RATS TRAPPING AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOCATION IN LIWA BOTANICAL GARDEN, LAMPUNG, INDONESIA

Motivation/Background: Rat is cosmopolitan animal which means they can live in all type of places worldwide, including highlands, lowlands, rice fields, forests, and settlements. A high rat population can have an impact on losses in various fields of human life. The Liwa Botanical Garden is one of the areas developed for tourism so the presence of rats is important to note. Method: This study aims to determine the success rate of rat catching in Liwa Botanical Garden by different type of trapping location, namely bamboo groves, houses, river banks, and gardens. The traps were set every day for 10 days. The observations included the number of individual, the type of rat, sex and size of the trapped mice. All the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Results: The live trapping resulted in 11 individuals of small mammals belongs to three species namely Rattus exultant, Hylomys suillus and Suncus murinus. Among the four trapping location, bamboo groves is the place that catches the most, and the females were trapped more than the males.

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First Detection of Bartonella spp. in Small Mammals from Rice Storage and Processing Facilities in Myanmar and Sri Lanka

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 658

Author(s):

Inga Böge ◽

Martin Pfeffer ◽

Nyo M. Htwe ◽

Pyai P. Maw ◽

Siriwardana Rampalage Sarathchandra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Small Mammals ◽

Target Genes ◽

Bartonella Henselae ◽

Rattus Rattus ◽

Suncus Murinus ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

D 12 ◽

Zoonotic Bacteria

(1) Background: Bartonella spp. are zoonotic bacteria with small mammals as main reservoirs. Bartonella spp. prevalence in small mammals from Myanmar and Sri Lanka are yet unknown. (2) Methods: Small mammals were snap trapped in Sri Lanka and Myanmar in urban surroundings. Spleens-derived DNA was screened for Bartonella spp. using conventional PCR based on three target genes. Positive samples were sequenced. (3) Results: 994 small mammals were collected comprising 6 species: Bandicota bengalensis, Bandicota indica, Rattus exulans, Rattus rattus, Mus booduga, and Suncus murinus. In Myanmar, the Bartonella prevalence in Bandicoot rats (68.47%) was higher than in Rattus rattus (41.67%), Rattus exulans (21.33%), and Suncus murinus (3.64%). Furthermore the prevalence in Myanmar (34%, n = 495) was twice as high as in Sri Lanka (16%, n = 499). In Sri Lanka, Bartonella spp. occurred almost exclusively in R. rattus. In Myanmar, Bartonella kosoyi was mainly detected (56%), followed by Bartonella sp. KM2529 (15%), Bartonella sp. SE-Bart D (12%) and Bartonella henselae (1%). In Sri Lanka, B. phoceensis (60%) and Bartonella sp. KM2581 (33%) were predominant. (4) Conclusions: Bartonella spp. were detected in all investigated small mammal species from Myanmar and Sri Lanka for the first time. Bartonella kosoyi and B. henselae are zoonotic. As these small mammals originated from urban settlements, human bartonellosis seems likely to occur.

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Microhabitat of small mammals at ground and understorey levels in a deciduous, southern Atlantic Forest

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652013000200017 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 727-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

GERUZA L. MELO ◽

BARBARA MIOTTO ◽

BRISA PERES ◽

NILTON C. CACERES

Keyword(s):

Habitat Selection ◽

Small Mammals ◽

Strong Evidence ◽

Animal Species ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Microhabitat Use ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Different Types ◽

Didelphis Albiventris

Each animal species selects specific microhabitats for protection, foraging, or micro-climate. To understand the distribution patterns of small mammals on the ground and in the understorey, we investigated the use of microhabitats by small mammals in a deciduous forest of southern Brazil. Ten trap stations with seven capture points were used to sample the following microhabitats: liana, fallen log, ground litter, terrestrial ferns, simple-trunk tree, forked tree, and Piper sp. shrubs. Seven field phases were conducted, each for eight consecutive days, from September 2006 through January 2008. Four species of rodents (Akodon montensis, Sooretamys angouya, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Mus musculus) and two species of marsupials (Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus microtarsus) were captured. Captured species presented significant differences on their microhabitat use (ANOVA, p = 0.003), particularly between ground and understorey sites. Akodon montensis selected positively terrestrial ferns and trunks, S. angouya selected lianas, D. albiventris selected fallen trunks and Piper sp., and G. microtarsus choose tree trunks and lianas. We demonstrated that the local small-mammal assemblage does select microhabitats, with different types of associations between species and habitats. Besides, there is a strong evidence of habitat selection in order to diminish predation.

