Harm Perception and Attitudes towards E-cigarette Use Among Qatar University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming popular worldwide especially among youth. Research reported that university students have poor knowledge and misconceptions about the health risks of e-cigarettes, which may lead students to use them even in populations where prevalence of cigarette smoking is relatively low. At this age, the influence of peers is also significant. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of e-cigarette use among university students as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards e-cigarettes. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study among Qatar University students using a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive univariate analysis of all variables was conducted as well as a bivariate analysis to check the association of e-cigarette use with selected variables. A binary logistic regression was conducted to assess predictors of e-cigarette use. Results: The prevalence of e-cigarette use among students was found to be 14% where 32% of them were daily users. Approximately 42% of the participants agreed that ‘e-cigarettes are less harmful to health compared to traditional cigarettes, and 45.7% of them agreed that ‘e-cigarettes can prevent smoking traditional cigarettes. The prevalence of e-cigarettes use was 16.2% among males and 12.8% among females, which showed no significant difference between the two genders. Females were more likely to use e-cigarettes because they “don’t smell” (P-value=0.023). The study showed a significant association between e-cigarette use and knowledge items (P-value < 0.05) and having a smoker among siblings or friends. At the multivariate analysis level, only the friends’ effect remained significant after controlling for the other variables (OR= 7.3, P-value=0.000). Conclusion: Our research found that university students have inadequate knowledge and misconceptions in regards to e-cigarettes use, especially among users. Effective smoking prevention policy and educational interventions are needed to enhance awareness among university students about the health effects associated with e-cigarettes use.

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Prevalence, Risk Factors, Harm Perception, and Attitudes Toward E-cigarette Use Among University Students in Qatar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.682355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Rana Kurdi ◽

Ghadir Fakhri Al-Jayyousi ◽

Manar Yaseen ◽

Aatefeh Ali ◽

Neama Mosleh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Smoking Prevention ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming more popular worldwide, especially among youth. Studies report that university students have inadequate knowledge as well as misconceptions about the health risks of e-cigarettes, which may lead to their use even in populations where smoking prevalence is relatively low. At this age, the influence of peers is also significant. Understanding attitudes of university students toward the use of e-cigarettes is important for effective tobacco prevention interventions. In this study, we assess the prevalence of e-cigarette use among students in Qatar's largest national university, as well as their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of harm in relation to e-cigarettes.Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study among Qatar University students using a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive univariate analyses were conducted as well as bivariate analyses to check the association of e-cigarette use with variables of interest. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess determinants of e-cigarette use among students.Results: One hundred ninety-nine students completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of e-cigarette use among students was 14%, with no significant difference by gender (16.2% in males and 12.8% in females). In bivariate analyses, significantly fewer e-cigarette users believed that e-cigarettes cause disease compared to non-users. 67.9% of e-cigarette users compared to 37.6% of non-users believed that e-cigarettes were less harmful than traditional cigarettes, and 78.6% of users compared to 40.4% of non-users believed that their use could be helpful in preventing smoking traditional cigarettes. Bivariate associations between e-cigarette use and knowledge items were significant (p < 0.05) as well as having a smoker among siblings or friends. In the multivariate analysis, only having a friend who was a smoker remained significant after controlling for other variables (OR = 7.3, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Our study found that university students have knowledge gaps and misconceptions with regard to the harms associated with e-cigarettes use, especially among users. A comprehensive smoking prevention policy, educational interventions, and quit support are needed to enhance awareness among university students about the health effects associated with e-cigarettes use. Such interventions should also take into account the influence of peers on smoking practices.

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Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Kejadian Preeklampsia di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang

Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas ◽

10.25077/jka.v5i1.464 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cintya Andriani ◽

Nur Indrawati Lipoeto ◽

Bobby Indra Utama

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Body Mass ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Average Value

