ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF RUSSIAN PHONETIC LOANWORDS IN CHINESE. PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ASPECTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-63
Author(s):  
Kirill I. Semenov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Reference Corpus ◽  
Chinese Texts

This article considers phonetic and graphic transformations of Russian loanwords in Chinese. The study comprises an analysis of both proper and common nouns, as well as both loanwords included in dictionaries and those used in the Internet. The data considered make it possible to detect the main trends in the adaptation of Russian consonants in Chinese, as well as to localize the hypothetical influence of the Russian-Chinese pidgin on current loanword adaptation in Mandarin Chinese. It is noted that there is a dramatic discrepancy between the norms of transliteration prescribed by the PRC media and the usage in the Internet. Furthermore, a significant level of specificity of the hieroglyphic N-grams in the loanwords is revealed, compared to the reference corpus of the Chinese texts. The author expects that the results of the work will be useful for specialists both in phonetic typology and in NLP.

Domains, text types, aspect marking and English-Chinese translation

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony McEnery ◽  
Richard Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Translation ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Reference Corpus ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
Chinese Texts

This paper uses an English-Chinese parallel corpus, an L1 Chinese comparable corpus, and an L1 Chinese reference corpus to examine how aspectual meanings in English are translated into Chinese and explore the effects of domains, text types and translation on aspect marking. We will show that while English and Chinese both mark aspect grammatically, the aspect system in the two languages differs considerably. Even though Chinese, as an aspect language, is rich in aspect markers, covert marking (LVM) is a frequent and important strategy in Chinese discourse. The distribution of aspect markers varies significantly across domain and text type. The study also sheds new light on the translation effect by contrasting aspect marking in translated Chinese texts and L1 Chinese texts.

scholarly journals Review of the Classification of Massive Chinese Texts Based on Spark

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 01039
Author(s):  
Liu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Treatment ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Classification Result ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Online Experience ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Spark Framework

As the Internet develops rapidly, the number of texts is also growing rapidly. Whether it is the content of online emails exchanged by people, or the online novels and other literary contents, or news reports, personal blogs, Weibo or comments, they are constantly increasing the amount of text at all times. However, most of the data is not classified or processed, which causes a lot of spam, junk information, meaningless articles or advertisements. Their production not only consumes a lot of Internet resources, but also affects users' online experience and reduces the users' work and study efficiency. Therefore, it is vital accurately classify a large amount of text, judge its nature according to the classification result, and carry out targeted treatment. The classification of massive texts based on Spark framework is reviewed in this paper.

Korean causal markers ‑ese and ‑nikka in clause-initial and final positions in relation to the sequence of Mandarin Chinese yinwei

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-689
Author(s):  
Eunson Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Sequential Logic ◽  
Chinese Texts

Abstract Korean causal markers ‑ese, ‑nikka and Mandarin Chinese yinwei are used most widely in their respective languages to denote causality. Due to the syntactic structure of the adjunct-preceding-main order in both languages, ‑ese and ‑nikka are considered to be clause-initial connectives. However, in both languages, because-clauses also occur frequently in final position. By examining the behavioral patterns of ‑ese and ‑nikka in clause-initial and -final positions in relation to the sequence of yinwei through the original Korean texts translated to Mandarin Chinese and the Korean texts translated from the original Mandarin Chinese texts, this paper aims to show: (1) ese-tokens correspond more to the preposed yinwei and other Mandarin Chinese result causal markers that strengthen the “cause-consequence” construction, as ‑ese mainly expresses forward logical reasoning, whereas nikka-tokens correspond more to the postposed yinwei, as ‑nikka expresses epistemic inference and elaboration; (2) these logical relations are more explicitly expressed by ‑ese and ‑nikka, whereas Mandarin Chinese relies more on zero-marking when expressing a strong sense of sequential logic or an utterance of elaboration.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Cognitive and Linguistic Factors Influencing Chinese Readers’ Perception of Sentence Boundaries in Mandarin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Essential Prerequisite ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Testing Set

