Problems of admission of female persons to jurors in the Russian Empire in the period from 1864 to 1917

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Tamara N. Musinova
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Reform ◽  
New Class ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Government Level

The article is devoted to the problems of admission of women to the jury after the judicial reform of Alexander II. Despite the absence of legal restrictions, women were not allowed in the new one. At that time, there was no requirement to regulate the legal practice of women, since the judicial statutes in article 354 had already closed women’s access to the profession because they could not obtain higher education. They had to go through a thorny path from private attorney to sworn attorney. Act of 1874 c. there was an institution of private attorneys and it did not say anything about education and restrictions on the admission of women and women were able to become defenders of their relatives, etc. Emperor Alexander II, by Decree of 1876, banned the access of women to private attorneys. It was not until 1894 that the question of the «women’s bar» reached the government level for the second time. Even 100 deputies of the State Duma appealed in defense of the position of the weaker sex, but without success. Only in 1917, when the Provisional Government issued a Decree «On the admission of women to conduct other people’s cases in judicial institutions», women were legally allowed to conduct cases in the role of jurors. The article is based on: A letter from the Minister of Justice Shcheglovitov dated 21.12.1909 No. 66305 to P. A. Stolypin regarding the granting of women the right to be sworn attorneys, which is stored in the funds of the RSIA. The article examines the conditions under which women were introduced to a new class of lawyers in the legal circles of St. Petersburg. The regional aspect of the problem has not yet been sufficiently developed and the study of the female class of jurors is just beginning. It is shown that the topic deserves scientific deepening, since the female sex of lawyers in the middle of the XIX century was a small professional group. The author of the article draws a conclusion about the problems faced by women when entering a new class.

Admiral Mordvinov: «Where the government itself distorts the good morals of the people, it cannot succeed in anything». Dissenting opinions

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-160
Author(s):  
Yu. Yakutin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The People ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the academicians-economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who actively worked with the Free Economic Society of Russia — the VEO of Russia. Telling about the life milestones and stages of state and public activity of a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Admiral Nikolai Semyonovich Mordvinov, the article reveals the essence and meaning of the admiral's special opinions on key aspects of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century. N.S. Mordvinov's reflections on property, serfdom, industry, trade, and tariffs are summarized; about finance, banks, and insurance. The role of N.S. Mordvinov in the practical activities of the Imperial Free Economic Society of Russia is emphasized. N.S. Mordvinov's vision of the goals and objectives of the VEO as an important institution of Russian civil society is revealed.

scholarly journals NEW CONDITION STRUCTURE IN KAZAKH SOCIETY: MERCHANT AND THEIR SOCIAL AND LEGAL FEATURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Yespenbetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
New Class ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article deals with changes in Kazakh society during the reign of the Russian Empire in the XIX century. Justifying the problem of forming a new class structure in Kazakh society, the author defines the socio-economic conditions of the formation of merchant guilds. The role of trade, entrepreneurship, and urban growth in the transformation of merchants into large entrepreneurs is revealed. Legal documents reflecting social and legal privileges of merchant guilds are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the role of Tatar merchants in the development of local trade and economic relations. Using statistical data, the quantitative growth of the merchant class in individual regions is analyzed.

scholarly journals ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION IN THE RIGHT BANK OF UKRAINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-188
Author(s):  
Світлана Кондратюк
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Xix Century

caused by the integration of the domestic education system into the European space, so it is important to study and analyze the experience of formation and change of previous, pre-Soviet educational systems in Ukraine.The purpose of the study is to analyze the process of the formation of commercial education in the Right Bank of Ukraine in the post-reform period and to determine the factors that influenced its development.The research methodology is based on the application of the principles of scientificity, objectivity, historicism, and systematicity. The use of historical-systemic, functional, and historical-comparative methods allowed to study the process of establishment and functioning of the first commercial schools.The genesis of the historiography of the problem had the following stages: 1) the work of pre-revolutionary authors (second half of the XIX century - 1917), which depended on censorship restrictions and in which moderately complementary guidelines prevailed; 2) research of representatives of Soviet historiography (1917 - 1991) years), which operated in conditions of ideological constraints dominated by the relevant critical paradigm; 3) works of modern authors (since 1991 - till now), in which attempts are made to develop a balanced position taking into account both positive and negative trends in the development of secondary education in the Russian Empire in the relevant period. However, the field of research of scientists left the facts that contributed to the development of commercial education as a holistic system of training entrepreneurs for the country in the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century.Results. The reforms of the Russian Emperor Alexander II in the second half of the XIX century led to the rapid industrialization of the country, as well as gave a powerful impetus to the development of industry, trade, banking, and exchange. All this raised the need for new qualified personnel and gave impetus to the solution of a long-overdue educational issue.In the 1860s and 1990s, the development of commercial education on the Right Bank was carried out on the initiative and at the expense of the region's industrial and merchant circles. In an effort to remove Poles and Jews from power in the province and to limit their influence on the population, the imperial authorities were reluctant to support initiatives to establish commercial schools. Even with permission to open a school, various bans were imposed on the content and organization of education.At the turn of the century, the situation changed somewhat. Polish influence in the right-bank provinces weakened, which allowed the introduction of zemstvos and a revision of educational policy. The government is now more willing to establish commercial institutions, although quotas for Polish and Jewish children remain. Zemstvos provided significant financial support to schools and their low-income students.Conclusions. Under the influence of qualitative state-building changes and active activity of the new elite, which sought further financial prosperity through professional education and establishment of educational institutions at its own expense, a network of commercial educational institutions was formed in the Right Bank Ukraine in the post-reform period. The effectiveness of this process was greatly influenced by the state, exercising its own legislative, supervisory, and regulatory functions in order to limit the political ambitions and influences of the Polish and Jewish minorities.

