scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Clinical Aspects of the Course of Combined Pathology (HIV Infection and Tuberculosis) on the Spread of Mycobacteria of Tuberculosis in Foci, as One of the Main Risk Factors for Infection

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
M. A. Asmanova ◽  
◽  
N. V. Lukyanenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocyte ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The article presents an analysis of the state of the immune system of HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis, the rate of recurrence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected people against the background of insufficient preventive therapy against HIV-infection and tuberculosis. Aim: To assess the effect of clinical aspects of the course of combined pathology (HIV infection and tuberculosis) on the spread of isolation of bacteria of tuberculosis mycobacteria as one of the main risk factors for infection in foci. Materials and methods: comparative analysis of isolation of bacteria of tuberculosis mycobacteria among patients with combined pathology (tuberculosis and HIV) was carried out (main group): determination of CD4 lymphocyte cell number and isolation of tuberculosis mycobacteria (n = 100). The number of TB recurrences in the main group (100 patients) and comparison group (TB patients) – 100 patients were studied. Data processing was carried out using the calculation of intensive and extensive indicators, the calculation of the standard error of the average (m). Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. The results testified: the impact of the clinical course in tuberculosis patients with HIV infection characterized by an immunodeficiency condition, the presence of stages of 4B and 4V HIV infection (65,0 (95% RI:55;74)) and the recurrent course of tuberculosis in 25% (95 RI:17,5;34) is 1.4 times higher than in tuberculosis and is one of the main risk factors for infection in foci.

Information technologies for collecting and processing material on clinical course of HIV infection in epidemiological assessment of risks of contact infection in foci of combined pathology. HIV infection and tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
N. V. Lukyanenko ◽  
N. Ya. Lukyanenko ◽  
V. V. Shevchenko ◽  
M. A. Asmanova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Processing Material ◽  
Incidence Increase

Due to the incidence increase of tuberculosis, there is increasing need for epidemiological surveillance of concomitant pathologies among HIV-infected people. The main goal of the authors is to develop information technologies for collecting and processing material on the incidence of HIV infection and tuberculosis in assessing the risks of contamination of contacts in the foci and the effectiveness of epidemiological response. There are descriptive and evaluative epidemiological research methods, the results of clinical studies at the work. There are also presented the features of clinical aspects of concomitant pathology that affect the risk of developing tuberculosis in contact persons. The work presents optimization of use of databases and standard computer programs, which will make it possible to carry out a comprehensive epidemiological assessment of the risks of contamination of contacts in foci of HIV infection and tuberculosis, to determine belonging of the outbreak to groups of high risk of developing tuberculosis in contact, to determine a wider range of contacts and the boundaries of the outbreak.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Social Stressor: Psychological and Psychiatric Risk Factors (Based on Foreign Studies)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Z.V. Lukovtseva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Objective. Systematization of the main factors of psychological and psychiatric risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, identified in foreign studies. Background. The need to clarify ideas about the determination of psychological and psychiatric problems caused by the socially stressful impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is dictated primarily by the demands of practice. The relevance of actions in this direction is determined by the continuing instability of the epidemiological and socio-economic situation, the need for prompt and wide coverage of those in need with programs of psychological and psychiatric care, the fragmentation and inconsistency of existing information about the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of the population. Methodology. A theoretical analysis of literature sources describing foreign studies of psychological and psychiatric risk factors against the background of a pandemic was carried out; using a comparative analytical method, the meaning and degree of knowledge of situational and individual factors are determined. Conclusions. The general features of studies conducted by psychologists and psychiatrists from different countries against the background of the coronavirus threat were revealed (the predominance of the remote format, the reduction in the variety and volume of diagnostic tools, the use of large-scale samples). The main factors of psychological and psychiatric risk affecting the population in the context of the spread of coronavirus are divided into situational and individual. The factors of the first group are differentiated according to their degree of specificity for the COVID-19 pandemic, while in the second group, socio-demographic and medico-psychological factors are distinguished. It is shown that individual psychological characteristics that can determine the nature of a person’s response to a pandemic remain the least studied and clarification of their composition is an urgent scientific and practical task.

