Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Modified by Nanoclay Additive

Durability of hot mix asphalt (HMA) against moisture damage is mostly related to asphalt-aggregate adhesion. The objective of this work is to find the effect of nanoclay with montmorillonite (MMT) on Marshall properties and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. Two types of asphalt cement, AC(40-50) and AC(60-70) were modified with 2%, 4% and 6% of Iraqi nanoclay with montmorillonite. The Marshall properties, Tensile strength ratio(TSR) and Index of retained strength(ISR) were determined in this work. The total number of specimens was 216 and the optimum asphalt content was 4.91% and 5% for asphalt cement (40-50) and (60-70) respectively. The results showed that the modification of asphalt cement with MMT led to increase Marshall stability and the addition of 6% of MMT recorded the highest increase, where it increased by 26.35% and 22.26% foe asphalt cement(40-5) and(60-70) respectively. Also, the addition of MMT led to increase moisture resistance of asphalt mixture according to the increase in TSR and IRS. The addition of 4% and 6% of MMT recorded the highest increase in TSR and IRS for asphalt cement (40-50) and (60-70) respectively, where they increased by 11.8% and 17.5% respectively for asphalt cement (40-50) and by 10% and 18% respectively for asphalt cement (60-70).

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Study on Warm Mix Flame Retardant Asphalt Mixture

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.395 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 438-439 ◽

pp. 395-398

Author(s):

Yu Qing Yuan ◽

Xiu Shan Wang ◽

Tao Guo

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Comprehensive Performance ◽

Combustion Experiment ◽

Residual Stability ◽

Marshall Stability

To study the properties of warm mix flame retardant asphalt mixture, a series tests were put forward, including Marshall Combustion experiments, rut specimen combustion experiment and texture depth experiment. With less mass loss, the warm mix retardant asphalt mixture has a better Marshall Stability, residual stability and freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio after combustion. The composite flame retardant can slow down and stop the burning of asphalt, reduce asphalt aging degree during burning process. The burning amount of warm mix flame retardant asphalt mixture is less than the ordinary hot mix asphalt concrete. To sum up, the warm mix flame retardant asphalt mixture has a good comprehensive performance.

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Effect of Polypropylene Fibers on moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt

Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.28991/cej-2021-03091704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 988-997

Author(s):

Sura Fawzi Mohammed ◽

Mohammed Qadir Ismael

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Material Design ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Pavements ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Polypropylene Fibres ◽

Moisture Susceptibility ◽

Asphalt Cement ◽

Energy Saving Process

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is a modern energy-saving process that uses environmentally friendly materials, has lower mixing and compaction temperatures, and uses less energy and releases less contaminants than conventional hot mix asphalt. Moisture damage poses one of the main challenges of the material design in asphalt pavements. During its design life, the asphalt pavement is exposed to the effect of moisture from the surrounding environment. This research intends to investigate the role of the polypropylene fibres for modifying the moisture susceptibility for the WMA by using different percentages of polypropylene (namely 2, 4, and 6%) by weight of the binder of the control mixture (WMA). In this paper, the physical characteristics of the asphalt cement, Marshall properties, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Index of Retained Strength (IRS) were determined to establish the effect of the polypropylene on the moisture susceptibility of the WMA. The results displayed that the modification of the AC with polypropylene caused an increase in the optimum asphalt content by 1.03, 3.09, and 11.3%, with the addition of 2, 4 and 6% of the P.P., respectively. The moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture was enhanced by adding the P.P., according to the rise in the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Index of Retained Strength (IRS) values. The TSR value showed 9.4, 18.2 and 19.5% increase when the P.P. increased from 0.00 to 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06, respectively; besides, the IRS showed improvement with the addition of the P.P. to the WMA. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091704 Full Text: PDF

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PENGGUNAAN ABU BATU KARANG SEBAGAI FILLER DAN PASIR BESI SEBAGAI AGREGAT HALUS TERHADAP PARAMETER MARSHALL PADA CAMPURAN ASPAL AC-BC

Teras Jurnal ◽

10.29103/tj.v9i2.253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Said Jalalul Akbar ◽

Wesli Wesli ◽

Lis Ayu Widari

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Coarse Aggregate ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Concrete Pavement ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Asphalt Content ◽

