scholarly journals PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR ORGANIK SECARA BIOLOGI MENGGUNAKAN REAKTOR ANAEROBIK LEKAT DIAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indriyati Indriyati
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Area And Volume

   Organic waste water can be treated biolocally by using anaerobic fixed bed reactor. Fixed bed reactor is bioreactor which is compleeted with support material inside reactor for bacteria fixation in the surface area of support material. The benefit of using this kind of technology are it needs low energy, low nutrien, low sludge production and could treat high organic concentraion waste water.   The support material  has important role in the  Fixed Bed reactor performance, therefore it must be mentioned in several factors those are : size shape of suport material, ratio of surface area and volume which influences the attach of microorganism, porousity is a waste water volume compare to the total volume and material of support material must inert.   According to the benefit and the principle of Fixed Bed reactor, this kind of technology can be used to treat the organic high concentration to reduce the organic pollutant. Kata kunci : anarobic, Fixed Bed.

scholarly journals Co-digestion of Oil Palm Trunk Hydrolysate and Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Biohydrogen Production in a Fixed Bed Reactor by Immobilized Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum KKU19 on Expanded Clay

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sontaya Khamtib ◽  
Sureewan Sittijunda ◽  
Tsuyoshi Imai ◽  
Alissara Reungsang
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Oil Palm Trunk ◽  
Thermoanaerobacterium Thermosaccharolyticum

The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of expanded clay as a support material for Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum KKU19 to produce hydrogen from oil palm trunk hydrolysate (OPT) and slaughterhouse wastewater (SHW) in a fixed-bed reactor (FBR) under non-sterile conditions. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the performance of the FBR were also investigated. The FBR was operated at an OPT hydrolysate to SHW ratio of 2.55:1 (v:v), 60°C, initial pH 6.5, and 1.2 mg (as total volatile solids/g expanded clay) of T. thermosaccharolyticum KKU19 immobilized on expanded clay. A maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) and hydrogen yield (HY) of 7.15 ± 0.22 L/L day and 234.45 ± 5.14 mL H2/g-COD, respectively, were obtained at an HRT of 6 h. Long-term operation of FBR at 6 h HRT indicated that expanded clay efficiently immobilizes T. thermosaccharolyticum KKU19, for which an HPR of 6.82 ± 0.56 L H2/L day, and an HY of 231.99 ± 19.59 mL H2/g-COD were obtained. Furthermore, the COD removal efficiency of 30% obtained under long-term operation was comparable to that under short-term operation at an HRT of 6 days. Butyric and acetic acids were the main soluble metabolite products, thereby indicating a butyrate–acetate type fermentation. Our findings indicate that expanded clay is an effective support material that contributes to the protection of microbial cells and can be used for long-term operation.

scholarly journals MgO Dispersed on Activated Carbon as Water Tolerant Catalyst for the Conversion of Ethanol into Butanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Cimino ◽  
Jessica Apuzzo ◽  
Luciana Lisi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
High Water ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Water Tolerance ◽  
Butanol Yield

MgO supported on activated carbon (AC) with a load ranging from 10% to 30% has been investigated as catalyst for the conversion of ethanol into butanol at 400 °C in a fixed bed reactor at different GHSV. Catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SEM/EDX, and N2 physisorption at 77 K. The high dispersion of MgO into the pores of the support provides strongly enhanced performance with respect to bulk MgO. MgO/AC catalysts have been also tested under wet feed conditions showing high water tolerance and significantly larger butanol yield with respect to an alumina supported Ru/MgO catalyst. After wet operation, the increased surface area of the catalyst leads to better performance once dry feed conditions are restored.

scholarly journals Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Dupre ◽  
Emily Ryan ◽  
Azat Suleimenov ◽  
Jillian Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Gas Treatment

The volatility of crude oil prices incentivizes the use of domestic alternative fossil fuel sources such as oil shale. For ex situ oil shale retorting to be economically and environmentally viable, we must convert the copious amounts of semi-coke waste to an environmentally benign, useable by-product. Using acid and acid + base treatments, we increased the surface area of the semi-coke samples from 15 m2/g (pyrolyzed semi-coke) to upwards of 150 m2/g for hydrochloric acid washed semi-coke. This enhancement in porosity and surface area is accomplished without high temperature treatment, which lowers the overall energy required for such a conversion. XRD analysis confirms that chemical treatments removed the majority of dolomite while retaining other carbonate minerals and maintaining carbon contents of approximately 10%, which is greater than many fly ashes that are commonly used as sorbent materials. SO2 gas adsorption isotherm analysis determined that a double HCl treatment of semi-coke produces sorbents for flue gas treatment with higher SO2 capacities than commonly used fly ash adsorbents. Computational fluid dynamics modeling indicates that the sorbent material could be used in a fixed bed reactor to efficiently remove SO2 from the gas stream.