It is well known that sentence boundaries in Mandarin Chinese texts are to some extent flexible and subjective. Sentence boundaries are used parsimoniously in Mandarin Chinese and they often do not occur until the end of a block of clauses and so express the completeness of a meaning or an idea. Nonetheless, our hypothesis is that native Chinese depends on unspoken principles for judging the degree of completeness of meaning within a block of clauses. The concern on perceiving sentence boundaries by Chinese readers is similar as the issue of how Chinese readers segment words boundaries which has been investigated extensively. The former topic has, however, seldom been examined. The concern of our investigation is the kinds of unspoken principles or factors that play a role in detecting sentence boundaries (the practice of periods). Tackling these problems is an essential prerequisite to understanding the nature of this fundamental unit in Chinese, and gaining further insight into how Chinese readers perceive the completeness of meaning in this language. In order to clarify these issues, we conducted the re-punctuation experiments in the two separate groups (the training set vs. the testing set) that use different stimuli. Annotation data was also collected from the stimuli texts annotated by linguistic information at different levels. Logistic regression and the Bayesian statistical methods were then applied so as to test the effects of independent variables on the response variable. It turns out that the syntactic information does not affect the response variable. The logistic regression model works well in making good predictions about the data of the testing set. We propose that the sentence boundaries in Chinese are most probably semantically and textually conceptualized rather than syntactically defined.

Biaoqing: The circulation of emoticons, emoji, stickers, and custom images on Chinese digital media platforms

First Monday ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele De Seta
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
Creative Play ◽  
Semiotic Resources ◽  
Chinese Term

The Mandarin Chinese term biaoqing, or ‘expression’, categorizes genres of visual content ranging from emoticons and emoji to stickers and custom images. This article is grounded on ethnographic research and approaches biaoqing in terms of their circulation across Chinese digital media platforms. By formulating a comprehensive typology of biaoqing genres, I foreground the situated socio-technical specificities of their circulation: the creative play with typographical compositions, the affective repurposing of graphical emoticons, the platformed monetization of proprietary stickers, and the user-driven proliferation of custom images. Drawing on this typology, I argue for the need to recognize the circulation of biaoqing as an emergent and malleable category of semiotic resources profoundly shaped by two decades of development of the Internet in China.

scholarly journals Can Word-Word Space Facilitate L2 Chinese Reading: Evidence From the Two Empirical Studies by Advanced L2 Learners of Mandarin Chinese

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110591
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Hongshan Zuo ◽  
Qiaoyan Bai
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Teaching Text ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Chinese Texts

The purpose of this article aims to analysis the effect of word-word space in written Chinese to advanced non-native speakers when they read and process Mandarin texts. The participants have performed one online reaction time experiment and another one offline pencil-paper test. The results indicate that the structure of word segmentation in written Chinese texts have play an effective role in sentences’ semantic processing, and the length and difficulty of sentences stimuli have also displayed significant function for their Chinese sentences processing. However, the results of offline test show that the combinational amount of segmental words have not affected the texts materials processed by advanced L2 participants. These results suggest that word boundary can facilitate L2 learners of Mandarin Chinese in processing text during their reading. Apart from theoretical implications, this article also proposes a new pedagogical approach to teaching text segmentation in Chinese, which can be useful in instructing Chinese as a second or foreign language.

scholarly journals Strategi Adaptasi Kata Pinjaman dalam Bahasa Bugis: Koresponden-OO

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-76
Author(s):  
Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Sah ◽  
Sharifah Raihan Syed Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Word List ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Lexical Items

