scholarly journals A SHORT REVIEW ON APSMARA W.S.R. TO EPILIPSY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Amit R Gulhane ◽  
Renu B Rathi ◽  
Ganesh S Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
Web Searching ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Day By Day

Today’s modern era, different types of stress, mental depression, night duties, insomnia, internet working, web searching, playing games on mobile lack of proper diet etc. All this leads prevalence of mental diseases day by day.  Epilepsy is a mental disorder in which the central nervous system characterized by periodic loss of consciousness with or without convulsions associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In some cases, it is due to brain damage, but in most cases the cause is unknown. In Ayurveda all psychiatric disorder is described under the heading of mansika vyadhi Apsmara is one of them. “Apsamarm punah: smrutibudhi satwasamplawat bibhasachestam awastitakam tama: praveshamachkaste”- it’s the one-line unique identity of Apsmara. It is the transient appearance of unconsciousness with loath some expression due to derangement of memory, intelligence and mind. The present article is an attempt to highlighting on details of Apsmara with co-relating with Epilepsy.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

scholarly journals A Budding Relationship: Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8899
Author(s):  
Sandor Haas-Neill ◽  
Paul Forsythe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Bacterial Membrane ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has revolutionized our understanding of systemic influences on brain function and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. A parallel revolution has occurred in the field of intercellular communication, with the realization that endosomes, and other extracellular vesicles, rival the endocrine system as regulators of distant tissues. These two paradigms shifting developments come together in recent observations that bacterial membrane vesicles contribute to inter-kingdom signaling and may be an integral component of gut microbe communication with the brain. In this short review we address the current understanding of the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and the roles they play in the survival of microbes and in intra and inter-kingdom communication. We identify recent observations indicating that bacterial membrane vesicles, particularly those derived from probiotic organisms, regulate brain function. We discuss mechanisms by which bacterial membrane vesicles may influence the brain including interaction with the peripheral nervous system, and modulation of immune activity. We also review evidence suggesting that, unlike the parent organism, gut bacteria derived membrane vesicles are able to deliver cargo, including neurotransmitters, directly to the central nervous system and may thus constitute key components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

scholarly journals The Nasal Route as a Potential Pathway for Delivery of Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 970-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar García-Rodríguez ◽  
Iliana Sosa Teste
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Nasal Administration ◽  
Intranasal Delivery ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Intranasal delivery provides a practical, noninvasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in order to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. This method allows drugs that do not cross the BBB to be delivered to the central nervous system in a few minutes. With this technology, it will be possible to eliminate systemic administration and its potential side effects. Using the intranasal delivery system, researchers have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in different animal models of stroke using erythropoietin (EPO) as a neuroprotector or other different types of EPO without erythropoiesis-stimulating activity. These new molecules retain their ability to protect neural tissue against injury and they include Asialoerythropoietin (asialoEPO) carbamylated EPO (CEPO), and rHu-EPO with low sialic acid content (Neuro-EPO). Contrary to the other EPO variants, Neuro-EPO is not chemically modified, making it biologically similar to endogenous EPO, with the advantage of less adverse reactions when this molecule is applied chronically. This constitutes a potential benefit of Neuro-EPO over other variants of EPO for the chronic treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses. Nasal administration of EPO is a potential, novel, neurotherapeutic approach. However, it will be necessary to initiate clinical trials in stroke patients using intranasal delivery in order to obtain the clinical evidence of its neuroprotectant capacity in the treatment of patients with acute stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. This new therapeutic approach could revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in the 21stcentury.

scholarly journals Isoform-specific anti-MeCP2 antibodies confirm that expression of the e1 isoform strongly predominates in the brain

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Kaddoum ◽  
Nicolas Panayotis ◽  
Honoré Mazarguil ◽  
Giuseppina Giglia-Mari ◽  
Jean Christophe Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

Rett syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene.  MeCP2 transcripts are alternatively spliced to generate two protein isoforms (MeCP2_e1 and MeCP2_e2) that differ at their N-termini. Whilst mRNAs for both forms are expressed ubiquitously, the one for MeCP2_e1 is more abundant than for MeCP2_e2 in the central nervous system. In transfected cells, both protein isoforms are nuclear and colocalize with densely methylated heterochromatic foci. With a view to understanding the physiological contribution of each isoform, and their respective roles in the pathogenesis of Rett syndrome, we set out to generate isoform-specific anti-MeCP2 antibodies. To this end, we immunized rabbits against the peptides corresponding to the short amino-terminal portions that are different between the two isoforms. The polyclonal antibodies thus obtained specifically detected their respective isoforms of MeCP2 in Neuro2a (N2A) cells transfected to express either form. Both antisera showed comparable sensitivities when used for Western blot or immunofluorescence, and were highly specific for their respective isoform. When those antibodies were used on mouse tissues, specific signals were easily detected for Mecp2_e1, whilst Mecp2_e2 was very difficult to detect by Western blot, and even more so by immunofluorescence. Our results thus suggest that brain cells express low amounts of the Mecp2-e2 isoform. Our findings are compatible with recent reports showing that MeCP2_e2 is dispensable for healthy brain function, and that it may be involved in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis and embryonic development.