“BULYGINSKAYA DUMA”. AGENCY WITHOUT POWER OR POWER OF AGENCY?

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Sergey S. Novoselskii ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article considers the attitude of representatives of the top bureaucracy to the draft of the State Duma, developed by a Special Council chaired by the Minister of the Interior A.G. Bulygin in 1905. Particular attention is paid to the high officials assessments of the dignitaries of the place and role of the Duma in the system of state administration of the Russian Empire, the arguments that officials cited in favor of its convocation. It analyzes intellectual context of the emergence of the “bulyginskaya duma” (“Bulygin Duma”) project is analyzed, which largely determined the breadth of the actual, not declared powers of the people’s agency. The research is based on unpublished documents from the funds of state institutions, as well as materials from the personal funds of officials and public figures. The article shows that, despite the legislative nature of the Duma, it had to have significant powers. The electoral system, which was proposed and defended by the high officials, was originally modeled in such a way as to avoid the triumph of the estates principle. The monarch’s open opposition to the people’s agency was considered a politically short-sighted move, which indicated a limitation of his power. The results of the study allow considering the government policy in 1905 not as an untimely response to public demands, but as a conscious strategy for systemic political reforms.

scholarly journals Legal nihilism in resolving family conflicts of nobles and peasants of Russian Empire in the first third of XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
S. P. Volf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article highlights the ways of resolving family conflicts nobles and peasants in the first third of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, against the background of the ongoing systematization of legislation. Based on examination of the letters and memoirs of the nobles and peasants we highlighted the methods, which are actually used to solve family conflicts. I conclude that nobles and peasants rarely used help of the state in resolving family conflicts. The sphere of family relations was sacred for these estates; therefore, they did not rope the authorities into family conflicts. I have identified the following ways to resolve family conflicts: duel; marriage, often in the form of a secret wedding; going to the monastery and punishing the unfaithful wife; different approaches to raising children by peasants and nobles. The author of the article pays attention to passivity of the peasants in resolving their family conflicts. The results of the study allow exploring the alternative ways of resolving family conflicts based on representatives of other classes of Russian society in the first third of the 19th century (clergy, merchants, philistines, foreigners) as well, using wider range of sources (journalism, normative acts, fiction, paperwork). This analysis contributes to the discussion about the limits of the government intervention into family affairs. The author of the article redlines that people did not trust the law and resorted to the personally legitimate sources of dealing with family conflicts. This conclusion presents a new perspective in the discussion of legal nihilism and real application of the law in life

scholarly journals Practice of relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie in the investigation of political crimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
V. P. Gorbachov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Impartial Observer ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the practice of the relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie, which formed during the investigation of political crimes in the Russian Empire after the judicial reform of 1864. It is indicated that the law of May 19, 1871 changed the legal relationships between the gendarmerie and the Prosecutor’s office. The gendarmerie was given the right to conduct an inquiry, and the prosecutor’s office was entrusted with the supervision of this activity. Central agencies targeted the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie to coordinate their activities in the investigation of political crimes, which resulted in their gradual rapprochement. In practice, the Prosecutor’s office began to take an active part in the conduct of inquiries on the state crimes. As a result, it gradually lost its original meaning “guardian of the law and an impartial observer for the correctness of the actions of a person who conducted the inquiry”. The actual relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie was not unambiguous. They largely depended on specific individuals and could be diametrically opposed. Along with the relations of “mutual understanding” there were also facts of direct conflicts between the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie. Despite such different relationship, in society, the existing level of political repression “was attributed to the joint and solidary activities of zealous gendarmes with zealous prosecutors”. The career of prosecutors depended largely on the relationship with the gendarmerie. Later, during the inquiry, many prosecutors began to lose their impartiality and gradually turned into agents of gendarmerie goals. According to the figurative expression of the former Chairman of the Council of Ministers S. Witte, the Minister of justice himself “from the Supreme guardian of legality became an assistant to the chief of gendarmes and the chief of secret police”.

scholarly journals The image of the hero-entrepreneur in Russian classical literature as a pledge of socially responsible principles of modern Russian entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-356
Author(s):  
Н.А. Чистякова
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Dramatic Works ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

