scholarly journals Produksi Biogas dari Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit dengan Menggunakan Reaktor Unggun Tetap tanpa Proses Pretreatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 078-084
Author(s):  
Wiharja Wiharja ◽  
Widiatmini Sih Winanti ◽  
Prasetiyadi Prasetiyadi ◽  
Amita Indah Sitomurni
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Alternative Processing ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Thermophilic Conditions ◽  
Potential Resource

ABSTRACT Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) resulted from the palm oil industry is a potential resource for biogas production. In this study, POME was processed by utilizing microbes in an anaerobic condition using a fixed bed reactor. This study aimed at providing alternative processing of POME into biogas at the most optimum biogas yield without any pretreatment, taking advantage of POME conditions generated from the production process at the average temperature of 55 – 60 °C. In the anaerobic process, temperature conditions have a significant effect on bacteria's performance to degrade organic matter. In thermophilic conditions, bacteria deteriorate organic substrates more actively than in mesophilic states. This research proved that using fixed bed reactor technology to treat POME without pretreatment has generated biogas at the yield of 25.43 liters/liter of POME production. Applying this technology also demonstrated that investment and operating costs are cheaper due to having no mixing tank and fewer chemicals applications for the neutralization process. Keywords: biogas, fixed bed reactor, POME, pretreatment, thermophilic   ABSTRAK Proses pengolahan POME dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses fermentasi anaerobik yaitu memanfaatkan kerja bakteri anaerobik untuk memproduksi biogas. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan alternatif pengelolaan limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit yang dapat menghasilkan biogas yang paling optimal tanpa melakukan pretreatment. Proses yang dipilih disesuaikan dengan kondisi panas POME yang keluar proses yaitu sekitar 55 - 60 oC. Kondisi temperatur sangat berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja bakteri pendegradasi bahan organik di dalam limbah cair dalam proses anaerobik. Pada kondisi termofilik bakteri lebih aktif dibandingkan pada kondisi mesofilik. Melalui penelitian ini, dapat diketahui bahwa dengan menggunakan teknologi reaktor fixed bed untuk mengolah POME tanpa adanya pretreatment, biogas tetap dapat diperoleh dengan perolehan rata rata 25,43 liter per liter POME. Dengan menggunakan teknologi ini biaya investasi dan operasi akan lebih murah dikarenakan tidak memerlukan bak pencampur dan penggunaan bahan kimia untuk proses netralisasi. Kata kunci: Biogas, reaktor fixed bed, POME, pretreatment, termofilik

Anaerobic digestion of deproteinated cheese whey

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes De Haast ◽  
Trevor J. Britz ◽  
Johannes C. Novello ◽  
Emilige W. Verwey
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Titration Curves

SUMMARYWhey and deproteinated whey preparations with different carbon: nitrogen (C/N) ratios ranging from 7·5 to 73 were digested anaerobically in a downflow stationary fixed-bed reactor at 35 °C with a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. Effluent and biogas parameters indicated that no decrease in digestion and stability occurred at the highest C/N ratio. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal averaged 88%, while volatile fatty acids were maintained at a low level (< 500 mg l–1). Biogas yield averaged 0·423 m3kg–1COD and the methane content of the biogas varied between 57 and 63%. Ammonia toxicity occurred at a C/N ratio of 7/5 in the substrate feed. Virtually no ammonia N was detected in the effluent when whey substrates with C/N ratios of 50 and 73 were fed. Titration curves showed that buffer intensities in the effluent were not affected by a decrease in ammonia level. A decrease in the biomass content of the effluent which occurred as a result of the increase in C/N ratio of the substrate did not cause any rate limiting effect on biogas production. The removal of protein from the whey caused a reduction in the ratio of COD: total carbon in the whey. On average 59% of the carbon in the substrate was converted to biogas.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil into Biofuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Istadi ◽  
Teguh Riyanto ◽  
Luqman Buchori ◽  
Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽  
Roni Ade Saputra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Reactor Temperature