AbstrakPreeklampsia merupakan penyebab utama kematian maternal selain perdarahan dan infeksi. Penyebab pasti terjadinya preeklampsia belum diketahui, namun terdapat faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian preeklampsia. Di RSUP Dr. M Djamil Padang terjadi peningkatan kasus preeklampsia setiap tahunnya dari tahun 2008-2012. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan antara Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) dan kejadian preeklampsia di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Penelitian dilakukan di bagian Rekam Medis dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional study komparatif terhadap 46 pasien preeklampsia dan 46 ibu hamil yang tidak preeklampsia yang bersalin di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang dalam kisaran tahun 2011-2013. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan nilai rerata IMT sebelum hamil pada pasien preeklampsia dengan nilai 24,15 kg/m2 berada pada kategori overweight, sedangkan ibu hamil yang tidak preeklampsia berada pada kategori normal, dengan nilai rerata IMT 22,3 kg/m2. Berdasarkan analisis bivariat menggunakan Mann Whitney tes diperoleh nilai P: 0,014 (P<0,05). Kesimpulan penelitianini adalah terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IMT dengan kejadian preeklampsia di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang.Kata kunci: preeklampsia, faktor risiko, indeks massa tubuh AbstractPreeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal death in addition to bleeding and infection. The exact cause of preeclampsia still unknown, but there are risk factors that affect the preeclampsia’s incident. There was an increase of preeclampsia’s case in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang each year from 2008-2012. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between Body Mass Indeks (BMI) and preeclampsia’s incident in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The research was done at medical records department using cross sectional study comparative’s design toward 46 preeclamptic patients and 46 pregnant women who did not preeclampsia, which gave birth in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang on the range 2011-2013. Results of univariate analysis showed that BMI average value of patients with preeclampsia before pregnant were in overweight category (24,15 kg/m2), whereas pregnant women who did not preeclampsia are in normal category (22,3 kg/m2). Based on bivariate analysis using the Mann Whitney test, p value was obtained 0,014 (P<0,05). The conclusion is there’s significant correlation between BMI with preeclampsia’s incident in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang.Keywords: preeclampsia, risk factors, body mass indeks

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Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, associated risk factors and its relationship with academic performance among graduating female university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e043814

Author(s):

Mesfin Tadese ◽

Andargachew Kassa ◽

Abebaw Abeje Muluneh ◽

Girma Altaye

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Academic Performance ◽

University Students ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Grade Point ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors

ObjectivesThe study aimed to provide an association between dysmenorrhoea and academic performance among university students in Ethiopia. Further, the study attempts to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of dysmenorrhoea.Design and methodInstitution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 April to 28 April 2019. A semistructured and pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression analysis and one-way analysis of variance were performed to model dysmenorrhoea and academic performance, respectively.Setting and participantsEthiopia (2019: n=647 female university students).OutcomesThe primary outcome is dysmenorrhoea, which has been defined as painful menses that prevents normal activity and requires medication. The self-reported cumulative grade point average of students was used as a proxy measure of academic performance, which is the secondary outcome.ResultsThe prevalence of dysmenorrhoea was 317 (51.5%). The educational status of father (adjusted OR (AOR) (95% CI) 2.64 (1.04 to 6.66)), chocolate consumption (AOR (95% CI) 3.39 (95% 1.28 to 8.93)), daily breakfast intake (<5 days/week) (AOR (95% CI) 0.63 (0.42 to 0.95)), irregular menstrual cycle AOR (95% CI) 2.34 (1.55 to 3.54)) and positive family history of dysmenorrhoea AOR (95% CI) 3.29 (2.25 to 4.81)) had statistically significant association with dysmenorrhoea. There was no statistically significant difference in academic performance among students with and without dysmenorrhoea (F (3611)=1.276, p=0.28)).ConclusionsDysmenorrhoea was a common health problem among graduating University students. However, it has no statistically significant impact on academic performance. Reproductive health officers should educate and undermine the negative academic consequences of dysmenorrhoea to reduce the physical and psychological stress that happens to females and their families.

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Prevalence and factors associated to depression among Debrebirhan University students: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-776940/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

(MD

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Considerable Proportion ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Debre Birhan

Abstract Background: Undiagnosed depression among university students has an adverse effect on the wellbeing and academic performance of students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among Debre Birhan university students. Methodology: Institutional based cross-sectional study design is conducted in Debre Birhan University from April to June 2013 E.C. Three hundred sixty nine students participated in this study which was selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by using a self-administered PHQ-9 standard depression questionnaire. First the data was entered into in Epidata 3.1 and then was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Associated factors were identified using binary logistic regression and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as statistically significant factors with the outcome variables. Result: All of the study subjects were between ages 18 and 33 with a mean age of 22.65 9 ± 2.78. The overall prevalence of depression is 17.1%. Among this according to PHQ-9 scores cut scores, 161(43.6 %) scored as normal (0–4), 145(39.3%) scored as mild (5–9), 53(14.4%) scored as moderate (10–14), 4(1.1%) scored as moderately severe (15–19) and 6(1.6%) students scored as sever (> 20). In multivariate analysis being female AOR = 9.28[3.47–24.81], academic year AOR = 0.236[0.059–0.936], smoking 26.3[9.33–74.1] and alcohol use AOR of 2.62[0.95–7.21] are significantly associated with depression. Conclusion and recommendation: This study found a considerable proportion of undergraduate students with depression. Higher institutions need to pay special attention to students especially those who are female, junior students, smokers and alcohol users.

