scholarly journals Technical vision system for apple defects recognition: justification, development, testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-500
Author(s):  
P. P. Kazakevich ◽  
A. N. Yurin ◽  
G. А. Prokopovich
Keyword(s):  
Vision System ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Technological Scheme ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Technical Vision ◽  
Optical Module ◽  
Processing Line

The most rational method for identifying the quality of fruits is the optical method using PPE, which has the accuracy and stability of measurement, as well as distance and high productivity. The paper presents classification of fruit quality recognition systems and substantiates the design and technological scheme of the vision system for sorting them, consisting of an optical module with installed structural illumination and a video camera, an electronic control unit with an interface and actuators for the sorter and conveyor for fruits. In the course of the study, a single-stream type of fruit flow in PPE with forced rotation was substantiated, a structural and technological scheme of an STZ with a feeding conveyor, an optical module and a control unit, an algorithm for functioning of the STZ software was developed based on algorithm for segmentation of fruit colors, tracking algorithm, etc. deep learning ANN, which provide recognition of the size and color of fruits, as well as damage from mechanical stress, pests and diseases. The developed STZ has been introduced into the processing line for sorting and packing apples, LSP-4 has successfully passed preliminary tests and production tests at OJSC Ostromechevo. In the course of preliminary tests of the LSP-4 line, it was found that it provided fruit recognition with a probability of at least 95%, while the labor productivity made 2.5 t/h.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROBOTIZED STUMP REMOVER EQUIPPED WITH WIDE-SECTION TYRES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-255
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pryadkin ◽  
Ivan Bartenev ◽  
Viktor Posmetev
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Longitudinal Stability ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Technical Vision ◽  
Navigation Equipment

The article analyzes the technical means for uprooting trees. Tools aggregated with wheel and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes are the most popular ones in Russia. Abroad, self-propelled stump removers with high engine power and high performance are used, which are in demand in various industries (forestry, agricultural and oil and gas complexes, road construction), when laying high-voltage power lines and their maintenance, as well as in other areas of the national economy. The analysis of technical means for uprooting trees has shown that the dominant trend is creation of stump removers that ensure safety of the process, its high productivity and decrease in the number of personnel on felling. Self-propelled robotic stump remover equipped with wide-profile low-pressure tires has been developed to implement innovative technologies in the forest complex. Ensuring the technological process is carried out by robot-eradicator in unmanned mode. It is achieved by using a technical vision system, navigation equipment, automated control of technological equipment, transmission and steering. The aim of the study was to evaluate the longitudinal stability of a robotic self-propelled stump remover during vertical transportation of a tree and environmental compatibility of its wheeled mover with soil and vegetation cover. Conducted theoretical studies have found that the proposed layout scheme of a self-propelled stump remover provides longitudinal stability when moving with a tree in an upright position without the use of ballast counterweights behind the rear axle. It was also found that the wheel mover of the stump remover equipped with wide-profile low-pressure tires is environmentally friendly when performing technological operations in the summer-autumn period

scholarly journals ADJUSTMENT OF LARGE SOLAR OVEN FLAT HELIOSTAT HELIOSTATS

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Yu. Sobirov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Computer Memory ◽  
Technical Vision ◽  
Special Software ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alignment Process

This paper presents an improved method for adjusting individual mirrors –facets of heliostats of a Big Solar Furnace (BSF) with a heat output of 1000 kW in Uzbekistan. Due to the fact that a BSF consists of 22,790 pieces of individual mirrors, the adjustment - setting a specific geometric position of these mirrors is very important. The process of adjusting the mirrors is very time consuming and lengthy. Often exactly the adjustments are influenced by subjective factors by the aligners. In order to improve the performance and accuracy of the alignment, the facet of heliostats has applied the Technical Vision System (TVS), as well as improved the process of assessing the state of alignment and the processing of alignment data. The TVS consisting of a video camera, an interface, a personal computer and special software allows you to visually and accurately assess the alignment conditions of the heliostat facets before and after the alignment process. Allows you to save the data in computer memory for further processing and analysis. Allows you to create a database of the alignment status of each of the 62 heliostats of LSF. Special software developed by us allows you to quickly and accurately determine the deviations of the heliostat facets from the calculated geometric points in angular minutes. Based on the data obtained, you can build histograms, graphs, etc. for visual analysis of the heliostat alignment states before and after the alignment process.

scholarly journals Fixed Wing Aircraft Automatic Landing with the Use of a Dedicated Ground Sign System

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Brukarczyk ◽  
Dariusz Nowak ◽  
Piotr Kot ◽  
Tomasz Rogalski ◽  
Paweł Rzucidło
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Glide Path ◽  
Automatic Landing ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Expert System ◽  
Longitudinal Channel

The paper presents automatic control of an aircraft in the longitudinal channel during automatic landing. There are two crucial components of the system presented in the paper: a vision system and an automatic landing system. The vision system processes pictures of dedicated on-ground signs which appear to an on-board video camera to determine a glide path. Image processing algorithms used by the system were implemented into an embedded system and tested under laboratory conditions according to the hardware-in-the-loop method. An output from the vision system was used as one of the input signals to an automatic landing system. The major components are control algorithms based on the fuzzy logic expert system. They were created to imitate pilot actions while landing the aircraft. Both systems were connected with one another for cooperation and to control an aircraft model in a simulation environment. Selected results of tests presenting control efficiency and precision are shown in the final section of the paper.