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Potential of the biodegradability and characteristics of bio-plastic from microalgae residues

Algologia ◽

10.15407/alg31.01.080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 80-92

Author(s):

Y.C. Wong ◽

◽

D.N. Roma ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

Raw Material ◽

Infrared Analysis ◽

Drying Process ◽

Good Resistance ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Different Types ◽

The University

Petroleum-based plastic has been widely used in many industries. However, it takes hundreds of years to degrade and causes widespread pollution to our environment. These problems led to the invention of bioplastics, which were comprised of natural biopolymers made from starch. The production of bioplastics from food-based starches such as tapioca and corn created competition between food and bioplastic production industries. Hence, this research study focuses on producing bioplastic from microalgae residue, which is a non-food based raw material that uses four different types of plasticizers: glycerol, sorbitol, glutaraldehyde and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Microalgae species for identification were obtained from the fish pond at the University Malaysia of Kelantan, before cultivating the species for 14 days. The microalgae residues were extracted through the centrifugation process. Three species were identified under the light microscope, Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp. and Monoraphidium sp. The production of bioplastic involved a manual stirring method using a hotplate magnetic stirrer, followed by drying the bioplastic in an oven at 60 oC. Results obtained showed that sorbitol and glycerol from microalgae are suitable to be used as a plasticizer for the production of bioplastic, however glutaraldehyde and PEG are not suitable. Bioplastics that used PEG and glutaraldehyde became cracked and brittle after the drying process. The characterization of bioplastics includes universal tensile testing machines, Fourier-transform infrared analysis and biodegradability tests being processed//undertaken on glycerol-based and sorbitol based bioplastic. Characterization of bioplastics proved that both glycerol and sorbitol have high potential for applications in daily human life. Bioplastics which used sorbitol as a plasticizer could be used in can be applied the production of plastic goods such as toys and household items due to its good resistance toward stress and minimal flexibility. Meanwhile bioplastics which used glycerol as a plasticizer could be applied to the production of plastic bags and plastic food wrap due to its elastic and flexible nature.

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An Evaluation of Survival of Space Maintainers: A Six-year Follow-up Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-6-1-74 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 74-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ozlem Tulunoglu ◽

Tezer Ulusu ◽

Yasemin Genç

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Success Rate ◽

Median Survival ◽

Median Survival Time ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Group ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Different Types ◽

Lost To Follow Up

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the median survival time of fixed and removable space maintainers related to age groups, gender, and their distribution in upper and lower dental arches. The adherence of patients to a periodic recall program and the success rate of different types of space maintainers related to different arches were also evaluated. This study included 663 patients aged between 4-15 years old that were treated between the years of 1997 and 2002. The patients were categorized into four main groups: lost to follow-up, failed, successful, and censored at the end of study. Three hundred forty-five space maintainers were considered lost to follow-up, 83 were considered failed, 206 successful, and 20 censored-at-end. The overall median survival time of the appliances was 6.51 months. Median survival time was 7.25 months in the 4-6 age group, 6.35 months in the 7-12 age group, and 7.0 months in the 13+ age groups. Median survival time was 5.76 months in girls and 7.11 months in boys. Median survival time of space maintainers was 7.17 months for maxilla and 6.69 months in the mandible. Median survival time was 5.25 months for space maintainers fabricated in both arches. Citation Tulunoglu Ö, Ulusu T, Genç Y. An Evaluation of Survival of Space Maintainers: A Six-year Follow-up Study J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:074-084.

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Long-Term Trends in Small Mammals on a Right-of-Way in Pennsylvania, U.S.

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.016 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Richard Yahner ◽

Russell Hutnik

Keyword(s):

Small Mammals ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Common Species ◽

The State ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Live Trapping ◽

Long Term Trends

The State Game Lands 33 Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, Pennsylvania, U.S., has been studied since 1953 with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of commonly used mechanical and herbicidal maintenance treatments on vegetation and wildlife on a right-of-way (ROW). Small mammals are important wildlife species on a ROW by consuming tree seeds, thereby reducing invasion of undesirable tree species, and these mammals are important components of a healthy ecosystem. As a follow up to a 2-year study of small mammals conducted 15 years earlier (1989 to 1990) on the State Game Lands 33 ROW, we initiated a 2-year live-trapping study in 2004 on small mammal populations on this ROW. The objectives of our study were to determine relative abundance and species richness (number of species) in six major cover types and in the adjacent forest. One hundred twenty-one individuals of eight species were observed in 2004 and 2005 combined; the most common species was the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). One of the most important cover types to small mammals on the ROW was forb-grass, whereas the forest cover type tended to be less diverse in terms of number of mammal species than in cover types on the ROW.

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Survival probabilities of first and second clutches of blackbird (Turdus merula) in an urban environment

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1002489k ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 489-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kornelia Kurucz ◽

Helena Kallenberger ◽

Csilla Szigeti ◽

J.J. Purger

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Small Mammals ◽

Breeding Success ◽

Survival Probability ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Hedera Helix ◽

Artificial Nests ◽

The Difference ◽

The University ◽

Predation Rates

The breeding success of blackbirds was investigated in April and June 2008 and 2009 in the Botanical Garden of the University of Pecs, with a total of 50 artificial nests at each of the four sessions (with 1 quail egg and 1 plasticine egg placed in every nest). In all four study periods of the two years, 2 nests (4%) were destroyed by predators. Six nests (12%, of the nests) were not discovered in either of the cases. The survival probability of artificial nests was greater in April than in June (both years), but the difference was significant only in 2008. Nests placed into a curtain of ivy (Hedera helix) on a wall were located higher up than those in bushes, yet their predation rates were quite similar. The predation values of quail vs. plasticine eggs did not differ in 2008. In the year 2009, however, significantly more quail eggs were discovered (mostly removed), than plasticine eggs. Marks that were left on plasticine eggs originated mostly from small mammals and small-bodied birds, but the disappearance of a large number of quail and plasticine eggs was probably caused by larger birds, primarily jays.