Plasma-assisted catalytic cracking is an attractive method for producing biofuels from vegetable oil. This paper studied the effect of reactor temperature on the performance of plasma-assisted catalytic cracking of palm oil into biofuels. The cracking process was conducted in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)-type plasma reactor with the presence of spent RFCC catalyst. The reactor temperature was varied at 400, 450, and 500 ºC. The liquid fuel product was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compositions. Result showed that the presenceof plasma and catalytic role can enhance the reactor performance so that the selectivity of the short-chain hydrocarbon produced increases. The selectivity of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range fuels over the plasma-catalytic reactor were 16.43%, 52.74% and 21.25%, respectively, while the selectivity of gasoline, kerosene and diesel range fuels over a conventional fixed bed reactor was 12.07%, 39.07%, and 45.11%, respectively. The increasing reactor temperature led to enhanced catalytic role of cracking reaction,particularly directing the reaction to the shorter hydrocarbon range. The reactor temperature dependence on the liquid product components distribution over the plasma-catalytic reactor was also studied. The aromatic and oxygenated compounds increased with the reactor temperature.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals Supercritical Transesterification of Palm Oil and Hydrated Ethanol in a Fixed Bed Reactor with a CaO/Al2O3 Catalyst

Energies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1062-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruengwit Sawangkeaw ◽  
Pornicha Tejvirat ◽  
Chawalit Ngamcharassrivichai ◽  
Somkiat Ngamprasertsith
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

scholarly journals Kinetic Model of Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking Over Ni/Mo ZrO2–Pillared Bentonite Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasanudin Hasanudin ◽  
Addy Rachmat ◽  
Muhammad Said ◽  
Karna Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Reaction Models ◽  
Oil Gas

Crude Palm Oil hydrocrcaking has been carried out over Ni/Mo ZrO2–pillared bentonite catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. Crude Palm Oil hydrocracking over Ni/Mo ZrO2–pillared bentonite catalyst formed 3 products i.e. gas, oil and coke. The oil product from Crude Palm Oil hydrocracking was analyzed by using gas chromatography to determine its composition. Three types of fraction were classified i.e. gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil. In this research, the focused of the study is of hydrocracking kinetics by using lump kinetic models. The kinetic model was solved by using the software MATLAB R2018b involves the effect of catalyst activity on the reaction rate. The results of the kinetic study show that the 4-lump (Crude Palm Oil, gas coke and oil) and 6-lump reaction models (Crude Palm Oil, gas, coke, gasoline, kerosene and diesel) can be used to explain the Crude Palm Oil hydrocracking over Ni/Mo ZrO2–pillared bentonite catalyst. The 4-lump kinetic model has 5 rate constants and the 6-lump kinetic model has 14 rate constants.

scholarly journals Catalytic Conversion of Palm Oil to Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel over Novel N-Doped Activated Carbon Supported Pt Nanoparticles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jin ◽  
Laura Pastor-Pérez ◽  
Juan J. Villora-Pico ◽  
Mercedes M. Pastor-Blas ◽  
Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Pt Nanoparticles ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Electronic Density ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Conversion Rates

Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), derived from vegetable oil via hydrotreating technology, is a promising alternative transportation fuel to replace nonsustainable petroleum diesel. In this work, a novel Pt-based catalyst supported on N-doped activated carbon prepared from polypyrrole as the nitrogen source (Pt/N-AC) was developed and applied in the palm oil deoxygenation process to produce BHD in a fixed bed reactor system. High conversion rates of triglycerides (conversion of TG > 90%) and high deoxygenation percentage (DeCOx% = 76% and HDO% = 7%) were obtained for the palm oil deoxygenation over Pt/N-AC catalyst at optimised reaction conditions: T = 300 °C, 30 bar of H2, and LHSV = 1.5 h−1. In addition to the excellent performance, the Pt/N-AC catalyst is highly stable in the deoxygenation reaction, as confirmed by the XRD and TEM analyses of the spent sample. The incorporation of N atoms in the carbon structure alters the electronic density of the catalyst, favouring the interaction with electrophilic groups such as carbonyls, and thus boosting the DeCOx route over the HDO pathway. Overall, this work showcases a promising route to produce added value bio-fuels from bio-compounds using advanced N-doped catalysts.

Influence of Temperature on the Formation of Oil from Pyrolyzing Palm Oil Wastes in a Fixed Bed Reactor

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2398-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfen Li ◽  
Rong Yan ◽  
Bo Xiao ◽  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Haiping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Effect of different neutralizing treatments on the efficiency of an anaerobic digester fed with deproteinated cheese whey