Critical review towards thermal management systems of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle with its electronic control unit and assessment tools

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702098286
Author(s):  
C Kannan ◽  
R Vignesh ◽  
C Karthick ◽  
B Ashok
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System

Lithium-ion batteries are facing difficulties in an aspect of protection towards battery thermal safety issues which leads to performance degradation or thermal runaway. To negate these issues an effective battery thermal management system is absolute pre-requisite to safeguard the lithium-ion batteries. In this context to support the future endeavours and to improvise battery thermal management system (BTMS) design and its operation the article reveals on three aspects through the analysis of scientific literatures. First, this paper collates the present research progress and status of various battery management strategies employed to lithium-ion batteries. Further, to promote stable and efficient BTMS operation as an initiation the extensive attention is paid towards roles of BTMS electronic control unit and also presented the essential functionality need to consider for designing best BTMS control strategy. Finally, elucidates the various unconventional assessment tools can be employed to recognize the suitable thermal management technique and also for establish optimum BTMS operation based on requirements. From the experience of this article additionally delivers some of the research gaps identified and the essential areas need to focus for the development of superior lithium-ion BTMS technology. All the contents reveal in this article will hopefully assist to the design commercially suitable effective BTMS technology especially for electro-mobility application.

scholarly journals Progress in the Use of Biobutanol Blends in Diesel Engines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3215
Author(s):  
David Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Magín Lapuerta ◽  
Lizzie German
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Road Freight Transportation ◽  
Advanced Production

Nowadays, the transport sector is trying to face climate change and to contribute to a sustainable world by introducing modern after-treatment systems or by using biofuels. In sectors such as road freight transportation, agricultural or cogeneration in which the electrification is not considered feasible with the current infrastructure, renewable options for diesel engines such as alcohols produced from waste or lignocellulosic materials with advanced production techniques show a significant potential to reduce the life-cycle greenhouse emissions with respect to diesel fuel. This study concludes that lignocellulosic biobutanol can achieve 60% lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel fuel. Butanol-diesel blends, with up to 40% butanol content, could be successfully used in a diesel engine calibrated for 100% diesel fuel without any additional engine modification nor electronic control unit recalibration at a warm ambient temperature. When n-butanol is introduced, particulate matter emissions are sharply reduced for butanol contents up to 16% (by volume), whereas NOX emissions are not negatively affected. Butanol-diesel blends could be introduced without startability problems up to 13% (by volume) butanol content at a cold ambient temperature. Therefore, biobutanol can be considered as an interesting option to be blended with diesel fuel, contributing to the decarbonization of these sectors.

scholarly journals Continuous Automotive Software Updates through Container Image Layers

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Nicholas Ayres ◽  
Lipika Deka ◽  
Daniel Paluszczyszyn
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Automotive Software ◽  
Software Updating ◽  
Software Updates ◽  
Functional Software

The vehicle-embedded system also known as the electronic control unit (ECU) has transformed the humble motorcar, making it more efficient, environmentally friendly, and safer, but has led to a system which is highly dependent on software. As new technologies and features are included with each new vehicle model, the increased reliance on software will no doubt continue. It is an undeniable fact that all software contains bugs, errors, and potential vulnerabilities, which when discovered must be addressed in a timely manner, primarily through patching and updates, to preserve vehicle and occupant safety and integrity. However, current automotive software updating practices are ad hoc at best and often follow the same inefficient fix mechanisms associated with a physical component failure of return or recall. Increasing vehicle connectivity heralds the potential for over the air (OtA) software updates, but rigid ECU hardware design does not often facilitate or enable OtA updating. To address the associated issues regarding automotive ECU-based software updates, a new approach in how automotive software is deployed to the ECU is required. This paper presents how lightweight virtualisation technologies known as containers can promote efficient automotive ECU software updates. ECU functional software can be deployed to a container built from an associated image. Container images promote efficiency in download size and times through layer sharing, similar to ECU difference or delta flashing. Through containers, connectivity and OtA future software updates can be completed without inconveniences to the consumer or incurring expense to the manufacturer.

