scholarly journals Morphological Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Brothers Grimm’s the Story of Rapunzel

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Efrika Siboro ◽  
Barli Bram
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Brothers Grimm ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Complex Words

This paper aimed to explore derivational affixes, more specifically the types of derivational affixes and the functions of the derivational affixes in the story of Rapunzel, which was written by the Brothers Grimm. The exploration of the affixes is urgent to conduct because it would assist learners of English in general in enriching their vocabulary items. This study was quantitative descriptive. The researchers collected complex words from the story and analyzed their derivational affixes. Results showed that, first, there existed 33 occurrences of words containing derivational affixes. Four of the 33 words contained three types of prefixes, namely en-, un- and re-, occurring twice, and 29 of the 33 contained suffixes, such as -ful, -ness, -able, -ly, -ing, -ed, -en, -ent, -less, -y, -ous, and -dom. Second, there were four functions of derivational affixes in the story of Rapunzel, namely noun formation, with 10 occurrences (30.4%); adjective formation, with eight occurrences (24.2%); verb formation, with seven occurrences (21.2%); and adverb formation, with eight occurrences (24.2%).Keywords: affix, derivational morphology, prefix

Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in the Mental Lexicon: Symmetries and Asymmetries in Repetition Priming

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schriefers ◽  
A. Friederici ◽  
P. Graetz
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Lexical Organization ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Prime Target

Using a repetition priming paradigm, the interrelations between morphologically related words in the mental lexicon were examined in two experiments. In contrast to most previous studies, in which morphologically complex words occur as primes and stems as targets, derivationally and inflectionally complex forms were fully crossed in prime–target pairs. Experiment 1 showed asymmetries in the pattern of priming effects between different inflectional forms of German adjectives. Such asymmetries are problematic for any theory that assumes that all members of an inflectional paradigm share one entry in the mental lexicon. Experiment 2 contrasted derivational and inflectional variants of the same stems used in Experiment 1. Once again, there were same clear asymmetries in the pattern of priming effects. The implications of these results for models of lexical organization of inflectional and derivational morphology are discussed.

The processing of derivational morphology in Korean–English bilingual readers

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAY YOUNG KIM ◽  
MIN WANG ◽  
IN YEONG KO
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Bilingual Readers ◽  
Cross Language

Three experiments using a priming lexical decision paradigm were conducted to examine whether cross-language activation occurs via decomposition during the processing of derived words in Korean–English bilingual readers. In Experiment 1, when participants were given a real derived word and an interpretable derived pseudoword (i.e., illegal combination of a stem and a suffix) in Korean as a prime, response times for the corresponding English-translated stem were significantly faster than when they had received an unrelated word. In Experiment 2, non-morphological ending pseudowords (i.e., illegal combination of a stem and an orthographic ending) were included, and this did not show a priming effect. In Experiment 3, non-interpretable derived pseudowords also yielded a significant priming effect just as the interpretable ones. These results together suggest that cross-language activation of morphologically complex words occurs independently of lexicality and interpretability.

He'm ¢i¢imat, 'La Chichimeca'

Tlalocan ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salomé Gutiérrez Morales ◽  
Søren Wichmann
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Brothers Grimm ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Village