Effect of Catalyst Synthesis Parameters on the Performance of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over SBA-15 Supported Cu/ZnO-Based Catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 400 ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Sara F.H. Tasfy ◽  
Noor Asmawati Mohd Zabidi ◽  
Maizatul Shima Shaharun ◽  
Duvvria Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Metal Support Interaction ◽  
Active Metal

Bimetallic Cu-ZnO-based catalyst were systematically prepared via impregnation technique under controlled synthesis conditions of active metal loading, ratio of active metal Cu:Zn and synthesis pH. The effect of the synthesis condition on the performance of the Cu-ZnO supported catalysts with respect to the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol in micro-activity fixed-bed reactor at 250°C, 2.25 MPa, and 75% H2/25%CO2 ratio. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and temperature programmed desorption, reduction, oxidation and pulse chemisorption (TPDRO) and the surface area determination was also performed. The results demonstrate that the catalytic structure, activity, and methanol selectivity was strongly affected by the synthesis parameters. Increasing of synthesis pH from 1 to 7 shows better metal particles distribution, Cu desperation of 29%, higher BET surface area as well as Cu surface area, while further increasing on pH revealed on particles agglomeration and weak metal-support interaction. In addition, increasing of the active metal loading from 5 to 15 % resulted in dramatic increase in the conversion of CO2 and methanol production while further increase caused lower catalytic performance. Moreover, catalyst with total loading of 15%, Cu:Zn ratio of 70:30 synthesized at pH of 7 exhibit higher catalytic activity of 14%, methanol selectivity of 92%, and TOF of 1.24×103 s-1 compared with other catalyst prepared under various conditions

Effect of Cu-Doped ZnO Sorbents for Desulfurization

2017 ◽  
Vol 728 ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Amphon Nitthaisong ◽  
Sumittra Charojrochkul ◽  
Sutin Kuharuangrong
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Monoclinic Phase ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Breakthrough Time ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Doped Zno ◽  
Desulfurization Efficiency

The purpose of this work is to synthesize undoped and Cu-doped ZnO sorbents by citrate-gel method and compare desulfurization efficiency, particularly H2S, at 150°C and 300°C. The undoped ZnO result shows a single phase of hexagonal zincite while the CuO monoclinic phase appeared with ZnO hexagonal phase in Cu-doped compositions (denoted by ZCx where x = mol% of Cu). The microstructure and surface area have been investigated by SEM and BET, respectively. The surface area decreases with the amount of Cu and all of them have a porous structure with small grains. The desulfurization performance of all specimens have been investigated by fixed-bed reactor. The results from breakthrough time indicate ZC20 sorbent has highest sulfur sorption capacity at 300°C. The XRD results show ZnO and CuO in ZC20 can absorb sulfur and completely transform to ZnS, cubic CuS and hexagonal CuS at 300°C.

scholarly journals Cu-Ni Nanocatalysts in Mesoporous MCM-41 and TiO2 to Produce Hydrogen for Fuel Cells via Steam Reforming Reactions

2015 ◽  
Vol 1096 ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Yeboah Abrokwah ◽  
Vishwanath G. Deshmane ◽  
Sri Lanka Owen ◽  
Debasish Kuila
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Steam Reforming Of Methanol ◽  
Mcm 41

We have synthesized mesoporous SiO2(MCM-41) and TiO2encapsulated bimetallic Cu-Ni nanocatalysts using an optimized one-pot hydrothermal procedure. The catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, TGA-DSC and HRTEM techniques. While bimetallic Cu-Ni/MCM-41catalysts have high surface area- 634-1000 m2/g, Cu-Ni/TiO2yields surface area of 250-350 m2/g depending on the metal loading (5-10 wt%). The XRD studies confirmed a long range ordered structure in Cu-Ni/MCM-41 and the presence of the catalytically active anatase phase in the crystalline Cu-Ni/TiO2. The results from HRTEM studies were consistent with the mesoporosity of both supports. These catalysts were tested for methanol conversion and H2/CO selectivity via steam reforming of methanol (SRM) reactions in a fixed bed reactor. There is a distinct difference in the performance of these two supports. Bimetallic 3.33%Cu6.67%Ni/TiO2catalyst showed an impressive 99% H2selectivity at as low as 150°C and a maximum conversion of 92% at 250 °C but 3.33%Cu6.67%Ni/MCM-41 catalyst did not show any H2selectivity at 150°C and only ~12% conversion at 250°C. The effect of each support and relative metal loadings on the activity and selectivity of the SRM reaction products at different temperatures is discussed.

Activity and selectivity of non-uniform bifunctional catalysts. Analysis of the fixed-bed reactor performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2509-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío R. Ardiles
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Catalytic Functions ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This paper reports a study about the effect of activity distributions of a bifunctional catalyst on the conversion and product distribution in a fixed-bed reactor. Uniform as well as increasing and decreasing activity profiles of both catalytic functions are considered. The analysis is performed assuming three different reaction schemes. Results show that reactor performance is greatly affected by the use of catalysts with non-uniform activity distributions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document