В последнее десятилетие резко изменилось отношение российской общественности к предпринимательству с негативного на нейтральное и даже позитивное. Для подтверждения предположения об изменении эмоционального статуса понятия «предпринимательство» автором был произведен соцопрос. Поскольку предположение об изменении статуса понятия «предпринимательство» подтвердилось, автор посредством историко-культурного анализа постарался объяснить причину изменения стереотипа. Акцент был сделан на роль произведений русской классической литературы в формировании общественного сознания. Кроме того, автор конкретизировал отраженный в классической литературе идеал русского предпринимателя. Конкретно, в статье проанализирован образ предпринимателя в русской классической литературе XIX века: разобраны литературные типы работников финансовой сферы, найдены положительные примеры, выявлены социально ответственные принципы подхода к делу. Для обеспечения большей объективности для анализа привлечены как эпические, так и драматические произведения. Автор выясняет, как в русской классической литературе отражаются проблемы личности предпринимателя, актуальные в настоящее время. В статье произведен сравнительный анализ «кодексов чести» предпринимателя – источников XIX и XXI века, – в которых раскрывается тема чести русского финансиста, его морального облика. В исследовании утверждается преемственность традиций в сфере предпринимательства, сформированных основной частью населения страны, жившего по законам Российской Империи, кроме того, обосновывается содержательная связь художественных и документальных источников и доказывается необходимость создания образа современного коммерсанта на основе принципов, отраженных в отечественной классике. In the last decade, the attitude of the Russian public towards entrepreneurship has changed dramatically from negative to neutral and even positive. To confirm the assumption about the change in the emotional status of the concept of «entrepreneurship», the author conducted a social survey. Since the assumption about the change in the status of the concept of «entrepreneurship» was confirmed, the author tried to explain the reason for the change in the stereotype through historical and cultural analysis. The emphasis was placed on the role of works of Russian classical literature in the formation of public consciousness. In addition, the author concretized the ideal of the Russian entrepreneur reflected in the classical literature. Specifically, the article analyzes the image of the entrepreneur in the Russian classical literature of the XIX century: the literary types of financial workers are analyzed, positive examples are found, and socially responsible principles of the approach to business are identified. To ensure greater objectivity, both epic and dramatic works are used for analysis. The author finds out how the Russian classical literature reflects the problems of the entrepreneur's personality that are currently relevant. The article presents a comparative analysis of the «codes of honor» of the entrepreneur-sources of the XIX and XXI centuries-which reveal the theme of the honor of the Russian financier, his moral image. The study confirms the continuity of traditions in the field of entrepreneurship, formed by the main part of the country's population, who lived according to the laws of the Russian Empire, in addition, substantiates the meaningful connection of artistic and documentary sources and proves the need to create an image of a modern merchant based on the principles reflected in the Russian classics.

Determinant of placement on the performance of the civil servant apparatus (ASN) in the mare subdistrict of bone regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-004
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
District Office ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The right man in the right place and the right man behind the right job. The placement of employees becomes very important to improve employee performance including ASN in the government office of Mare Subdistrict, Bone Regency. The purpose of the study is to see the influence or role of employee placement factors on the performance of ASN employees. Apakh has a significant influence. The research was conducted on a number of ASNs in the government office of Mare District of Bone Regency. The method of data collection is done by saturated survey method (census). The method of data analysis is to use a hypothesis test, which is a t-test to see the influence of independent variables, namely placement (X) on dependent variables, namely ASN performance (Y). The results of the study obtained that the placement factor had a significant effect (real) on the performance of ASN in the District Office mare Bone Regency. This is evident from the results of the t test where the placement variable (X) has a significance value (Sig.=0.001<0.05) and is also shown from a t-calculated value (4.015) greater than the value of t-table (1,667).

Dreams of a Boreal Empire, Nightmares of a Polar Vortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Schwoch
Keyword(s):  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Scientific Team

This chapter discusses the failed efforts of the government, military, and Western Union to build a telegraph route in the 1860s across Alaska, beneath the Bering Strait, and into Europe via the Russian Empire. One central theme is the role of Robert Kennicott and the Smithsonian Institution as a scientific team of natural historians participating in this expedition. The ambiguous corporate-military entanglements of expedition members raises questions about whether the expedition was also some sort of occupying force on the ground in Russian Alaska prior to the Alaska Purchase in 1867.

The Circulation of Value in Civil Society and the State

Hegel's Value ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 222-275
Author(s):  
Dean Moyar
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
System P ◽  
Full Structure ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

This chapter utilizes the structure of life and valid inference to analyze the internal structure of Civil Society and the State as well as the relationship between the two institutional spheres. The chapter unpacks the passage from the Logic in which Hegel describes the State as a totality of inferences with the three terms of individuals, their needs, and the government. It is shown that the “system of needs” itself forms a quasi-living institutional system of estates centered on the division of labor. This system’s inadequacy motivates the role of the “police” and corporation as ethical agencies, forms of the Good, within Civil Society. While the move to the State overcomes the individualism of “needs,” the right of the individual remains in the dynamics of “settling one’s own account” in receiving from the State a return on one’s duty to the State. Hegel treats the State proper as a constitution consisting of three powers of government that form a totality of inferential relations that has the full structure of a living organism. The executive power is examined in detail as the particularizing element in the system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document