WHAT DID OUR ANCESTORS LOOK LIKE? OR, THE CAPABILITIES OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
Elizaveta VESELOVSKAYA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Bank ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
Visual Reconstruction ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Second World

Anthropological Reconstruction Laboratory of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS. The article relates the current state of the M.M. Gerasimov Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Emphasizing the role of the founder of the method of face reconstruction from the skull, the author discusses the latest improvements to this method. The data bank on the thickness of the facial integument in representatives of various ethnic groups, and the accumulated experience with regard to the relationships between facial features and the underlying structures of the skull, made it possible to create a program of craniofacial correspondence ‘The Algorithm of Appearance’, which significantly improves the process of reconstructing in vivo appearance based on the skull. The visual reconstruction of the appearance is supplemented by an anthropological description of the lifetime appearance, in terms of the ‘verbal portrait’ used in forensic science. A description of a unique collection of more than 300 sculptural and graphic portraits made on the basis of the skulls of ancient people and historical figures is given. Based on the examples of specific projects, the possibilities of anthropological reconstruction for solving applied and theoretical problems of science are shown. The reconstruction of the appearance of soldiers killed in the Second World War is the key patriotic direction of the Laboratory s work. Based on the results of these reconstructions, several fi were identifi Th Laboratory is currently at work on reconstructing the lifetime appearance of A.V. Suvorov on the basis of a death mask.

The Nature and Treatment of Pain-Related Fear in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven De Peuter ◽  
Jeroen de Jong ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Exposure In Vivo

Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most frequently reported complaints in primary care. The last decade’s research has evidenced the important role of pain-related fear in the maintenance and exacerbation of chronic pain problems. In this article we review the current state of the art regarding the nature, development, and consequences of pain-related fear. We also discuss the implications for therapy, including mass media campaigns, education, exercise therapy, and exposure in vivo. Finally, we propose directions for future research, including the need to tailor treatments to individual patient characteristics, the role of interoceptive conditioning, implications of the context dependency of learning, and the consideration of implicit versus explicit attitudes toward feared painful stimuli.

The role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roongroje Thanawongnuwech ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur ◽  
Eileen L. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Virus Titer ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages

AbstractThe objective of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). PIMs play an important role in pulmonary surveillance, and in the past few years we have investigated their role in PRRSV infection. PRRSV antigens and nucleic acids have been demonstrated in PIMs bothin vitroandin vivo. Examination of cultured PIMs infected with PRRSV revealed the accumulation of viral particles in the smooth-walled vesicles. PRRSV-infected PIMsin vitroyielded a virus titer similar to pulmonary alveolar macrophages. PRRSV infection induces either apoptosis or cell lysis of PIMs. Thein vitrobactericidal activity of PRRSV-infected PIMs is significantly decreased. Phagocytic activity of PIMs, as measured by pulmonary copper clearance, is significantly decreased in PRRSV-infected pigs. This evidence supports the hypothesis that PRRSV-induced damage to PIMs results in increased susceptibility to bacteremic diseases. Recent studies with PRRSV andStreptococcus suiscoinfection confirmed that PRRSV predisposes pigs toS. suisinfection and bacteremia. These results could explain the increase in bacterial respiratory diseases and septicemias observed in PRRSV-infected pigs.

scholarly journals The Role of Ethnographers in the Invention of Socialist Traditions in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Ilze Boldāne-Zeļenkova
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Second World

Abstract This study, based on archive document research and analysis of publications by Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) ethnographers, discusses the process of invention and implementation of Socialist traditions and the role of scientists in this. The introduction of Soviet traditions in Latvia did not begin immediately after the Second World War when the communist occupation regime was restored. The occupation regime in the framework of an anti-religious campaign turned to the transformation of traditions that affect individual’s private sphere and relate to church rituals – baptism, confirmation, weddings, funerals, Latvian cemetery festivities – in the second half of 1950s, along with the implementation of revolutionary and labour traditions. In order to achieve the goals set by the Communist Party, a new structure of institutions was formed and specialists from many fields were involved, including ethnographers from the Institute of History at the LSSR Academy of Sciences (hereinafter – LSSR AS). Ethnographers offered recommendations, as well as observed and analysed the process, discussing it in meetings of official commissions and sharing the conclusions in scientific publications, presentations, etc.