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EFFECT OF DAILY TRIP SYSTEM ON PT. X CONTRACTOR WORKER FATIGUE AT OFFSHORE SITE

Journal Of Vocational Health Studies ◽

10.20473/jvhs.v5.i2.2021.73-79 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Desi Nuraini ◽

Doni Hikmat Ramdhan

Keyword(s):

Design Research ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Construction Workers ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Offshore Platforms ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Daily Trip

Background: PT. X implements a daily trip method that takes ±1,5 hours to arrive at the offshore platforms. Travel time that’s too long can cause fatigue. Purpose: Analyzing the effect of a daily trip system on PT. X contractor worker fatigue at offshore site. Method: This research was conducted at one of PT. X’s offshore Gresik Sites in June 2021 used Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) questionnaire with observational analytics method and cross-sectional study design. Research samples were taken from the population of 153 construction workers PT. X at offshore site. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative approach, data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis, chi-square statistical test with significance value or confidence interval was 95% and error interval was 5% (CI = 95% and α = 0.05). Result: PT. X Contractor workers at the offshore site had 85 workers (55.56%) that get fatigue. Statistical analysis test showed there was no significant relationship between a daily trip system with fatigue on PT. X Contractor workers at the offshore site (p-value = 0.140). Factors that affect fatigue on PT. X Contractor workers at the offshore site were age, body mass index, and workload (p-value successive were 0.047, 0.014, and 0.001). Conclusion: A daily trip system has no effect with fatigue on PT. X contractor worker at the offshore site, recommended for the contractor to improve the BMI and manage the workload so that its more evenly distributed.

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Cosmetic surgeries and procedures among youth in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study of undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province

Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139618 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. postgradmedj-2020-139618

Author(s):

Nouf A AlShamlan ◽

Reem S AlOmar ◽

Abdullah Zuhair Al-Sahow ◽

Abeer A AlShamlan ◽

Bayan Mohammed Almir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

University Students ◽

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

Family Income ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Eastern Province ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Undergraduate University Students

Purpose of the studyTo assess the attitudes and acceptance of cosmetic surgeries and procedures among undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, as well as the barriers against having cosmetic surgeries and procedures.Study designA cross-sectional study of undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, during October 2020. The research instrument included the Attitudes towards Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS), sociodemographic data and perceived barriers towards cosmetic surgeries and procedures. A bivariate analysis was performed followed by a linear regression to account for confounders.ResultsA total of 1240 students participated in the study. The mean ACSS for cosmetic surgeries was 3.14 (±1.37 SD), and 3.25 (±1.49 SD) for cosmetic procedures. Older students, students with a history of previous cosmetic surgeries/procedures, and students with engineering specialties had more acceptance scores in both cosmetic surgeries and procedures. On the other hand, men, students belonging to a middle family income and students who perceived themselves to be aware of the risk associated with cosmetic surgeries/procedures had less acceptance scores. The most reported barrier to have cosmetic surgeries and procedures among students was feeling that they do not need it.ConclusionThe findings from the current study could help dermatologists, plastic surgeons and adolescent specialists wishing to recognise the rising interest in cosmetic surgeries and procedures in Arabic youth populations, the possible associated factors, as well as the barriers to have these surgeries and procedures. A further qualitative in-depth study to explore the acceptance is suggested.

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Electronic cigarette awareness and use among students at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia ◽

10.1590/s1806-37562017000000229 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 367-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wemerson José Corrêa de Oliveira ◽

Alexandre Figueiredo Zobiole ◽

Claudia Bonadiman de Lima ◽

Rebeca Melo Zurita ◽

Pedro Eduardo Muniz Flores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Parental Education ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Work Status ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

The Family

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) awareness and experimentation among university students, as well as the characteristics associated with that awareness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2015, in which 489 university students at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (Cuiabá campus), Brazil, were interviewed with the use of a specific questionnaire. We estimated the prevalence of e-cigarette awareness and use, as well as analyzing the major characteristics associated with that awareness and use. Results: The prevalence of e-cigarette awareness was 37%, and the rate of e-cigarette experimentation was 2.7%. Awareness of e-cigarettes was found to be associated with marital status, work status, the level of parental education, and the presence or absence of smokers in the family. Conclusions: A high proportion of university students were aware of e-cigarettes. Although the prevalence of those who had experimented with e-cigarettes was low, there is concern that there could be an increase in the use of these types of device. There is a need for measures targeting university students, in order to build awareness of and prevent e-cigarette use.