Sebagai masyarakat minoriti di Malaysia, masyarakat Bugis cenderung menyerap masuk leksikal daripada bahasa lain khususnya daripada masyarakat tempatan di kawasan mereka akibat daripada proses asimilasi yang berlaku. Justeru, kajian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab persoalan: (1) bagaimana strategi adaptasi kata pinjaman yang digunakan dalam penyerapan leksikal asing ke dalam bahasa Bugis, dan­­­­ (2) bagaimana strategi adaptasi yang berlaku itu dapat dijelaskan menggunakan pendekatan ­­­Koresponden-OO yang dibangunkan dalam teori Optimaliti. Data telah dikumpulkan melalui kaedah lapangan dan temu bual dengan menggunakan instrumen borang soal selidik, daftar kata.dan alat rakaman.Kajian lapangan dijalankan di Pontian dan Pasir Gudang, Johor serta di Klang, Selangor. Seramai 144 informan daripada tiga kumpulan umur, iaitu warga muda, warga dewasa dan warga tua terlibat dalam menjawab soal selidik dan daftar kata. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan lapan strategi adaptasi kata pinjaman digunakan dalam bahasa Bugis, iaitu peleburan, pengguguran, penggantian segmen, epentesis, perendahan vokal, penggantian nasal, pembentukan hentian glotis dan geminasi. Analisis Koresponden-OO menunjukkan sifat bahasa Bugis yang tidak bertoleransi dengan nahu asing dengan melarang penyerapan penuh leksikal asing yang dipinjam. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada keperluan mematuhi kekangan kebertandaan *LEKSIKAL SAMA yang mendominasi kekangan-kekangan lain dalam tatatingkat nahu bahasa Bugis. Hasil kajian ini dapat membekalkan input kepada aspek bahasa masyarakat Bugis di Malaysia yang telah dikesampingkan sebelum ini, dan berjaya menunjukkan kemampuan Koresponden-OO dalam menjelaskan isu kata pinjaman tanpa mengingkari konsep penting teori Optimaliti, iaitu Keselarian. Kata Kunci: kata pinjaman; strategi adaptasi; bahasa Bugis; teori Optimaliti; Koresponden-OO ABSTRACT As a minority community in Malaysia, the Bugis community tends to utilise lexical items from other languages, particularly from local languages as a result of the assimilation process that took place. Thus, this study was conducted to answer the following questions: (1) how are the loanword adaptation strategies used in absorbing foreign language lexical items into the Bugis language, and (2) how can these adaptation strategies be explained by using the Correspondence-OO approach developed in Optimality theory. Data were collected through field methods and interviews using questionnaire, word list and recording. The field studies were conducted in Pontian and Pasir Gudang, Johor as well as in Klang, Selangor. A total of 144 informants from three age groups, namely among the youth, adults and the elderly who were involved in answering the questionnaire and wordlist. The results revealed that eight loanword adaptation strategies were used in Bugis language, namely fusion, deletion, segment substitution, epenthesis, vowel reduction, nasal substitution, glottal stop formation and gemination. The Correspondence-OO analysis showed an element of Bugis language which is intolerant of foreign grammars by prohibiting the full absorption of borrowed foreign lexical items. This can be observed from the needs to comply with a markedness constraint *SAME LEXICAL, that dominates other constraints in the grammar of the Bugis language. The findings of the study can shed input on the language aspects of the Bugis community in Malaysia that were previously excluded. In addition, it has successfully demonstrated the capability of Correspondence-OO in explaining the issue of loanwords without denying the important concept of Optimality theory, namely Parallelism. Keywords: loanword; adaptation strategy; Bugis language; Optimality theory; Correspondence-OO

Variation in loanword adaptation: A case from Mandarin Chinese

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765832096144
Author(s):  
Yangyu Chen ◽  
Yu-An Lu
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Adaptation Pattern ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Mandarin Speakers

Mandarin speakers tend to adapt intervocalic nasals as either an onset of the following syllable (e.g. Bruno → bù.lŭ .n uò), as a nasal geminate (e.g. Daniel → dā n.n í.ěr), or as one of the above forms (e.g. Tiffany → dì.fú. n í or dì.fē n.n í). Huang and Lin (2013, 2016) identified two factors that may induce the nasal gemination repair: (1) when stress falls on the pre-nasal vowel and (2) when the pre-nasal vowel is a non-high lax vowel. They hypothesized that Mandarin Chinese speakers insert a nasal coda to perceptually approximate the stronger nasalization and longer syllable duration associated with the stressed syllables, and the shorter vowel duration of a lax vowel because the vowels in closed syllables are shorter in Mandarin. The results from two forced-choice identification experiments and an open-ended transcription task showed that although Mandarin speakers’ choices of different repairs were indeed biased by the different phonetic manipulations, suggesting an effect of perceptual similarity, their decisions were mainly guided by native phonotactics. The overall findings suggest that phonotactic, phonetic, as well as non-linguistic (i.e. frequency) factors interact with each other, resulting in the variable adaptation pattern.