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes De Haast ◽  
Trevor J. Britz ◽  
Johannes C. Novello
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Carbon Balances ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARYDeproteinated whey, prepared from sweet whey powder, was digested anaerobically in a downflow fixed-bed reactor at 35 °C. Different pH control treatments were applied over a period of 210 d. Initially NaOH was added at a concentration of 68 mequiv. l-1 substrate. This was successfully replaced by 80 mequiv. Na2CO3l-1 which resulted in a 15·5% increase in biogas production and a 6·7% increase in CH4 production. A decrease in the quantity of Na2C03l-1 added led to signs of instability and a drop in CH4 production. The stepwise addition of urea restored the stability, and a further increase of urea, to a level of about 20 mequiv. l-1, made it possible to replace Na2C03 completely. When all pH control measures were omitted, complete failure resulted within 10 d. Methane yields, under stable conditions, varied between 0·321 and 0·272 m3 kg-1 chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed which corresponds to 92 and 78% of the theoretical yields. Carbon balances indicated that between 60·8 and 68·5% of the carbon fed was converted to biogas. No toxicity was observed at a carbon: nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 7·7. This was in contrast to previous results where toxicity had occurred at the same C/N ratio but at a higher concentration of Na.

scholarly journals Pengolahan Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) menjadi Biogas dengan Sistem Anaerobik Tipe Fixed Bed tanpa Proses Netralisasi

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widiatmini Sih Winanti ◽  
Prasetiyadi Prasetiyadi ◽  
Wiharja Wiharja
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Anaerobic System

ABSTRACTPalm Oil Mill wastewater or POME is currently not fully utilized. POME waste treatment generally uses covered lagoon technology using the anaerobic system, which generally operates well in neutral waste conditions with a pH of 7 and uses mesophilic processes at temperatures around 35oC. So it is necessary to cool down and neutralize before POME is fed to the reactor, by mixing it with POME which has been degraded inside the reactor, where the pH condition has to turn into a base. It is useful to ensure that the POME temperature before being fed into the reactor is near the ambient temperature and the acidity of POME is near neutral (pH = 7). POME treatment using a covered lagoon reactor usually need 30 days residence time. The Fixed Bed anaerobic reactor is capable to treat waste with a low pH waste, so POME which has a pH of 4 does not need to be neutralized before treating using Fixed Bed Reactor. This will simplify the processing process, reduce investment costs and operating costs. The purpose of this research is to process POME waste using an anaerobic type Fixed Bed reactor without neutralization stage. The method processing using Fixed Bed type reactor is divided into two stages of a process that is bacteria inoculation process and POME waste adaptation process. The results of the research can reduce the HRT to 2o days, with optimal POME feeding at 150 liters/day. The percentage of methane gas measured was 66%. The methane gas yield is 0.52 liters/gram of COD or greater than the results of using the covered lagoon, which is 0.35 liters/ gram COD.Key word: Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), anaerobic, Fixed Bed, biogas, neutralizationABSTRAKLimbah cair industri minyak kelapa sawit atau POME saat ini belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Pengolahan limbah POME umumnya menggunakan teknologi covered lagoon dengan sistem anaerobik, dimana umumnya teknologi ini beroperasi baik pada kondisi limbah yang netral dengan pH 7 dan menggunakan proses mesopilik pada suhu sekitar 35oC.  Sehingga diperlukan tahap pendinginan dan tahap netralisasi terlebih dahulu sebelum POME diumpankan ke reaktor, yaitu dengan mencampurkannya dengan POME yang sudah terdegradasi di dalam reaktor, karena sifatnya  sudah berubah menjadi basa. Hal ini berguna untuk memastikan bahwa suhu POME sebelum masuk reaktor sudah mendekati suhu lingkungan dan tingkat keasaman POME sudah mendekati netral (pH =7). Pengolahan POME menggunakan covered lagoon umumnya memerlukan waktu tinggal di dalam reaktor(HRT) sekitar 30 hari. Reaktor anaerobik tipe Fixed Bed mampu mengolah limbah dengan pH rendah, sehingga POME yang mempunyai pH 4, tidak perlu dinetralkan terlebih dahulu. Hal ini akan menyederhanakan proses pengolahan, menurunkan biaya investasi dan biaya operasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengolah limbah POME dengan menggunakan reaktor anaerobik tipe Fixed Bed tanpa tahap proses netralisasi. Metode pengolahan anaerobik dengan menggunakan reaktor tipe Fixed Bed, terbagi menjadi dua tahapan proses yaitu proses inokulasi bakteri dan proses adaptasi limbah POME. Hasil penelitian dapat menurunkan HRT menjadi 20 hari, dengan pengumpanan POME optimal pada 150 liter/hari. Persentase gas metana adalah 66%. Hasil produksi gas metana adalah 0,52 liter/gram COD atau lebih besar dari hasil proses menggunakan covered lagoon, yaitu 0,35 liter/ gram COD.Kata Kunci: Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), anaerobik, Fixed Bed, biogas, netralisasi

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