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICE ASSESSMENT IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED BY USING TOPMODEL

AGROFOR ◽

10.7251/agreng1703027f ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kosuke MUKAE ◽

Koji MIWA ◽

Hiromu OKAZAWA ◽

Tomonori FUJIKAWA

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

River Discharge ◽

Flood Control ◽

Human Life ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Heavy Rain ◽

Agricultural Watershed ◽

Sudden Increase ◽

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ◽

Different Types

In Millennium Ecosystem Assessment established by the United Nations, theecosystem services (ES) provide benefits for human life as well as theenvironment. There is “regulating services” among all the supporting services. As aregulatory service, forests alleviate the flood risk after heavy rain by storingrainfall temporarily into forestlands and prevent the sudden increase in riverdischarge. The purpose of this research is to develop a hydrological modelling toassess this service in a watershed where consists of not only forestland but alsograssland. TOPMODEL is applied for the quantification. This model was inventedto forecast river discharge in watersheds where the land use is uniform. However,the model has not been applied to a watershed where agricultural and forest areaare mixed in Japan. This research aimed to develop TOPMODEL to apply to suchcomplexed land use. Because the targeted watershed is consisted of two land-usetypes, TOPMODEL was applied in each grassland and forestland. It predicted theriver discharge by combining the predicted discharge from the different types ofland calculated by TOPMODEL. The result confirmed that by developing themodel, it was able to assess the water discharge from the both grassland andforestland in a watershed. The developed model also showed the betterreproducibility of river-discharge prediction than the conventional TOPMODEL.In addition, it clarified that the forestland stores more water than grassland into theground. Therefore, the effect of flood control which is the regulatory service of ESwas assessable through the developed model.

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Love

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-l046-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Martha C. Nussbaum

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

Romantic Love ◽

Western Tradition ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Early Experiences ◽

Different Types ◽

Active Interest ◽

Self Knowledge ◽

Different Cultures ◽

Different Levels

Love is usually understood to be a powerful emotion involving an intense attachment to an object and a high evaluation of it. On some understandings, however, love does not involve emotion at all, but only an active interest in the wellbeing of the object. On other accounts, love is essentially a relationship involving mutuality and reciprocity, rather than an emotion. Moreover, there are many varieties of love, including erotic/romantic love, friendly love, and love of humanity. Different cultures also recognize different types of love. Love has, as well, a complicated archaeology: because it has strong links with early experiences of attachment, it can exist in the personality at different levels of depth and articulateness, posing special problems for self-knowledge. It is mistake to try to give too unified an account of such a complex set of phenomena. Love has been understood by many philosophers to be a source of great richness and energy in human life. But even those who praise its contribution have seen it as a potential threat to virtuous living. Philosophers in the Western tradition have therefore been preoccupied with proposing accounts of the reform or ‘ascent’ of love, in order to demonstrate that there are ways of retaining the energy and beauty of this passion while removing its bad consequences.

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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Surgically Altered Gastrointestinal Anatomy: A Retrospective Study

International Surgery ◽

10.9738/intsurg-d-17-00137.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (3-4) ◽

pp. 184-190

Author(s):

Takaaki Fujimoto ◽

Yasuhisa Mori ◽

Yohei Nakashima ◽

Takao Ohtsuka ◽

So Nakamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Success Rate ◽

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽

Air Embolism ◽

Endoscopic Retrograde ◽

Billroth Ii ◽

Double Balloon ◽

Severe Pancreatitis ◽

Billroth Ii Gastrectomy ◽

Background Data ◽

Different Types

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the difficulty of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures when performed in patients with different types of surgically altered gastrointestinal (GI) anatomies. Summary of background data: Clinical data of 102 consecutive patients with surgically altered GI anatomy who underwent ERCP using a double-balloon enteroscope or a regular gastroendoscope between January 2008 and March 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Methods: The success rate of reaching the destination, the time until reaching the destination, the success rate of the procedures, and complications were assessed for each type of altered GI anatomy using a double-balloon enteroscope and a regular gastroendoscope. Results: A total of 180 ERCP procedures were performed. The total success rate of reaching the destination was 91% (164 of 180), and that of treatment was 88% (144 of 164). The success rate of reaching the destination in patients with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ + R-Y) was significantly lower than that of the other types of reconstruction. The time until reaching the destination was significantly longer in patients after R-Y reconstruction (gastrectomy or HJ) than that after Billroth-II gastrectomy or pancreatoduodenectomy. GI perforation occurred in 2 patients after R-Y reconstruction (1 patient after gastrectomy, and 1 patient after HJ). However, no other complications, such as severe pancreatitis, bleeding, or air embolism, were observed. Conclusions: ERCP for patients with surgically altered GI anatomy is feasible. Improvement of the success rate of reaching the destination in patients after HJ + R-Y and prevention of perforation in those with R-Y reconstruction are necessary.

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