The Difference ◽

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Abstrak Campuran beraspal panas adalah kombinasi antara agregat yang dicampur merata dan dilapisi oleh aspal. Bahan penyusun dari campuran AC-BC hampir sama dengan bahan penyusun campuran aspal beton lainnya yaitu agregat halus, agregat kasar, filler dan aspal, yang membedakan adalah komposisi gradasi masing-masing lapisan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengaruh penggantian Filler pada perkerasan jalan aspal beton AC-BC. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh penggunaan Abu batu karang sebagai Filler dan pasir besi sebagai agregat halus terhadap karakteristik Marshall terhadap campuran Aspal AC-BC (Asphalt Concrete – Binder Course) terhadap stabilitas dengan metode Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga 2010 Revisi 3, Benda uji yang didapatkan dari kadar aspal optimumnya adalah sebesar 6,2 % dan untuk benda uji penambahan variasi yang digunakan adalah abu batu karang dan pasir besi 25% - 50% -75% - 100%. Adapun Hasil dari pengujian di laboratorium di dapatkan hasil grafik yang naik turun, peningkatan nilai stabilitas didapat dari penambahan kadar variasi 25%, 50%, 75%, dan mengalami penurunan pada penambahan 100% variasi pasir besi dan abu batu karang, sedangkan nilai Density meningkat pada variasi 100%, VMA , VIM dan FLOW dengan penambahan pasir besi dan abu batu karang menurun pada variasi 50%-100%, sedangkan VFA, MQ terjadi Peningkatan yang tidak terlalu signifikan pada variasi 100%. Maka dapat disimpulkan variasi penambahan abu batu karang dan dan pasir besi sebagai pengganti filler dan penganti agregat halus memenuhi spesifikasi bina marga 2010 revisi 3. Kata Kunci: Spesifikasi 2010 rev 3, Filler, Agregat halus, Parameter Marshall Abstract Hot asphalt mixture is a combination of aggregates that are mixed evenly and coated with asphalt. The composition of AC-BC mixture is almost the same as the composition of other concrete asphalt mixers, namely fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, filler and asphalt, the difference is the gradation composition of each layer. This study discusses the effect of Filler replacement on AC-BC asphalt concrete pavement. The purpose of this research is to find out how the influence of the use of coral ash as fillers and iron sand as fine aggregate on the Marshall characteristics of the Asphalt Concrete - Binder Course asphalt mixture against stability with the General Reinforcement 2010 Revised 3 General Specifications method, The specimens obtained from the optimum asphalt content is 6.2% and for specimens the addition of variations used is rock ash and iron sand 25% - 50% -75% - 100%. As for the results of testing in the laboratory graph results get up and down, increasing the value of stability obtained from adding levels of variation 25%, 50%, 75%, and decreased in the addition of 100% variation of iron sand and rock ash, while the Density value increased at variations of 100%, VMA, VIM and FLOW with the addition of iron sand and coral ash decreased at a variation of 50% -100%, while VFA, MQ occurred a not too significant increase at 100% variation. Then it can be concluded that variations in the addition of coral ash and iron sand as a substitute for filler and substitute for fine aggregate meet the specifications of the 2010 revision 3.Keywords: 2010 rev 3 specification, filler, fine aggregate, Marshall parameters

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Influence of Void in Mix on Rutting Performance Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement with Crumb Rubber Additive

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.321 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 753 ◽

pp. 321-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rerhard Halomoan Limbong ◽

Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo ◽

Raden Jachrizal Sumabrata ◽

Raden Hendra Ariyapijati

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Crumb Rubber ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Vehicle Loads ◽

Wheel Loading ◽

Pavement Construction ◽

Additive Materials ◽

Marshall Stability

Pavement construction is expected to support vehicle loads and be weather- and water-resistant. In tropical regions with high temperatures and high rainfall intensity, pavement design and construction must consider the effects of temperature. The addition of crumb rubber (CR) can improve the performance of asphalt concrete in response to vehicle loads and ambient temperature. Fiber-shaped CR can be mixed with the aggregate and bitumen in asphalt concrete. In this study, CR was added to the aggregate in a type of asphalt concrete for wearing courses known as hot mix asphalt (HMA). A series of tests were conducted using the Marshall standard or immersion and wheel tracking machine (WTM). CR was added to the HMA at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in aggregate and further mixed with bitumen with 60/70 penetration grade. The additive materials increased the value of the Marshall stability compared to the virgin asphalt mixture. However, this result was not obtained in the WTM test; the addition of CR increased rutting compared to the asphalt mixture without additive. The addition of CR to HMA reduced the voids in the mix, and weakened the capacity of the asphalt concrete to support repeated vehicle wheel loading.