Chronicle of the International Scientific Conference «Problems of studying the variability in anthropology. New in the diversity of the traditional» dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the eminent anthropologist, Doctor of Sciences (History), Professor Alexander Alexandrovich Zubov (1934–2013) (Moscow, May 13th–16th, 2019).

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Lejbova ◽  
Alyona V. Dedik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Dental Anthropology ◽  
World Science ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The article is a chronicle of the past International Scientific Conference «Problems of studying the variability in anthropology. New in the diversity of the traditional» dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the eminent anthropologist, Doctor of Sciences (History), Professor A.A. Zubov. The main purpose of the conference was to present his scientific heritage. The reports outlined achievements of the scientific area formed by Zubov – dental anthropology. The conference discussed the current state and prospects for development of physical anthropology in Russian and world science. The role of new methods and new theoretical developments taking into account anthropological diversity was shown. The importance of anthropology in the integration of sciences was also presented.

scholarly journals The Role of Kinetics as Key Determinant in Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Widjaja ◽  
Yasser Alhejji ◽  
Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Relative Differences

AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of plant constituents of which especially the 1,2- unsaturated PAs raise a concern because of their liver toxicity and potential genotoxic carcinogenicity. This toxicity of PAs depends on their kinetics. Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics of PAs may substantially alter the relative toxicity of PAs. As a result, kinetics will also affect relative potency (REP) values. The present review summarizes the current state-of-the art on PA kinetics and resulting consequences for toxicity and illustrates how physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling can be applied to take kinetics into account when defining the relative differences in toxicity between PAs in the in vivo situation. We conclude that toxicokinetics play an important role in the overall toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. and that kinetics should therefore be considered when defining REP values for combined risk assessment. New approach methodologies (NAMs) can be of use to quantify these kinetic differences between PAs and their N-oxides, thus contributing to the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in animal studies.

Sulfur – Containing Amino Acids in Seizures: Current State of the Art

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Hrncic ◽  
Aleksandra Rasic-Markovic ◽  
Duro Macut ◽  
Dusan Mladenovic ◽  
Veselinka Susic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Homocysteine Thiolactone ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: Homocysteine and taurine are non-proteinogenic sulfur-containing amino acids with numerous important physiological roles. Homocysteine and taurine are considered to be neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, the first showing clear hyperexcitability role, while the second is known by its inhibitory and neuroprotective properties. Objective: In this article we addressed the role of homocysteine and its related metabolite homocysteine thiolactone in the development of seizures, focusing on its experimental models in vivo, potential mechanisms of proepileptogenic activity via interactions with glutamatergic neurotransmission, sodium pump activity, oxidative stress, cholinergic system and NO-mediated neuronal signaling, as well as the pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to modulate its proconvulsive activity. Additionally, herein we will focus on taurine neuroprotective effects linked with its anticonvulsive properties and mediated by taurine interactions with GABA-ergic and glutamatergic system and oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The role of neuroimaging in diagnosis and personalized medicine--current position and likely future directions

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
And Personalized Medicine

The main aim of this article is to discuss the current state of in vivo brain imaging methods in the context of the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. The background to current practice is discussed, and the new methods introduced which may have the capacity to increase the relevance of magnetic resonance imaging, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging, for clinical application. The main focus will be on magnetic resonance imaging, but many of the comments have a general relevance across imaging modalities.

scholarly journals The Relation Between α-Helical Conformation and Amyloidogenicity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Haimov ◽  
S. Srebnik
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Helical Structure ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Helical Conformation ◽  
Folded Proteins ◽  
Two Parameters