The paper presents a transcription and Spanish translation of a folktale in Sierra Popoluca, a Mixe- Zoquean language spoken in Southern Veracruz, in the municipio of Soteapan. Published texts in this language are very scarce, so the text may serve as a resource for future studies. The text was dictated to Salomé Gutiérrez Morales, a trained linguist as well as native speaker, by his close relative Jesús Gutiérrez from the village of Amamaloya. It was subsequently checked for details in transcription and translation by both authors in collaboration with another member of the speech community, Nicasio Gutiérrez Juárez. Opting not to present a morphological analysis, the authors have chosen a very literal translation style which should make it simpler, with some help from a grammar such as Elson (1960), to work out an analysis. As is true of much of the lore of the Popolucas, the contents of the tale is predominately of European extraction, in part rather closely resembling the story of "Hansel and Gretel" from the collection of the German brothers Grimm, and similar stories known also from the oral traditions of Spain, among other European countries. It appears to be rather popular in most parts of southern Veracruz, and perhaps beyond, not only among other indigenous groups, such the Popolucas of Texistepec, but also in the general, rural Spanish-speaking population.The story may be summarized as follows. Two children, a boy and a girl, are left out in the country by their father because they are unwanted by their stepmother. They are adopted by an old, blind, wicked woman, the Tzitzimat (or Chichimeca, in Nahuatl-derived Spanish). However, managing to kill the Tzitzimat, the children make their escape. From the cauldron into which they have pushed her spring two dogs. When, later on, the girl h as plans to marry a giant whom they have met during their wanderings, the dogs help out the boy. After an unsuccessful attempt by the dogs to kill the giant, the girl takes revenge on them by hiding a bone in her brother's pillow to kill him. The boy is brought back to life by the dogs. Later follows an episode where the boy saves the life of a princess, killing a snake which had been a threat to her. A Negro, who falsely claims the honor of having saved the life of the princess, is shown to be a liar when the dogs bring the tongue of the serpent to the king as proof that the boy was the true savior of the king's daughter.

ERP Evidence of Morphological Analysis from Orthography: A Masked Priming Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 866-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aureliu Lavric ◽  
Amanda Clapp ◽  
Kathleen Rastle
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Word Perception ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Morphological Relationship ◽  
Broad Consensus

There is broad consensus that the visual word recognition system is sensitive to morphological structure (e.g., “hunter” = “hunt” + “er”). Moreover, it has been assumed that the analysis of morphologically complex words (e.g., “hunter”) occurs only if the meaning of the complex form can be derived from the meanings of its constituents (e.g., “hunt” and “er”). However, recent behavioral work using masked priming has suggested that morphological analysis can occur at an early, orthographic level, with little influence from semantics. The present investigation examined the neurophysiological correlates of masked priming in conditions of a genuine morphological relationship (e.g., “hunter”-“HUNT”), an apparent morphological relationship (“corner”-“CORN”), and no morphological relationship (“brothel”-“BROTH”). Neural priming was indexed by the reduction of the N400 ERP component associated with targets preceded by related primes, as compared to targets preceded by unrelated primes. The mere appearance of morphological structure (“corner”-“CORN”) resulted in robust behavioral and neural priming, whose magnitude was similar to that observed in pairs with genuine morphological relationship and greater than that in the nonmorphological pairs. The results support a purely structural morphemic segmentation procedure operating in the early stages of visual word perception.

scholarly journals Types of Indonesian Reduplication as The Translation Equivalence of English Lexicons

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafi’ie ◽  
I Wayan Pastika ◽  
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini
Keyword(s):  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Contextual Meaning ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This journal entitled Types of IndonesianReduplication as the Translation Equivalence of English Lexiconsinvestigates the types of Indonesian reduplications and how the English lexicons are translated in Indonesian reduplications. The data of the research is drawn from an English narrative textbook “The Magic” (Byrne, 2012) and its translation version in Indonesian “The Magic” (Purwoko, 2012). This study reveals three types of reduplications with their own distinctive forms and varieties on meaning implications, namely: full reduplication, partial reduplication, and imitative reduplication. Full reduplication consists of four sub-categories, namely: reduplication of simple words, reduplication of complex words, reduplication of bases within a complex word, and reduplication without corresponding single bases. The results of the research show that meaning is structured and therefore, it can be analyzed and represented into another language. English inflectional and derivational morphology can correspond productively to Indonesian reduplications. A menu of affixes of both English and Indonesian are the corresponding features of the morphological processes and the meaning components involvedin the translation equivalence analysis. The translation equivalence is then established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence or by contextual relations of the contextual meaning and relatable situational features of grammatical functions of the English lexicons into Indonesian reduplications.