scholarly journals HIV Associated Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5306
Author(s):  
Saifudeen Ismael ◽  
Mohammad Moshahid Khan ◽  
Prashant Kumar ◽  
Sunitha Kodidela ◽  
Golnoush Mirzahosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Although retroviral therapy (ART) has changed the HIV infection from a fatal event to a chronic disease, treated HIV patients demonstrate high prevalence of HIV associated comorbidities including cardio/cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of stroke in HIV infected subjects is three times higher than that of uninfected controls. Several clinical and postmortem studies have documented the higher incidence of ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. The etiology of stroke in HIV infected patients remains unknown; however, several factors such as coagulopathies, opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, atherosclerosis and diabetes can contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke. In addition, chronic administration of ART contributes to the increased risk of stroke in HIV infected patients. Concurrently, experimental studies in murine model of ischemic stroke demonstrated that HIV infection worsens stroke outcome, increases blood brain barrier permeability and increases neuroinflammation. Additionally, residual HIV viral proteins, such as Trans-Activator of Transcription, glycoprotein 120 and Negative regulatory factor, contribute to the pathogenesis. This review presents comprehensive information detailing the risk factors contributing to ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. It also outlines experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of HIV infection on stroke outcomes, in addition to possible novel therapeutic approaches to improve these outcomes.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Infection among Clients Attending ICTCs in Six Districts of Tamilnadu, South India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rajeswari Ramachandran ◽  
V. Chandrasekaran ◽  
M. Muniyandi ◽  
K. Jaggarajamma ◽  
Anasua Bagchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
South India ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Objective. To assess the HIV serostatus of clients attending integrated counseling and testing centres (ICTCs) in Tamilnadu, south India (excluding antenatal women and children), and to study its association with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors.Design. In a prospective observational study, we interviewed clients attending 170 ICTCs from six districts of Tamilnadu during 2007 utilizing a standard pretest assessment questionnaire. All the clients were tested for HIV with rapid test kits. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of HIV infection.Results. Of 18329 clients counseled, 17958 (98%) were tested for HIV and 732 (4.1%; range 2.6 to 6.2%) were tested positive for HIV. Median age of clients was 30 years; 89% had never used condoms in their lives and 2% gave history of having received blood transfusion. In multivariate analysis HIV seropositivity was associated with HIV in the family (adjusted odds ratio) (AOR 11.6), history of having sex with sex workers (AOR 2.9), age ≥31 years (AOR 2.8); being married (AOR 2.5), previously tested for HIV (AOR 1.9), illiteracy (AOR 1.7), unemployment (AOR 1.5), and alcoholism (AOR 1.5).Conclusion. HIV seroprevalence being high in ICTC clients (varied from 2.6 to 6.2%), this group should also be included in routine programme monitoring of sero-positivity and risk factors for better understanding of the impact of the National AIDS Control Programme. This would help in evolving appropriate policies and strategies to reduce the spread of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Latent tuberculosis infection status of pregnant women in Uganda determined using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bongomin ◽  
Phillip Ssekamatte ◽  
Gloria Nattabi ◽  
Ronald Olum ◽  
Sandra Ninsiima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Cell Responses

Abstract Background The risk of progression of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) to active disease increases with pregnancy. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with LTBI among pregnant women in Uganda. Methods We enrolled 261 pregnant women, irrespective of gestation age. Participants who had known or suspected active TB on the basis of clinical evaluation or who had recently received treatment for TB were excluded. LTBI was defined as an interferon- gamma (IFN-γ) concentration ≥0.35 IU/mL (calculated as either TB1 (eliciting CD4 + T-cell responses) or TB2 [eliciting CD8 + T-cell responses] antigen minus nil) using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus (QFT-plus) assay. Results LTBI prevalence was 37.9% (n=99) (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 32.3 - 44.0). However, 24 (9.2%) subjects had indeterminate QFT-plus results. Among participants with LTBI, TB1 and TB2 alone were positive in 11 (11.1%) and 18 (18.2%) participants, respectively. In multivariable analysis, HIV-infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.4; 95% CI: 1.1 – 18.0; p=0.04) and age group 30-39 years (aOR: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2 – 12.7; p=0.02) were independently associated with LTBI. Meanwhile, smoking status, alcohol use, nature of residence, crowding index, and TB contact were not associated with LTBI. Conclusion Our findings are in keeping with the evidence that HIV infection and advancing age are important risk factors for LTBI in pregnancy. In our setting, we recommend routine screening for LTBI and TB preventive therapy among eligible pregnant women.