ABSTRACTAmyloid fibrils are stable aggregates of misfolded proteins and polypeptides that are insoluble and resistant to protease activity. Abnormal formation of amyloid fibrils in vivo may lead to neurodegenerative disorders and other systemic amyloidosis such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and atherosclerosis. Because of their clinical importance amyloids are found under intense scientific research. Amyloidogenic sequences of short polypeptide segments within proteins are responsible for the transformation of correctly folded proteins into parts of larger amyloid fibrils. The α-helical secondary structure is believed to host many amyloidogenic sequences and be a key player in different stages of the amyloidogenesis process. Most of the studies on amyloids focus on the role of amyloidogenic sequences. The focus of this study is the relation between amyloidogenicity and the structure of the amyloidogenic α-helical sequence. We have previously shown that the α-helical conformation may be expressed by two parameters (θ and ρ) that form orthogonal coordinates based on the Ramachandran dihedrals (φ and ψ) and provide an illuminating interpretation of the α-helical conformation. By performing statistical analysis on α-helical conformations found in the protein data bank, an apparent relation between α-helical conformation, as expressed by θ and ρ, and amyloidogenicity is revealed. Remarkably, random amino acid sequences, whose helical structure was obtained from the most probably dihedral angles as obtained from PDB data, revealed the same dependency of amyloidogenicity, suggesting the importance of α-helical structure as opposed to sequence.

The role of mycotoxins in neurodegenerative diseases: current state of the art and future perspectives of research

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Svenja König ◽  
Simone Eggert ◽  
Kristina Endres ◽  
Stefan Kins
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Current State

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can cause various diseases in humans and animals. The adverse health effects of mycotoxins such as liver failure, immune deficiency, and cancer are well-described. However, growing evidence suggests an additional link between these fungal metabolites and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the wealth of these initial reports, reliable conclusions are still constrained by limited access to human patients and availability of suitable cell or animal model systems. This review summarizes knowledge on mycotoxins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and the assumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The limitations of the common in vivo and in vitro experiments to identify the role of mycotoxins in neurotoxicity and thereby in neurodegenerative diseases are elucidated and possible future perspectives to further evolve this research field are presented.

scholarly journals TYPES OF SUBJECTIVE MANIFESTATION OF A ROLE-PLAYING HERO’S CONSCIOUSNESS: PUBLIC AND POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Ludmyla Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Role Playing ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Ideological Polarization ◽  
Other World ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
Second World

The article deals with the artistic phenomenon of role-playing lyrics, outlines the problems of literary critics’ theoretical searches in their studies of the lyrics subject organization specifics. It also analyzes the points related to the formal methods of compositional and speech design in a poetic role-playing text. The article tries to characterize conceptual and meaningful foreshortenings which manifest themselves at the level of expression related to a composition’s ideological concepts as well as to thematic ones. The author investigates the peculiarities of role-playing lyrics artistic development in Ukrainian poetry of the 19th-20th centuries. The article gives a profound analysis to the types of subjective expression of a role hero consciousness concerning his social and political perspective. It is stated that episodic appeals to the image of a role hero in Ukrainian poetic literature already occur in the ancient poetry of the 17th-18th centuries. The gallery of role-playing characters represented by this poetry is also quite diverse. These are commoners and representatives of higher social strata as well as historical figures. The typical role-playing hero of the early Romanticism poetry is in general an artistic image the personal intentions of whom are limited to the role of a warrior-protector, a fellow, a representative of the other world established for this artistic direction. Activation of the socio-political sphere in the role lyrics in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries is thematically linked to the identification of three main types of role-playing heroes: 1) the type of socially and politically disadvantaged person symbolically delineated in the image of a prisoner; 2) a fighter who does not want to put up with the ugly oppression of his people and calls on the socio-political community to fight decisively against the enemy; 3) a wide and diverse gallery of satirical images of pseudopatriots. The thematic spectrum of the socio-political role sphere in Ukrainian poetry of the 20th century can be clearly and comprehensively identified by the ideological polarization of public forces related to the revolutionary upheavals, the events of the First and Second World Wars, the liberation struggle of the Ukrainians, and the repressive policies of the Soviet state.

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