МЕЖДОМЕТИЯ КАК СПОСОБ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ЭМОЦИЙ В КЫРГЫЗСКОМ И КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
Жээнбаева А.С.
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
Colloquial Style

Аннотация: Статья посвящена междометиям кыргызского и китайского языков, которые являются способами выражений эмоций в кыргызском и китайском языках, актуальному вопросу функционирования эмоций в кыргызском и китайском языках. В данной работе рассматриваются вопросы, посвященные месту междометий в системе частей речи; приводится сопоставление семан- тической классификации междометий кыргызского и китайского языков с точки зрения их эмоциональной окраски. В настоящее время в языкознании семантика междометий привлекает вни- мание многих лингвистов, поскольку междометия, являясь особой группой слов, не имеют определенной классификации. Необходимо отметить важную роль междометий в устной беседе и при переводе текстов разговорного, художественного стиля. В настоящее время возрастает рост объема информационных потоков и интернет открывает перед нами широчайшие возможности. Общение людей происходит по интернету, все чаще мы отправляем друг другу короткие фразы, смайлики с разными эмоциями, и конечно же, используем междометия, чтобы придать окраску в беседе. Ключевые слова: этимология; междометия; выражение эмоций; кыргызский язык; китайский язык, особенности, классификация, общение, устная речь, необходимость. Аннотация: Макала азыркы убактагы кыргыз жана кытай тилдеринде колдонулуп келе жаткан эмоцияларына, алардын өзгөчөлүктөрүн жана жазуудагы колдонуу ыкмаларына арналат. Бул иште сырдык сөздөрдүн сөз түркүмдөрүнүн системасындагы ордунун негизги суроолору, кыргыз жана кытай тилдериндеги сырдык сөздөрдүн классификациясы алардын эмоциялдуу сүрөттө менен бе- рилет. Бөлүкчөлөр жана сырдык сөздөр- тилчилердин өзгөчө көңүл бура турган грамматикалык класстар. Ошону менен бирге бул макала кыргыз жана кытай тилдериндеги сүйлөшүү стилиндеги тексттердин ичиндеги сүйлөмдөрдөгү сырдык сөздөрдүн которуу маселеси көңүл бурат. Азыркы убакытта сырдык сөздөрдүн мааниси бир гана ооз эки сүйлөшүүдө эмес, жазуу багытында дагы сырдык сөздөрдүн муктаждыгы бар. Cырдык сөздөрдүн муктаждыгынын себеби, заманбап коомдогу компьютердик технологиялардын ролу өсүшү жана колдонушу, анткени элдер, өзгөчө студент, мектеп окуучулары достору менен, туугандары менен, кесиптештери менен интернет аркылуу маектешишет. Түйүндүү сөздөр: этимология; сырдык сөздөр; эмоцияларды чагылдыруу; кыргыз тили; кытай тили, өзгөчөлүктөр, классификация, маектешүү, ооз эки сүйлөшүү, муктаждык. Annotatuon: The article is devoted to the actual issues of the functioning of emotions in Kyrgyz and Chinese languages, as well as the ways of their isolation and description. Here is consided general questions on the place of interjections in the system speech′s parts; here is a classification of the interjections in Kyrgyz and Chinese languages from the point of view of their emotional coloring is given.The particles and the interjections are deserves special attention of linguists. This article also draws attention to the problem of translation of sentences with interjections into Kyrgyz and Chinese texts of colloquial style. Currently there is a need to focus on the meanings of interjections not only during oral conversation, but also in writing. Currently there is a need to focus on the meanings of interjections primarily associated with the increased role and widespread use of computer technology in modern society; people, especially students, schoolchildren communicate with friends, relatives, colleagues on the internet. Key words: Etymology; interjection; expression of emotions; Kyrgyz language; Chinese language, feature, classification, communication, oral speech, need.

A Guide to Mandarin, in Manchu: on a Partial Translation of Guanhua zhinan (1882) and Its Historical Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Mårten Söderblom Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
National Language ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Partial Translation

Abstract This paper describes and contextualizes Guwan hûwa jy nan, a partial Manchu translation, hitherto unidentified as such, of a Japanese-authored Mandarin primer —Guanhua zhinan—from 1882. In so doing, the paper will highlight certain characteristics of the language primer in Northeast Asia and their consequences for our conceptualization of Mandarin Chinese as China’s national language. East Asian primers in dialogue form moved between communities of readers and even languages with remarkable ease. Not only did the same Chinese texts reach places far apart, they were also adapted for the teaching of languages entirely different from those of their original composition. The Manchu translation of the Japanese Mandarin primer is one example of this phenomenon. It represents the confluence of a pedagogical tradition of teaching the Qing dynastic language and a growing foreign interest in Beijing Chinese, manifest here through the text’s origin in the Meiji government’s interpreter corps.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document