L2 processing of Arabic derivational morphology

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Freynik ◽  
Kira Gor ◽  
Polly O’Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
European Languages ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Native Arabic Speakers ◽  
Complex Words

Abstract The current study examined how non-native speakers process the highly productive derivational morphology of Arabic in which, in contrast to Indo-European languages, word formation involves interleaving a root and template structure. Previous research shows that native speakers of Arabic decompose morphologically complex words in lexical processing. Using cross-modal priming, the current study shows that non-native speakers of Arabic (L1 English) also decompose derived forms such that there is priming between words that share a common root which is not due to semantic or phonological overlap. In spite of the typological distance, native English speakers organize their L2 Arabic lexicons in a manner similar to native Arabic speakers.

scholarly journals METHODS OF BERRY PLANT NOMINATIONS FORMATION IN YAKUT LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Нинель Васильевна Малышева ◽  
Игорь Альбертович Данилов
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
World View ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
The Russian Language

В данной статье проведен этнолингвистический анализ 53 наименований ягодных растений в якутском языке с целью определения их способов образования. Языковой материал был взят из различных лексикографических источников, в том числе ботанических словарей. Эмпирической базой исследования послужили также полевые и экспедиционные наблюдения, диалектные записи и материалы, собранные авторами с 2017 г. в различных районах Республики Саха (Якутия). С целью определения лексического значения корней анализируемых наименований приведены семантические описания лексем из «Большого толкового словаря якутского языка», «Словаря якутского языка» Э. К. Пекарского. Для выявления способов образования фитонимов использованы методы словообразовательного анализа: поиск производящей основы, выделение словообразовательного форманта, установление принципов словообразования. Также применены элементы семантического и морфологического анализа наименований, рассмотрены синтаксические конструкции сложных слов (словосочетаний). Непроизводным лексическим единицам даны этимологические характеристики, в некоторых случаях приведены параллели из других языков. Заимствованные названия ягодных растений проанализированы с точки зрения фонетических изменений, такой же принцип анализа использован относительно диалектных единиц, перешедших в литературную норму. Кроме того, некоторые якутские основы и рефлексы в других родственных языках сравнены в фоноструктурном аспекте. Путем описательного метода даны биологические характеристики растений, также приведены объяснения географическим особенностям мест произрастания исследуемых ягодных растений. Установлено, что основным способом номинации фитонимов, обозначающих наименования ягодных растений в якутском языке, является номинация по признаку, в основе которой лежит ряд мотивационных характеристик. Удалось выяснить, что данный принцип основывается на ассоциативной метафоризации, которая раскрывает отношение якутов к живой природе и отражает особенность мировоззрения народа саха. Наличие заимствований из русского языка объясняется общей территорией проживания якутов и русских. Фитонимы монгольского и тунгусо-маньчжурского происхождения свидетельствует о тесных языковых контактах якутов с монгольскими племенами и тунгусо-маньчжурскими народами, в частности эвенками. In this article, an ethnolinguistic analysis of 53 names of berry plants in the Yakut language was carried out to determine their methods of formation. Language material was taken by their various lexicographic sources, including botanical dictionaries. The empirical basis of the study was also field and expeditionary observations, dialect records and materials collected by the authors since 2017 in various regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). To determine the lexical value of the roots of the analyzed names, semantic descriptions of lexemes are given from the «Great Thick Dictionary of the Yakut Language» and the «Dictionary of the Yakut Language» by E. K. Pekarskiy. Methods of word-formation analysis are used to identify methods of phytonym formation: search of producing base, extraction of word-formation formant, the establishment of word formation principles. Elements of semantic and morphological analysis of nominations are also used, syntax constructions of complex words (phrases) are considered. Non-derivative lexical units are given etymological characteristics, in some cases, parallels from other languages are given. Borrowed names of berry plants are analyzed in terms of phonetic changes, the same principle of analysis is used relative to dialect units that have converted to the literary norm. Besides, some Yakut bases and reflexes in other related languages are compared in the phonostructural aspect. Biological characteristics of plants are given through descriptive method, as well as explanations of geographical peculiarities of places of growth of studied berry plants are given. It has been established that the main method of nomination of phytonyms, which denote names of berry plants in the Yakut language, his nomination based on several motivational characteristics. It was possible to find out that this principle is based on associative metaphorization, which reveals the attitude of Yakuts to wildlife and reflects the characteristics of the world view of the Sakha people. The availability of borrowing from the Russian language is explained by the general territory of residence of Yakuts and Russians. Phytonyms of Mongolian and Tunguso-Manchurian origins indicate close linguistic contacts of Yakuts with Mongolian tribes and Tunguso-Manchurian peoples, particularly Evens.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Morphological Priming Among Inflected and Derived Verbs and Nouns in Greek

