scholarly journals Redefining Mandatory Vaccination as Necessary to Life and the Refusal of Vaccination as Criminal Negligence Causing Death

INvoke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
SUSA Submissions ◽  
Cody Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Preventable Disease ◽  
Medical Neglect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Criminal Code ◽  
Vaccine Debate ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

This paper argues that childhood vaccination should be considered a necessary of life as defined in Section 215 (1) of the Canadian Criminal Code, and parents who do not vaccinate their children should be considered responsible for death by criminal negligence if their child dies from a preventable disease. It timelines the long history of the vaccine debate from the perspective of both science of skeptics and points to the since-retracted Wakefield paper as the catalyst for the re-emergence of this debate, detailing the science behind why vaccination is safe, effective, and necessary. It then outlines the theory of medical neglect as a form of indirect killing in the same way starvation or lack of shelter is currently considered neglect under the Code, to prove that vaccination is required for all children who can be vaccinated and the dangers of not doing so. It concludes with notes on disease prevention and education to increase the number of vaccinated children, as the goal of defining vaccination as a necessary of life is not meant to punish parents but to encourage higher rates of vaccination and a greater communal knowledge of medical procedures.

scholarly journals Récit de voyage à l’intérieur du Code criminel de 1892 où entre autres mention est faite des peines auxquelles ses transgresseurs s’exposent

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Fernando Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Criminal Code ◽  
Short Explanation ◽  
Research Avenue

This article introduces some preliminary results from an ongoing research project on the history of the Canadian Criminal Code. These results focus mainly on two important aspects of the first version, promulgated in 1892, of this Code : the structure which has ruled over its construction (and which remains overwhelmingly untouched to this day), and the place of emprisonment in the overall framework of the sentencing provisions of the Code. A short explanation of some of the difficulties surrounding the identification and counting of the incriminatory statements in the Code's text precedes the presentation of these results. By way of conclusion, the author identifies one research avenue to which a detailed analysis of the legal texts in the field of penal law seems to point. It refers to the movement of widening and narrowing of the regulation power of the State, particularly in the fields of (de)criminalization and (de)penalization.

Het uur van de vergelding. Vlaamse activisten voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger (23 januari tot 30 juni 1919). Deel 2

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-39
Author(s):  
Jos Monballyu
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Early Return ◽  
Deze Laatste ◽  
Military Tribunal ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Indien men de geschiedenis van de strafrechtelijke repressie van het Vlaamse activisme na de Eerste Wereldoorlog ten gronde wil bestuderen, moet men niet alleen de parlementaire verklaringen, de gerechtelijke statistieken en de kranten omrent die repressie raadplegen, maar vooral de gerechtelijke archieven uitpluizen die deze repressie heeft nagelaten. In dit artikel wordt dit voor de eerste keer gedaan voor de Vlaamse activisten die door de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger werden veroordeeld. Die krijgsraad te velde kreeg tussen 19 november 1918 en 13 mei 1919 het monopolie van de bestraffing van zowel burgeractivisten als militaire activisten en behield dit monopolie tussen 14 mei 1919 en 30 september 1919 voor de militaire activisten. Na deze laatste datum werden de Vlaamse burgeractivisten vervolgd voor de provinciale Assisenhoven en de militaire activisten voor de provinciale krijgsraden.Het krijgsauditoraat van het Groot Hoofdkwartier vervolgde uiteindelijk 689 gewone burgers en 105 militairen voor (Vlaams en Waals) activisme (inbreuk op artikel 104, 115, lid 5 en 118bis van het Belgische strafwetboek). Hiervan moesten er zich uiteindelijk slechts drieëndertig Vlamingen (26 burgers en 7 militairen) verantwoorden voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier. Vier van hen werden vrijgesproken en negenentwintig tot een straf veroordeeld. De hoogste straf was een doodstraf, die in hoger beroep werd omgezet in een buitengewone hechtenis van twintig jaar. De laagste straf bestond uit een gevangenisstraf van twee jaar. Onder de veroordeelde burgers waren er twee die deel hadden uitgemaakt van de tweede Raad van Vlaanderen en twee die de Duitsers hadden benoemd in de door hen opgerichte Vlaamse administratie. Alle andere waren plaatselijke propagandisten van het Vlaamse activisme. De zeven militairen waren allen verdacht van activisme in het bezette België tijdens de zes laatste maanden van de oorlog. Drie van hen waren vanuit het Frontgebied naar het bezette gebied overgelopen en drie andere genoten van een vervroegde terugkeer uit een krijgsgevangenenkamp in Duitsland waar ze zich ook al maanden voor de Vlaamse zaak hadden ingezet.________The day of reckoning. Flemish activists court-martialled at the Main Headquarters of the Army (23 January until 30 June 1919)In order to carry out a thorough study of the history of the criminal repression of Flemish activism after the First World War, you need to consult not only the parliamentary declarations, the legal statistics and the newspapers on the subject, but more in particular research the court records reporting on that repression. This article is the first to study the Flemish activists who were sentenced by the court-martial at the Main Headquarters of the Army. From 19 November 1918 until 13 May 1919 that field court-martial was given the monopoly of prosecuting both civilian and military activists and it retained this monopoly for the prosecution of military activists between 14 May 1919 and 30 September 1919. After the latter date the Flemish civilian activists were prosecuted by the provincial Assize Courts and the military activists by the provincial court-martials.  Eventually the military tribunal of the Main Headquarters prosecuted 689 civilians and 105 military on the basis of (Flemish and Walloon) activism (infringement of article 104, 115 paragraph 5 and 118bis of the Belgian Criminal Code). Finally only 33 Flemish (26 civilians and 7 military) had to account for their actions in front of the court-martial of the Main Headquarters. Four of them were acquitted and twenty-nine were sentenced. The most severe penalty was a death sentence, which was converted on appeal to an exceptional imprisonment of twenty years. The most lenient penalty was two years imprisonment. Two of the convicted civilians had been part of the Second Council of Flanders and two of them had been appointed by the Germans to be part of the Flemish administration they had established. All the others had been local propagandists of Flemish activism. The seven military had all been suspected of activism in occupied Belgium during the last six months of the war. Three of them had deserted from the Frontline to the occupied territory and three others had been granted an early return from a prisoner of war camp in Germany where they also had dedicated themselves for months to the Flemish cause. 

