scholarly journals NEW CONDITION STRUCTURE IN KAZAKH SOCIETY: MERCHANT AND THEIR SOCIAL AND LEGAL FEATURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Yespenbetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
New Class ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article deals with changes in Kazakh society during the reign of the Russian Empire in the XIX century. Justifying the problem of forming a new class structure in Kazakh society, the author defines the socio-economic conditions of the formation of merchant guilds. The role of trade, entrepreneurship, and urban growth in the transformation of merchants into large entrepreneurs is revealed. Legal documents reflecting social and legal privileges of merchant guilds are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the role of Tatar merchants in the development of local trade and economic relations. Using statistical data, the quantitative growth of the merchant class in individual regions is analyzed.

scholarly journals IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURY AND THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN CONSEQUENCES OF INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Zhangaliev ◽  
◽  
K.B. Bolatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Traditional Economy

During the period of colonial policy in the Russian Empire, the influence on the Kazakh land is reflected, as well as the main results of changes in the mechanism of adaptation and ways of countering the traditional structure of Kazakh society during the period of colonization. The role of the colonial policy of the Empire is described in the XVIII - XIX centuries with administrative and political reforms carried out by tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the ethno – social structure of the Kazakh society has undergone significant changes in the system of socio-economic relations, changing all the realities of the traditional economy. During the first half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries, the political influence of a significant social group of warriors - batyrs was explained in Kazakh society. The article uses sorting, analysis, and comparison methods. The article presents new sources and reviews the works of the first and modern researchers.

Activities of the naval department of the Russian Empire in teaching literacy and arithmetic to sailors of the navy in the 1850s–1870s

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Alexey Bocharov ◽  
Ivan Aladyshkin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Reading Circle

The article examines the activities of the Russian naval department in teaching literacy and arithmetic to sailors of the navy in the 50s — 70s of the XIX century. The measures of the naval command for training sailors are considered. The role of the officers who showed enthusiasm in the training of sailors was noted. Shown are statistical data on the number of literate and arithmetic sailors in the study period. The question is raised about the degree of literacy and reading circle of sailors. It is noted that teaching sailors to read and write and arithmetic improved the quality of the fleet personnel. The connection between the activities of the naval department in training sailors and the influence of the reforms of the 1860s — 70s is shown.

The “Quaker Heresy” in Siberia

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-136
Author(s):  
Eugene Clay
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the 1670s, from his underground prison in Pustozersk, the Old Believer leader Archpriest Avvakum, misled by Anglican propaganda, equated the “Quaker heresy” with bestiality. Decades later, the Russian sought to eradicate a religious movement that it mislabeled the “Quaker heresy” (better known as the khlysty or flagellants): two special commissions in 1733–1739 and 1745–1756 arrested, imprisoned, and exiled hundreds of peasants and townsmen who had participated in secret meetings, where they prayed, danced, prophesied, and spoke in tongues. Rather than destroy the movement, however, exile only encouraged the spread of the “heresy” into Russia’s eastern frontier. By 1760 the “heresy” had appeared in Viatka and Tobol’sk dioceses, where the Ukrainian metropolitans Varfolomei (Liubarskii) and Pavel (Koniuskevich) tried to eliminate it, without much success. Using printed and archival sources, this article examines the Siberian “Quakers” and the discourse surrounding them; the portrayal of the heresy in legal documents emerged from deep conflicts about the nature and role of Orthodoxy in the Russian empire. The so-called “Quakers” insisted on their Orthodox piety, while their accusers portrayed them as practitioners of a dangerous alien faith.

scholarly journals The economy of the Arkhangelsk province and settlements in Pechora and Izhma according to old maps

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
V.I. Silin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
Old Maps ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article presents statistical data on the economy and population of the Arkhangelsk province based on the analysis of the «General Map of the Arkhangelsk Province» of 1797. The settlement structure of the Lower Pechora and Izhma is considered separately. The data on the villages that existed in these territories at the end of the XVIII – beginning of the XIX century are presented, using data from the Atlas of the Russian Empire of 1818.

Admiral Mordvinov: «Where the government itself distorts the good morals of the people, it cannot succeed in anything». Dissenting opinions

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-160
Author(s):  
Yu. Yakutin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The People ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the academicians-economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who actively worked with the Free Economic Society of Russia — the VEO of Russia. Telling about the life milestones and stages of state and public activity of a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Admiral Nikolai Semyonovich Mordvinov, the article reveals the essence and meaning of the admiral's special opinions on key aspects of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century. N.S. Mordvinov's reflections on property, serfdom, industry, trade, and tariffs are summarized; about finance, banks, and insurance. The role of N.S. Mordvinov in the practical activities of the Imperial Free Economic Society of Russia is emphasized. N.S. Mordvinov's vision of the goals and objectives of the VEO as an important institution of Russian civil society is revealed.

Problems of admission of female persons to jurors in the Russian Empire in the period from 1864 to 1917

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Tamara N. Musinova
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Reform ◽  
New Class ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Government Level