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DAUR ULANG RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT SEBAGAI BAHAN UTAMA CAMPURAN BETON ASPAL EMULSI UNTUK LAPIS PERMUKAAN

Jurnal Poli-Teknologi ◽

10.32722/pt.v18i1.1282 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anni Susilowati ◽

Andhika Kesuma

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ◽

Road Maintenance ◽

Reclaimed Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Content ◽

Marshall Stability ◽

Wheel Tracking

ABSTRACTReclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material as a result of road maintenance by Scrapping-Filling-Overlay method is a waste material which had potential to be recovered as a surface layerof road. The maintenance in highway road of Indonesia used hot mix asphalt in general. But, hot mix asphalt are not environmentally friendly and makes energy wasting because it needs burning process at mixing. Those things are the main causes of this research. This asphalt concrete with RAP with cold mixing is expected to fulfill the requirements of asphalt concrete for heavy traffic. In this research is asphalt content variations at 6,5; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0; and 8,5% to total mixture. The results of this research shows that the highest Marshall stability could not reach minimum value of heavy loaded traffic, that is at emulsion asphalt content 7% only for 711 kg. Besides, the percentage of void in mixture (VIM), void filled with bitumen (VFB) and flow couldn’t fulfill the specification of SNI 8198:2015. With the result that optimum asphalt content cannot be obtained. Result of wheel tracking test could not be obtained too because the specimens collapse during the test.Key words : Emulsion asphalt, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, stability, Wheel Tracking MachineABSTRAKMaterial Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hasil dari pemeliharaan dengan metode Scrapping-Filling Overlay merupakan limbah yang berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan kembali menjadi lapis permukaan. Pada umumnya penanganan jalan di Indonesia menggunakan campuran panas. Namun, campuran panas kurang ramah lingkungan dan tidak hemat energi. Karena membutuhkan proses pembakaran dalam proses pencampuran. Hal ini yang menjadi alasan utama penelitian ini. Beton aspal dengan bahan utama RAP dengan campuran dingin ini diharapkan mampu memenuhi syarat lapisan aspal beton untuk lalu lintas berat. Variasi pada penelitian ini adalah kadar aspal 6,5; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0; dan 8,5% terhadap total campuran. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa stabilitas Marshall tertinggi tidak mampu mencapai nilai minimum untuk lalu lintas berat, yaitu pada kadar aspal emulsi 7% hanya sebesar 711 kg. Selain itu prosentase rongga dalam campuran (VIM), rongga terisi aspal (VFB) serta kelelehan tidak memenuhi spesifikasi dari SNI 8198:2015. Sehingga, kadar aspal optimum tidak didapatkan. Hasil dari pengujian alur roda juga tidak didapatkan karena benda uji amblas ketika pengujian dilakukan.Kata kunci : Aspal emulsi, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, stabilitas, Wheel Tracking Machine

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Influence of fly ash on the volumetric and physical properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete

Journal of Engineering ◽

10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 128-142

Author(s):

Shahad Mahmood Khalil ◽

Saad I. Sarsam

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Moisture Damage ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Asphalt Cement ◽

Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽

Indirect Tensile ◽

Asphalt Content ◽

Temperature Susceptibility ◽

Stone Matrix

Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt concrete hot blend combining high-quality coarse aggregate with a rich asphalt cement content. This blend generates a stable paving combination with a powerful stone-on-stone skeleton that offers excellent durability and routing strength. The objectives of this work are: Studying the durability performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture in terms of moisture damage and temperature susceptibility and Discovering the effect of stabilized additive (Fly Ash ) on the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture. In this investigation, the durability of stone matrix asphalt concrete was assessed in terms of temperature susceptibility, resistance to moisture damage, and sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content. Specimens of 63.5 mm height and 102 mm diameter were compacted using the Marshall method at 150 °C. The optimum asphalt content was determined. Additional specimens were prepared with (0.5) percent below and above the OAC requirement. Specimens were subjected to indirect tensile strength (ITS) determination at (25 and 40) °C, and double punch shear strength determination. Another group of specimens was subjected to Marshall properties determination and to moisture damage. It was observed that stone matrix asphalt exhibit lower sensitivity to the change in asphalt content from the resistance to moisture damage and temperature susceptibility points of view. However, the tensile and shear properties exhibit significant sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content.