Actinomycosis of the brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Chen-wei
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Excellent Health ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A rare case of actinomycosis of the brain is reported. The patient recovered after surgical excision of the lesion and a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy. At follow-up examination 25 months later, the patient was in excellent health. Different types of actinomycotic infections of the central nervous system are reviewed and the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Otak dan Akal dalam Ayat-Ayat Neurosains

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Fuad Arif Noor
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Neuroscience is simply the science that specifically studies Neurons (nerve cells). These nerve cells make up the nervous system, both the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves (31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of head nerves). Nerve cells themselves are no longer the smallest unit of nerve cells, the smallest unit of nerve cells (neurons) in synapses, which are the meeting points of two nerve cells that move and forward information (neurotransmitters). At the level of molecular biology, the smallest units are like genes (genetic studies). Generally, neuroscientists focus on nerve cells in the brain. In the Qur'an, the mind has a noble position. It was proven that the word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned in large numbers. The word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned 49 times. All of them are in the form of 'muilāri' (a verb that indicates the present and the future), except for the one in the form of 'māḍī (a verb denoting the past). Although the Qur'an does not mention "reason" in its form as "a certain part of humanity" (جوهرا مستقلا فى النفس), which is the source of birth for all rational actions, but the Qur'an refers to "reason" in its meaning as " activities using reason '(عملية التعقل), i.e. calls to use reason as a path to truth (التعقل), think (التفكر), pay attention (النظر), understand and learn (التفقه), take wisdom and lessons from each event (الاعتبار), etc.

scholarly journals II. On the function of the thyroid gland

1885 ◽  
Vol 38 (235-238) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Adult Animal ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

Up till the year 1883 the function of the thyroid gland was unknown, and considered to be of slight importance, at least to the adult animal. The theories concerning its function were— (1.) The one propounded by Mr. Simon, “ Phil. Trans.,” 1844, &c., viz., that the thyroid body acted as a regulator of the circulation in the brain, and possibly manufactured some substance which was of primary importance for the nutrition of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Symmetric and Asymmetric Synapses Driving Neurodegenerative Disorders

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo ◽  
Antía Custodia ◽  
Marta Aramburu-Núñez ◽  
Adrián Posado-Fernández ◽  
Laura Vázquez-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

In 1959, E. G. Gray described two different types of synapses in the brain for the first time: symmetric and asymmetric. Later on, symmetric synapses were associated with inhibitory terminals, and asymmetric synapses to excitatory signaling. The balance between these two systems is critical to maintain a correct brain function. Likewise, the modulation of both types of synapses is also important to maintain a healthy equilibrium. Cerebral circuitry responds differently depending on the type of damage and the timeline of the injury. For example, promoting symmetric signaling following ischemic damage is beneficial only during the acute phase; afterwards, it further increases the initial damage. Synapses can be also altered by players not directly related to them; the chronic and long-term neurodegeneration mediated by tau proteins primarily targets asymmetric synapses by decreasing neuronal plasticity and functionality. Dopamine represents the main modulating system within the central nervous system. Indeed, the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons impairs locomotion, underlying the devastating Parkinson’s disease. Herein, we will review studies on symmetric and asymmetric synapses plasticity after three different stressors: symmetric signaling under acute damage—ischemic stroke; asymmetric signaling under chronic and long-term neurodegeneration—Alzheimer’s disease; symmetric and asymmetric synapses without modulation—Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF BRAIN IMAGES FOR SEGMENTATION AND ABNORMALITY DETECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Abnormality Detection ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

Brain tumour detection is very popular in the area of medical image processing. This is due to the sensitivity of brain functionality and inter structure. Any kind of ignorance towards the problems related with brain may cause serious impact on human life/life style. Therefore, early detection or diagnosis of abnormalities or tumours helps the doctors and patients to rectify the brain related health problems. The images are obtained through scanning techniques which are very common. Images obtained from the scanning needs to be segmented carefully for the future analysis and damage control procedures. In this paper, a detailed review on different types of segmentation techniques proposed by various authors is studied and compared for a clear understanding of existing segmentation techniques. They are tabulated to summarize different methodologies, segmentation techniques, and existing processes for further studies on Brain image segmentation. Finally, a brief understanding towards deep learning techniques is studied in this paper to understand their role in modern era for automated segmentation process

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