT ( Eugenia cumini L)

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16725 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 283

Author(s):

Shirly Kumala ◽

Ng Vini Aprilia ◽

Partomuan Simanjuntak

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Large Scale ◽

Diffusion Method

Objective: Colletotrichium capsici endophytic fungi isolated from Jamblang plant (Eugenia cumini L). The secondary metabolites of this plant has the potent antibacterial efficacy as well as diarrheal and anti-diabetic. This research focussed on isolation of the endophytic microbes from branches of Jamblang plants and their secondary metabolites.Methods: Isolation of endophytes were performed in PDA(potato dextrose agar) using direct seed plant. Endophytic fungi isolates with strongest antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli were fermented in Potato Dextrose Yeast (PDY) to produce large scale of the metabolites. Supernatant was extracted with ethyl acetate solvent. Ethyl acetate extract fractionated by column chromatography (SiO3, n-hexane- ethyl acetate = 50:1 ~ 1:1) and obtained three fractions. Further, agar diffusion method was performed to assess their anti-microbial activity.Results: Antibacterial test results indicated that fraction III had the antibacterial activity Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter of 10.7 mm but no observed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, identification by GC-MS showed that compounds present in fraction III was mainly fatty acid and phenolic compounds.Conclusion: In conclusion, secondary metabolites isolated from Jamblang plants branches contained predominantly fatty acid and phenol related compounds that could be responsible for its potent anti microbial activity. Keywords : Endophytic fungi, Jamblang (Eugenia cumini L.), antimicrobial activity

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Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines as antimicrobial agents

Current Chemistry Letters ◽

10.5267/j.ccl.2021.9.003 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 75-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iryna Myrko ◽

Taras Chaban ◽

Vasyl Matiychuk

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Synthesis And Biological Evaluation

A series of some new pyrazole-substituted 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines was synthesized in this study. The structures of target substances were confirmed by using 1H and 13С NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds have been evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). The antimicrobial screening studies of synthesized substances established that 2 of 12 compounds show pronounced antibacterial activity against the strain Staphylococcus aureus.

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Screening of some plant materials used in South-West Algerian traditional medicine for their antibacterial activity

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.2161 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

Fatehi Naima ◽

Houcine BENMEHDI ◽

Allali Hocine ◽

Oulednecir Nawal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Maximum Inhibition ◽

Reference Strains

The initial introduction of new medicinal agents into the health care system sometimes, requires information beyond that is recorded in libraries relying instead, on reports available through traditions and healers within a society. This paper explored the antibacterial activity of aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts of nine folkloric medicinal plant from Bechar region (southwest Algeria) namely: A. nardus, A. schoenanthus, G. vulgaris, two species of H. scoparia green & red, P. laevigata, R. tripartita, T. gallica and T. nudatum, frequently used in the local traditional medicine. The antibacterial activity of different extracts were evaluated by using disc diffusion method agar and antibiotics susceptibility of ten selected microorganisms: seven reference strains, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and three clinically isolated strains, Escherichia coli (Urinary Tract Infection), Escherichia coli (Vaginal Infection) and Staphylococcus aureus (Skin Infection).The maximum antibacterial activity was recorded against the gram negative reference strains Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Escherichia coli with a maximum inhibition diameter of 15.6 ± 0.5 and 15.0 ± 1.4 mm respectively displayed by the aqueous extract of T. gallica, followed by the activity detected by the hydromethanolic extract of R. tripartita against the gram negative reference strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.6±1.2 mm) and the aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts of R. tripartita against the gram negative reference strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with a maximum inhibition diameter of 14.3 ± 2.0 and 14.3±0.5 mm, respectively.According to the present study, H. scoparia red, P. laevigata, R. tripartita, and T. gallicacan be served as broad spectrum antibiotic and used as a potent source of natural antibacterial agents by replacing commercially available synthetic drug that may have a large number of side effects.