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Evaluations of Nano-Sized Hydrated Lime on the Moisture Susceptibility of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.82 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 174-177 ◽

pp. 82-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ju Nan Shen ◽

Zhao Xing Xie ◽

Fei Peng Xiao ◽

Wen Zhong Fan

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Hydrated Lime ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Indirect Tensile Strength ◽

Moisture Resistance ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Moisture Susceptibility ◽

Indirect Tensile

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano-sized hydrated lime on the moisture susceptibility of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures in terms of three methodologies to introduce into the mixtures. The experimental design for this study included the utilizations of one binder source (PG 64-22), three aggregate sources and three different methods introducing the lime. A total of 12 types of HMA mixtures and 72 specimens were fabricated and tested in this study. The performed properties include indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), flow, and toughness. The results indicated that the nano-sized lime exhibits better moisture resistance. Introducing process of the nano-sized lime will produce difference in moisture susceptibility.

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Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

Journal of Advanced Industrial Technology and Application ◽

10.30880/jaita.2021.02.02.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 02 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Ekarizan Shaffie ◽

◽

H.A. Rashid ◽

Fiona Shiong ◽

Ahmad Kamil Arshad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steel Fiber ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Moisture Susceptibility ◽

Mastic Asphalt ◽

Bitumen Content ◽

Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽

The Stability ◽

Marshall Stability

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The results obtained from the testing showed that the incorporation of steel fiber is significantly effective to enhance the resistance towards moisture damage, while increasing the stability and reducing the abrasion loss of SMA mixture, compared to conventional mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that the addition of steel fiber in asphalt mixture specifically SMA, has improved the mechanical performance in the application of asphalt pavement with the optimum steel fiber proportion of 0.3% by the weight of mixture. The developed models between the independent variables and responses demonstrated high levels of correlation. The study found that Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical method for providing an appropriate empirical model for relating parameters and predicting the optimum performance of an asphaltic mixture to reduce flexible pavement failure.

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Performance-based mix design of unmodified and lime-modified hot mix asphalt

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l2012-067 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 824-833 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sangyum Lee ◽

Cheolmin Baek ◽

Je-Jin Park

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Fatigue Cracking ◽

Mix Design ◽

Direct Tension ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Asphalt Content ◽

National Cooperative

This paper presents the performance evaluation of unmodified and lime-modified hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures at varying asphalt content using asphalt mixture performance test developed from National Cooperative Highway Research Program project 9-19 and 9-29 and the viscoelastic continuum damage finite element analysis. Test methods adopted in this study are the dynamic modulus test for stiffness, the triaxial repeated load permanent deformation test for rutting, and the direct tension test for fatigue cracking. The findings from this study support conventional understanding of the effects of asphalt content and lime modification on the fatigue cracking and rutting performance. Finally, the optimum asphalt content for both lime-modified and unmodified mixtures are proposed based on the knowledge gleaned from the performance-based mix design methodology. With additional validation and calibration, the comprehensive methodology described in this paper may serve as the foundation for a performance-based HMA mix design and performance-related HMA specifications.

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Effectiveness of Loaded Wheel Tracking Test to Ascertain Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/03611981211036355 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036119812110363

Author(s):

Moses Akentuna ◽

Louay N. Mohammad ◽

Sanchit Sachdeva ◽

Samuel B. Cooper ◽

Samuel B. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Binder ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Moisture Damage ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Asphalt Binders ◽

Creep Recovery ◽

Moisture Susceptibility ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Wheel Tracking ◽

Mixture Samples

Moisture damage of asphalt mixtures is a major distress affecting the durability of asphalt pavements. The loaded wheel tracking (LWT) test is gaining popularity in determining moisture damage because of its ability to relate laboratory performance to field performance. However, the accuracy of LWT’s “pass/fail” criteria for screening mixtures is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of the LWT test to identify moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures with different moisture conditioning protocols. Seven 12.5 mm asphalt mixtures with two asphalt binder types (unmodified PG 67-22 and modified PG 70-22), and three aggregate types (limestone, crushed gravel, and a semi-crushed gravel) were utilized. Asphalt binder and mixture samples were subjected to five conditioning levels, namely, a control; single freeze–thaw-; triple freeze–thaw-; MiST 3500 cycles; and MiST 7000 cycles. Frequency sweep at multiple temperatures and frequencies, and multiple stress creep recovery tests were performed to evaluate asphalt binders. LWT test was used to evaluate the asphalt mixture samples. Freeze–thaw and MiST conditioning resulted in an increase in stiffness in the asphalt binders as compared with the control. Further, freeze–thaw and MiST conditioning resulted in an increase in rut depth compared with the control asphalt mixture. The conditioning protocols evaluated were effective in exposing moisture-sensitive mixtures, which initially showed compliance with Louisiana asphalt mixture design specifications.

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