scholarly journals Occupational Sharp Injury and Splash Exposure among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshan Mathew ◽  
Ritin Mohindra ◽  
Ankit Sahu ◽  
Rachana Bhat ◽  
Akshaya Ramaswami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Needle Stick Injury ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Antibody

Abstract Background Occupational hazards like sharp injury and splash exposure (SISE) are frequently encountered in health-care settings. The adoption of standard precautions by healthcare workers (HCWs) has led to significant reduction in the incidence of such injuries, still SISE continues to pose a serious threat to certain groups of HCWs. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study which examined the available records of all patients from January 2015 to August 2019 who self-reported to our emergency department with history of sharp injury and/or splash exposure. Details of the patients, mechanism of injury, the circumstances leading to the injury, status of the source (hepatitis B surface antigen, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C virus antibody status), and the postexposure prophylaxis given were recorded and analyzed. Data were represented in frequency and percentages. Results During the defined period, a total of 834 HCWs reported with SISE, out of which 44.6% were doctors. Majority of the patients have SISE while performing medical procedures on patients (49.5%), while 19.2% were exposed during segregation of waste. The frequency of needle stick injury during cannulation, sampling, and recapping of needle were higher in emergency department than in wards. More than 80% of HCWs received hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin postexposure. Conclusion There is need for periodical briefings on practices of sharp handling as well as re-emphasizing the use of personal protective equipment while performing procedures.

ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE REFUSAL OF THE POPULATION FROM VACCINES

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
Х. Б. Сарсенбай ◽  
А. Н. Турсынханова ◽  
Б. А. Конысов
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

Согласно данным ВОЗ, современные эпидемиологические исследования показали, что рецидивирующие респираторные инфекции у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста сохраняются на высоком уровне 10-50% в течение более 40 лет. Конец вакцинации может спровоцировать массовые инфекционные заболевания. Врачи бьют тревогу, что число отказников от обязательной вакцинации растет. Только в каждой поликлинике Алматы 30-40 родителей в год говорят о готовности к профилактике заболеваний. Среди тех, кто категорически отказывается трогать своих детей иголками, - те, кто идет по пути религии. Они считают, что прививка противоречит убеждениям. В последнее время список недовольных групп пополняют и простые жители, которые скептически относятся к квалификации белых. According to WHO, current epidemiological studies have shown that recurrent respiratory infections in young children and preschool children persist at a high level of 10-50% for more than 40 years. The end of vaccination can provoke mass infectious diseases. Doctors are sounding the alarm that the number of refusers from mandatory vaccination is growing. Only in every polyclinic in Almaty, 30-40 parents a year talk about their readiness for disease prevention. Among those who categorically refuse to touch their children with needles are those who follow the path of religion. They believe that vaccination is contrary to their beliefs. Recently, the list of discontented groups has been supplemented by ordinary residents who are skeptical about the qualifications of whites.

scholarly journals L’alcool au volant, c’est criminel depuis 1921 !