The article is devoted to the problems of admission of women to the jury after the judicial reform of Alexander II. Despite the absence of legal restrictions, women were not allowed in the new one. At that time, there was no requirement to regulate the legal practice of women, since the judicial statutes in article 354 had already closed women’s access to the profession because they could not obtain higher education. They had to go through a thorny path from private attorney to sworn attorney. Act of 1874 c. there was an institution of private attorneys and it did not say anything about education and restrictions on the admission of women and women were able to become defenders of their relatives, etc. Emperor Alexander II, by Decree of 1876, banned the access of women to private attorneys. It was not until 1894 that the question of the «women’s bar» reached the government level for the second time. Even 100 deputies of the State Duma appealed in defense of the position of the weaker sex, but without success. Only in 1917, when the Provisional Government issued a Decree «On the admission of women to conduct other people’s cases in judicial institutions», women were legally allowed to conduct cases in the role of jurors. The article is based on: A letter from the Minister of Justice Shcheglovitov dated 21.12.1909 No. 66305 to P. A. Stolypin regarding the granting of women the right to be sworn attorneys, which is stored in the funds of the RSIA. The article examines the conditions under which women were introduced to a new class of lawyers in the legal circles of St. Petersburg. The regional aspect of the problem has not yet been sufficiently developed and the study of the female class of jurors is just beginning. It is shown that the topic deserves scientific deepening, since the female sex of lawyers in the middle of the XIX century was a small professional group. The author of the article draws a conclusion about the problems faced by women when entering a new class.

scholarly journals The Project of the Yakut Regional Head N. I. Myagkov on the Arrangement of the Udsky Territory (the 1820s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Vasiliev Aisen D. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strict Regulation ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

For the first time in Russian history, on the basis of archival documents, the article examines the proposals of the regional chief Nikolai Ivanovich Myagkov on the arrangement of the transboundary region in the east of the Russian Empire ‒ the Udsky Territory of the Yakutsk Oblast (1827), which was adjacent to the Chinese possessions. The border position of the territory gave a special status, the region was characterized by a specific community. The relevance of the topic is due to modern issues of cross-border regionalization and, in general, a poor degree of knowledge of the history of the Udsky region of the pre-revolutionary period. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, as well as historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The prerequisites and problems of reforming the region are analyzed, the role of N. I. Myagkov and an official for special assignments A. Y. Uvarovsky in the preparation of the project. The earlier submitted proposals of the Irkutsk authorities (1825) on the development of the Udsky region and the project of the Yakut manager (1827) in a comparative aspect are considered. We note that the project of the latter was characterized by a detailed understanding of the particular problems of the remote region. The mechanism of multilevel discussion of the project is highlighted, which is associated with the complexity of the management structure of the Yakutsk region. The author notes that the transformation of the region took place in the context of the implementation of M. M. Speransky's Siberian reforms of 1822, in particular with the aim of increasing government revenues, where the main focus was on limiting the abuse of local ministers and policies towards the aboriginal population. Given the special situation in the region, the project attached great importance to Russian-Manchu trade and economic relations. The Siberian Committee was engaged in strict regulation of the observance of the principles of the reform of 1822, in particular, the provisions of the “Charter on the management of indigenous peoples”. Strengthening personal supervision is seen as one of the main methods of the regional chief in solving problems of the local region. In conclusion, the prospects for further study of the presented topic are determined. Keywords: regional chief, N. I. Myagkov, project, arrangement, Udsky Ostrog, outskirts of the Russian Empire, Yakutsk Oblast

scholarly journals Exile to Settlement in Siberia in the Criminal Punishment System of the Russian Empire in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 946-952
Author(s):  
Tat’iana S. Volchetskaia ◽  
Leonid B. Smirnov ◽  
Dmitrii A. Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The Russian Empire

The paper focuses on the evolution of the exile to settlement in Siberia from being a mitigating alternative to the death penalty to becoming a criminal punishment that ranks third in severity. It also provides an assessment of the theory that the exile was a way of Siberian colonization. We explore the role of the exile in the transformation of serf peasants into the state peasants in Siberia. The papers analyses various crimes punishable by the exile to settlement in Siberia in the imperial period. The authors consider the use of the exile of the convicted person together with his relatives as a way to prevent escapes. The involvement of statistical data led to the conclusion that by the early 20th century “colonization” function failed

scholarly journals THE DRAFT PROVISIONS OF THE PENAL PRISONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
M. . Artemenkov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
General Context ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Work Education ◽  
Xix Century

The article analyzes in detail the issues of the formation and development of the penitentiary legislation of the Russian Empire during the Great Reforms of Alexander II. The author notes that changes in the field of execution of punishments were an integral part of the changes that took place in the country, had their historical substantiation and should be considered in the general context of liberal changes of the second half of the XIX century. The formation of new economic relations, changes in the social structure of society, the emergence of new political practices made it necessary to liberalize the penitentiary sphere. New legal theories associated with understanding the purposes, purpose and execution of punishments, became the basis for the transformation in European countries, including the Russian Empire. The main form of punishment is imprisonment, which was the result of changing the purpose of punishment. It is the correction of the person who committed the crime, through work, education and upbringing. The article analyzes the practice of preparing normative and legal acts related to the study of foreign experience, the organization of experimental places of detention, the discussion of the provisions of the draft of the Regulations on Correctional Prisons in the Russian Empire in various commissions. The prepared draft law, in spite of certain shortcomings, was progressive and corresponded to the tasks that faced the system of execution of punishment. Thus, the article concludes that the ongoing reforms were progressive, an assessment was made on the issues of discussion. When writing a scientific work the author used the materials of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, as well as scientific literature of both domestic and foreign authors.

scholarly journals AFGHANISTAN IN THE SPHERE OF TRADE INTERESTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
V.N. Shkunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Import Trade

The article is devoted to the problems of trade and economic rivalry between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century, when the two powers were looking for adequate methods and forms of protecting their interests in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The author pays special attention to the problems of economic development and foreign trade of Afghanistan in the period under review. He examines the main objects of export and import, trade volumes, channels for the sale of goods, ethnic and confessional characteristics of merchants who participated in trade with Kabul. The role of the diplomatic service of Russia and Great Britain, travelers, scouts, merchants in collecting the necessary information about the situation in the Middle East is noted. The author focuses on the role and importance of the Central Asian khanates and merchants in promoting Russian goods to Afghanistan. The regional peculiarities of the organization of foreign trade are noted (by the example of Baloch).

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