Fault Diagnosis of Automobile ECUs with Data Mining Technologies

2010 ◽  
Vol 40-41 ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Yan Qiang Li ◽  
Zhi Xue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Data Stream ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Cost

With the rapid development of automotive ECUs(Electronic Control Unit), the fault diagnosis becomes increasingly complicated. And the link between fault and symptom becomes less obvious. In order to improve the maintenance quality and efficiency, the paper proposes a fault diagnosis approach based on data mining technologies. By making full use of data stream, we firstly extract fault symptom vectors by processing data stream, and then establish a diagnosis decision tree through the ID3 decision tree algorithm, and finally store the link rules between faults and the related symptoms into historical fault database as a foundation for the fault diagnosis. The database provides the basis of trend judgments for a future fault. To verify this approach, an example of diagnosing faults of entertainment ECU is showed. The test result testifies the reliability and validity of this diagnostic method and reduces the cost of ECU diagnosis.

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF INTER-AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION TO ENSURE FLYING IN FORMATION USING A TECHNICAL VISION SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Д.А. Смирнов ◽  
В.Г. Бондарев ◽  
А.В. Николенко
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Aircraft Structure ◽  
Aircraft Navigation ◽  
Technical Vision

Проведен краткий анализ как отечественных, так и зарубежных систем межсамолетной навигации. В ходе анализа были отражены недостатки систем межсамолетной навигации и представлен актуальный подход повышения точности системы навигации за счет применения системы технического зрения. Для определения местоположения ведущего самолета предлагается рассмотреть в качестве измерительного комплекса систему технического зрения, которая способна решать большой круг задач на различных этапах, в частности, и полет строем. Систему технического зрения предлагается установить на ведомом самолете с целью измерения всех параметров, необходимых для формирования автоматического управления полетом летательного аппарата. Обработка изображений ведущего самолета выполняется с целью определения координат трех идентичных точек на фоточувствительных матрицах. Причем в качестве этих точек выбираются оптически контрастные элементы конструкции летательного аппарата, например окончания крыла, хвостового оперения и т.д. Для упрощения процедуры обработки изображений возможно использование полупроводниковых источников света в инфракрасном диапазоне (например, с длиной волны λ = 1,54 мкм), что позволяет работать даже в сложных метеоусловиях. Такой подход может быть использован при автоматизации полета строем более чем двух летательных аппаратов, при этом необходимо только оборудовать системой технического зрения все ведомые самолеты группы The article provides a brief analysis of both domestic and foreign inter-aircraft navigation systems. In the course of the analysis, we found the shortcomings of inter-aircraft navigation systems and presented an up-to-date approach to improving the accuracy of the navigation system through the use of a technical vision system. To determine the location of the leading aircraft, we proposed to consider a technical vision system as a measuring complex, which is able to solve a large range of tasks at various stages, in particular, flight in formation. We proposed to install the technical vision system on the slave aircraft in order to measure all the parameters necessary for the formation of automatic flight control of the aircraft. We performed an image processing of the leading aircraft to determine the coordinates of three identical points on photosensitive matrices. Moreover, we selected optically contrasting elements of the aircraft structure as these points, for example, the end of the wing, tail, etc. To simplify the image processing procedure, it is possible to use semiconductor light sources in the infrared range (for example, with a wavelength of λ = 1.54 microns), which allows us to work even in difficult weather conditions. This approach can be used when automating a flight in formation of more than two aircraft, while it is only necessary to equip all the guided aircraft of the group with a technical vision system

scholarly journals Electronic control unit development and emissions evaluation for hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781401881407
Author(s):  
Yasin Karagöz ◽  
Majid Mohammad Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Working Condition ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

In this study, it was aimed to operate today’s compression ignition engines easily in dual-fuel mode with a developed electronic control unit. Especially, diesel engines with mechanical fuel system can be easily converted to common-rail fuel system with a developed electronic control unit. Also, with this developed electronic control unit, old technology compression ignition engines can be turned into dual-fuel mode easily. Thus, thanks to the flexibility of engine maps to be loaded into the electronic control unit, diesel engines can conveniently be operated with alternative gas fuels and diesel dual fuel. In particular, hydrogen, an alternative, environmentally friendly, and clean gas fuel, can easily be used with diesel engines by pilot spraying. Software and hardware development of electronic control unit are made, in order to operate a diesel engine with diesel+hydrogen dual fuel. Finally, developed electronic control unit was reviewed on 1500 r/min stable engine speed on different hydrogen energy rates (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% hydrogen) according to thermic efficiency and emissions (CO, total unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, and smoke), and apart from NOx emissions, a significant improvement has been obtained. There was no increased NOx emission on 15% hydrogen working condition; however, on 45% hydrogen working condition, a dramatic increase arose.

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