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Normal levels of inflammatory markers in treated patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study

JRSM Cardiovascular Disease ◽

10.1258/cvd.2012.012011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mary Seed ◽

D John Betteridge ◽

Jackie Cooper ◽

Muriel Caslake ◽

Paul N Durrington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lipoprotein A ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia ◽

Relationship Of

Objective To assess the relationship of levels of inflammatory risk markers to presence of clinical coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with treated heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Design A cross-sectional study of patients on the Simon Broome Familial Hyperlipidaemia Register. Setting Six hospital outpatient clinics in the UK. Participants A total of 211 men and 199 women with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Main outcome measures Analysis of conventional risk factors and concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipoprotein (a), serum intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), interIeukin-6 (IL-6) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) mass. Results CAD was present in 104 men and in 55 women; the mean ages of onset were 43.1 and 46.5 years, respectively. On univariate analysis there was a positive relationship of CAD with age, male sex, smoking, IL-6 and sICAM, and an inverse relationship with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LpPLA2. On multivariate analysis, age, smoking, low LDL and low LpPLA2 were associated with CAD. When LpPLA2 values were adjusted for apoB and aspirin usage, there was no significant difference between those with and without CAD. Only age and smoking were independently associated with CAD in men, and IL-6 and lipoprotein(a) in women. Conclusions Although on univariate analysis inflammatory marker levels were associated with CAD in these patients, the majority of the associations, including that for hsCRP, disappeared when corrected for smoking and apoB. This may be because atherosclerotic plaques in these statin-treated patients were quiescent or an effect of aspirin usage. In this observational study newer risk markers were not usefully associated with the presence or absence of symptomatic CAD.

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Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri

Jurnal Kebidanan Mutiara Mahakam ◽

10.36998/jkmm.v8i2.108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 112-118

Author(s):

Yulaeka Yulaeka

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Primary Data ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Teenage Girls ◽

Chi Square Test

Anemia is a condition when the levels of hemoglobin and erythrocytes are lower than normal. The normal value of hemoglobin in women is 12 -16 g / dl with erythrocytes from 3.5 to 4.5 jt / mm3. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and Anemia of teenage girl. This research is analytic with cross sectional study design. The samples taken are 66 teenage girls, chosen by quote sampling. The data of this research used primary data obtained through checking up of body mass index and hemoglobin level. The data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis used Chi-square test. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between nutritional status and Anemia (p value 0.001).

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Perbedaan Profil Lipid pada Akseptor Depo Medroksi Progesteron Asetat dengan Implant Levonorgestrel di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Air Tawar Padang Tahun 2014

Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas ◽

10.25077/jka.v4i1.186 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rafika Oktova ◽

Desmiwarti Desmiwarti ◽

Arni Amir

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hormonal Contraceptives ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

AbstrakDepo Medroksiprogesteron Asetat dan Implant Levonorgestrel merupakan kontrasepsi hormonal progestin sintetik yang memiliki efek samping yaitu peningkatan berat badan dan mempengaruhi metabolisme lipid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan profil lipid pada akseptor Depo Medroksiprogesteron Asetat dengan Implant Levonorgestrel. Ini adalah studi observasional dengan desain cross sectional comparative. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium Bagian Biokimia Fakultas Universitas Andalas dari Maret sampai Mei 2014. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari dua kelompok, masing-masing 20 subjek. Pemeriksaan dengan metode enzimatis kolorimetri yaitu GPO-PAP untuk trigliserida, dan CHOD-PAP untuk kolesterol total, HDL dan LDL. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji t dengan nilai p<0.05 dianggap bermakna secara statistik. Rerata kadar LDL pada Depo Medroksiprogesteron Asetat lebih tinggi (95,51 ± 20,47) mg/dl daripada Implant Levonorgestrel (79,35 ± 12,55) mg/dl dengan nilai p<0,05 artinya terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna sedangkan kadar trigliserida, kolesterol total dan HDL tidak bermakna. Kesimpulan penelitian in adalah terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna rerata kadar LDL pada Depo MedroksiprogesteronAsetat dan Implant Levonorgestrel, sedangkan kadar trigliserida, kolesterol total dan HDL tidak bermakna. Secara klinis profil lipid pada kedua kelompok dalam keadaan normal.Kata kunci: profil lipid, depo medroksiprogesteron asetat, implant levonorgestrelAbstractDepo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Levonorgestrel Implants are synthetic progestine hormonal contraceptives that have side effect in body weight and lipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the differences of lipid profile between acceptors Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Levonorgestrel Implants. This was a comparative cross sectional study. The study was done at laboratory of Biochemistry Departement in Medical Faculty of Andalas University from March until May 2014. The subjects were consisted of two groups, each group had 20 subjects. The examination used an enzymatic colorimetric method GPO-PAP for trygliserides and CHOD-PAP for total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Data was analyzed using analysis of t-test with p<0.05 was considered to be significantly different. LDL levels average in Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate was (95,51 ± 20,47) mg/dl and Levonorgestrel Implants was (79,35 ± 12,55) mg/dl with p-value, it means there is a significantly difference, but levels of trygliserides, total cholesterol and HDL means there is no significantly difference. This research concluded that there is a significant difference on average levels of LDL in the Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Levonorgestrel Implants but levels of trygliserides, total cholesterol and HDL there is no significantly difference. The clinically lipid profile in the two groups is in normal range.Keywords: lipid profile, depo medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel implants

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