scholarly journals The impact of armed conflict on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of HIV Infection in Libya.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A Daw ◽  
Abdallah HU El-Bouzedi ◽  
Mohamed O Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACT The interrelationships between HIV/AIDS and armed conflict are a complex phenomenon and studies are rarely devoted to this area of research. Libya is the second-largest country in Africa that has been evoked with war since NATO intervention in 2011. The country has also experienced one of the largest HIV outbreaks associated with the Bulgarian Nurses saga. The effect of the armed conflict on the dynamic spread of HIV is not well known. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of armed conflict on the epidemiological situation of HIV infection in Libya and analyze the transmission dynamics of HIV strains during the conflict. We investigated the movement of HIV-infected people during the Libyan armed conflict and analyzed the HIV subtypes reported from 2011 to 2020 and followed up the infected cases all over the country. The patterns of HIV spread within the Libyan regions were traced and risk factors were determined during the conflict period. A total of 4539 HIV/AIDS patients were studied from the four regions during the Libyan conflict. Our data analysis indicated that Benghazi the biggest city in the Eastern region was the significant exporter of the virus to the rest of the country. Viral dissemination changes were observed within the country particularly after 2015. A major virus- flow from the Eastern region during the armed conflict associated with internally displaced people. This resulted in a dissemination of new HIV strains and accumulations of HIV cases in Western and Meddle regions. Although, there were no significant changes in the national prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Our data highlights the factors that complicated the spread and dissemination of HIV during the armed conflict which provides a better understanding of the interaction between them. This could be used to plan for effective preventive measures in tackling the spread of HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings.

scholarly journals Ophthalmopathology in HIV patients with a lethal outcome

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
V. A. Chereshnev ◽  
T. V. Gavrilova ◽  
M. V. Chereshneva ◽  
A. P. Sergienko ◽  
N. N. Vorob’eva
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Lethal Outcome ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
Medical Histories

Aim. The analysis of ophthalmopathology in HIV patients with a lethal outcome. Materials and methods. 371 HIV patients with lethal outcome were treated in Perm Regional Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital within 13 years; 143 (38,5%) were examined by an ophthalmologist; ophthalmopathology was identified in 44,1% of individuals. The medical histories of these patients have been analyzed retrospectively, the remaining patients are excluded from the studies due to no changes of the organ of vision. Examination of patients included conventional eye care methods, immunological (determination of CD4+ cells), molecular-genetic (determination of viral load), serological (detection of antibodies against the infectious agents), common clinical methods and consultations by allied specialists. Statistical analysis of data was performed with the program «Microsoft Excel 2007, 2010». Results. 59,4% were men and 40,6% — women; the mean age was 33,1±6,3 years. The total of cases had the late stages (4A–B, 5th) of HIV infection; the level of CD4+ cells/μl of blood was reduced in 98,1% of patients from 410 to 1. The average duration of the established HIV infection before death ranged from 1 week to 15 years. There were 15,6% of patients with ART. HIV co-infection occurred in all cases, most often with viral hepatitis C (85,9%) and tuberculosis (43,7%). Ophthalmopathology revealed in 124 eyes was vascular in 93,5%, inflammatory — in 4,1%, dystrophic — in 2,4%. The leading cause of death was a generalized course of opportunistic infectious diseases. Conclusion. The entire complex of disorders developed against the background of a low level of indicators of the immune status, as well as the patients’ addiction to drugs and alcohol. Ophthalmopathology was mainly of vascular nature. All HIV-infected people need timely consultation and regular examinations by an ophthalmologist.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic risk factors associated with HIV infection in patients seeking medical advice in a rural hospital of India

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Alvarez-Uria ◽  
Manoranjan Midde ◽  
Praveen K. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

Despite the fact that two thirds of HIV infected people in India are rural residents, risk factors associated with HIV infection in rural areas are not well known. In this study we have collected socio-demographic data of 6406 patients who were tested for HIV infection in a rural hospital of India and we have investigated risk factors associated with HIV. In women the most important risk factor was being a widow and the risk was higher in younger than in older widows. Other variables found to be associated with HIV infection were age between 25 and 45 years in men, low education level (especially those who only completed primary education) and working in a field not related to agriculture in scheduled castes and men from scheduled tribes. The results of this study express the need for HIV screening of widows who live in rural areas of Indian States with high HIV prevalence.

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