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
Pierre Landreville ◽  
Chantal Lavergne
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Canadian Criminal Code ◽  
The Law

Bill C-51 passed by the Canadian Parliament in 1985 and the publicity surrounding this legislation led many people to believe that a new crime regarding impaired driving had been created. This Bill, however, was to simply increase the penalty for drunk driving in the case of a first conviction. In fact, the penal solution to the “problem” of drunk driving is not new; in 1921 the offence of impaired driving was first introduced into the Code. This article examines the evolution of the prohibition of driving under the influence of alcohol in the Canadian Criminal Code and the enforcement of this law in Canada, in Quebec and in Ontario from 1921 to 1973. The first part presents the evolution of legislation concerning impaired driving. It goes through six important phases and covers the period from 1921 to 1973. The second part presents the statistical data used in our study. We also consider the reliability and validity of the data used. In the last part, we analyze the implementation of the law on infractions relating to drunk driving in a state of drunkeness indictable offence and summary conviction offence driving under the influence of alcohol or a drug (indictable offence and summary conviction offence), and finally, refusal to furnish a sample of breath (summary conviction offence). In conclusion, we present several recommendations based on the results of our analysis.

scholarly journals Persons found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) for sexual offences: characteristics, risk factors, and Review Board decision making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Loney
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Sexual Offences ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Not Criminally Responsible ◽  
Canadian Criminal Code ◽  
Board Decision Making

This thesis examined the characteristics of persons found NCRMD for sexual offences, their offences, and the degree to which empirically supported risk factors predicted Review Board decisions. Reasons documents dated from 2006 to 2015, and examining index sexual offences were collected from LawSource ©. Search terms were derived from the Canadian Criminal Code (1985, c. C-46), and commonly accepted terminology for sexual offending. Findings suggest that persons found NCRMD for sexual offences present with general and sexual offence specific risk factors for recidivism. However, Review Board decisions were only predicted by factors related to clinical functioning and risk management factors. These findings suggest that further research is needed to examine risk assessment, decision making, and forensic mental health outcomes of persons found NCRMD for sexual offences. Implications for treatment of persons found NCRMD and knowledge dissemination to Review Boards are also discussed.

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL NARRATIVE: AT THE INTERSECTION OF HEALTH AND HISTORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Michelle Cooke ◽  
Judy Goforth Parker
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Cultural Narrative ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Chickasaw Nation ◽  
History Of

Abstract Wearable technology has become a daily part of our lives. This technology is used to monitor such things as our heart rates, our sleeping patterns, and the number of steps we take. In fact, tracking steps is one of the most popular uses of wearable technology. But what motivates people to walk? In 2015, the Chickasaw Nation began working on a first-of-its-kind interactive walking application through our department of health, our department of culture and humanities, and our department of communications. The goal of this application was to encourage Chickasaw citizens to increase their walking habits through narrative motivation. As users walk, they unlock stories that are based on the history of the Chickasaw people. AYA is an intervention in health promotion and disease prevention. Our goal is to improve the lives of our citizens, and the app is one method we use for health promotion and disease prevention.

Picketing. Canadian Criminal Code. Rex v. Richards and Woolridge, [1934] 3 D. L. R. 332

1935 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
G. K. Drynan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Canadian Criminal Code

scholarly journals A brief history of the development of infectious disease prevention, control, and biosafety programs in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Liang Huigang ◽  
Xiang Xiaowei ◽  
Huang Cui ◽  
Ma Haixia ◽  
Yuan Zhiming
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Towards understanding vaccine hesitancy and vaccination refusal in Austria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Bauer ◽  
Daniel Tiefengraber ◽  
Ursula Wiedermann
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

SummaryIn Austria, data on vaccine hesitancy is scarce. Available studies suggest around 1-11% of parents refuse vaccination, while many more are hesitant and consider refraining from some but not all of the recommended vaccinations. However, the key drivers for vaccine hesitancy in Austria are largely unknown. To learn more about vaccination coverage, attitude towards and knowledge around immunization as well as views on mandatory vaccination, we conducted a survey in a rural Austrian lay population including adults and children. Two paper-based questionnaires, one for adults 16 years or older and one for children aged 6-15 years, were developed, then sent to all houses of a rural community in Austria as well as handed out at the local primary and middle school, respectively. Self-reported coverage rates of children and adults were found to be low. Within the surveyed population 3% of children had never been or do not get vaccinated. More than half (57%) of the survey participants had a positive attitude towards vaccines, 21% were without reserves, 16% were found skeptical and 5% had a generally negative attitude. Knowledge about immunization in general was poor. Younger adults and people with secondary education appear to be most skeptical and negative towards vaccination. Children’s attitudes were closely linked to those of their parents. The major concern around vaccination in adults was fear of side effects. In adults, 54.2% support mandatory vaccination for Health Care Workers and 20.7% are against it. 39% of adults and 37% of children wanted more information on vaccination, preferably provided by physicians. Knowledge about disease prevention by vaccination should be improved and children could also benefit from an early age-appropriate vaccine education to strengthen health literacy. Physicians are the most trusted source of health information. Medical doctors should be aware of their very important role in transmitting trusted health information. This should include an up-to-date education in communicable disease prevention and immunization during their whole medical career. Furthermore, the curricula of health-care workers may need to be improved and harmonized concerning prevention and vaccination.

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