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Time-kill kinetics and antibacterial activity of root extract of Adenodolichos paniculatus (Hua) Hutch & Dalz (Fabaceae)

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources ◽

10.4314/jpb.v18i2.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 95-102

Author(s):

Friday I. Kyahar ◽

Edith A. Onwuliri ◽

Joseph O. Ehinmidu ◽

Peters O. Oladosu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Root Extract ◽

Log Reduction ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Time Kill

Medicinal plants have been used in treatment of illness from time immemorial. Adenodolichos paniculatus is a medicinal plant used for traditional remedy of sore throat infections. This study therefore, evaluated the antibacterial activities of the root extracts and time-kill kinetics of the most potent extract. Five extracts, obtained by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water sequentially were evaluated for antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Chloroform root extract at 100 mg/ml was active against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zones of inhibition 25.00, 21.00 and 14.75 mm respectively but not against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were 1.56, 6.25 and 25.00 mg/ml respectively and the minimum bactericidal concentrations were 3.12, 12.50 and 50.00 mg/ml. Complete elimination of S. pyogenes, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was achieved at concentrations 1.56 mg/ml, 6.25 mg/ml and 25.00 mg/ml within 300, 720 and 960 minutes exposure respectively and at concentrations 3.12 mg/ml, 25.00 mg/ml and 50.00 mg/ml within 180, 300 and 720 minutes exposure respectively. Chloroform root extract has the potential to be used as antibacterial agent and was better than the other solvent extract two-fold. Keywords: Adenodolichos paniculatus; Antibacterial activity; Time-kill kinetics; Percentage reduction, Log reduction

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK ETANOL ORGANISME LAUT SPONS Ianthella basta TERHADAP BEBERAPA MIKROBA PATOGEN

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.27415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Syifa Sari Katili ◽

Defny S Wewengkang ◽

Henki Rotinsulu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Marine Organism ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Paper Disc

ABSTRACTSponges are multicellular metazoa animals belonging to the Porifera phylum, which has a different structure from other metazoans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ethanol extracts from the marine organism sponge Ianthella basta have antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microbes Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The extraction method used is maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The method used is the Diffusion Method (Disc Diffusion Kirby and Bauer). The antimicrobial activity test uses a 6 mm paper disc with 50 µL absorption per disc. The results of crude ethanol extract of Ianthella basta sponge from all test microbes, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, were seen to provide the greatest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an average of inhibitory zone of 7.00 mm categorize as intermediate The results obtained showed that the crude extract of the sponge Ianthella basta has antimicrobial activity because it can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans microbes even though the inhibition zone is categorized as intermediate. Keywords: Ianthella basta, antimicrobial, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. ABSTRAKSpons adalah hewan metazoa multiseluler tergolong ke dalam filum Porifera, yang memiliki perbedaan struktur dengan metazoan lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak etanol dari organisme laut spons Ianthella basta memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap beberapa mikroba patogen Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Candida albicans. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Metode Difusi (Disc Diffusion Kirby and Bauer). Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba ini menggunakan kertas cakram (paper disc) berukuran 6 mm dengan daya serap 50 µL tiap cakram. Hasil ekstrak kasar etanol Spons Ianthella basta dari semua mikroba uji yaitu Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Candida albicans, terlihat yang memberikan daya hambat paling besar terdapat pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan jumlah rata – rata zona hambat yaitu 7,00 mm dengan kategori sedang. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar dari Spons Ianthella basta memiliki aktivitas antimikroba karena mampu menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba uji Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans walaupun dengan zona hambat yang dikategorikan sedang. Kata Kunci : Ianthella basta, antimikroba, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans.

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UJI DAYA ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN PANGAN

Informatika Pertanian ◽

10.21082/ip.v24n1.2015.p53-58 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Food Safety ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Garlic Powder

Garlic is widely used as a herbal medicine. In order to support the empirical use and improve its application in food safety, this study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of garlic against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Garlic was used in the form of fine powder. Garlic powder then dissolved in sterile distilled water and squeezed to obtain garlic solution with a concentration of 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Antibacterial activity of garlic juice was tested by diffusion method using paper disc to determine diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones. Screening results demonstrated that the chemical constituents of garlic powder were saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Garlic powder has antibacterial activity to Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. Garlic has antimicrobial potential and can be used as decontaminant against Escherichia coli to maintain quality of food safety such as meat.

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