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Loui ◽  
Athanassios Protopapas ◽  
Eleni Orfanidou
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Grammatical Class ◽  
Complex Words

The present study examined differences between inflectional and derivational morphology using Greek nouns and verbs with masked priming (with both short and long stimulus onset asynchrony) and long-lag priming. A lexical decision task to inflected noun and verb targets was used to test whether their processing is differentially facilitated by prior presentation of their stem in words of the same grammatical class (inflectional morphology) or of a different grammatical class (derivational morphology). Differences in semantics, syntactic information, and morphological complexity between inflected and derived word pairs (both nouns and verbs) were minimized by unusually tight control of stimuli as permitted by Greek morphology. Results showed that morphological relations affected processing of morphologically complex Greek words (nouns and verbs) across prime durations (50–250ms) as well as when items intervened between primes and targets. In two of the four experiments (Experiments 1 and 3), inflectionally related primes produced significantly greater effects than derivationally related primes suggesting differences in processing inflectional versus derivational morphological relations, which may disappear when processing is less dependent on semantic effects (Experiment 4). Priming effects differed for verb vs. noun targets with long SOA priming (Experiment 3), consistent with processing differences between complex words of different grammatical class (nouns and verbs) when semantic effects are maximized. Taken together, results demonstrate that inflectional and derivational relations differentially affect processing complex words of different grammatical class (nouns and verbs). This finding indicates that distinctions of morphological relation (inflectional vs. derivational) are not of the same kind as distinctions of grammatical class (nouns vs. verbs). Asymmetric differences among inflected and derived verbs and nouns seem to depend on semantic effects and/or processing demands modulating priming effects very early in lexical processing of morphologically complex written words, consistent with models of lexical processing positing early access to morphological structure and early influence of semantics.

Right-branching in English derivational morphology

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS BERG
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Morphological Criterion ◽  
Branching Model ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Derivational Suffix ◽  
Direction Preference

The aim of this article is to establish whether the structure of morphologically complex words in English is flat or hierarchical and, in case of the latter possibility, whether it is left- or right-branching, and whether the branching direction is consistent throughout the lexicon. Six criteria (three phonological, one morphological, one lexical, and one semantic) are introduced as arguments bearing on the internal structure of words. These criteria are applied to the complete set of prefix-stem-derivational suffix sequences in English. The overall evidence clearly weighs in favour of the hierarchical right-branching model. Right-branching is argued to be a concomitant of translating meaning into form. No branching-direction preference emerges on the semantic criterion. Right-branching is relatively weak on the lexical criterion, stronger on the morphological criterion, and strongest on the phonological criteria. Left-branching is observed to play a certain role in words with unproductive prefixes and is understood as a symptom of demorphologization. The branching direction is found to be largely, though not entirely, consistent. The six criteria generate a low percentage of conflicting outcomes, suggesting that branching paradoxes are a rather uncommon phenomenon. The reason for hierarchical right-branching structure in English is claimed to lie in the processing advantage that it incurs. This explanation applies not only to the morphological but also to the syntactic and phonological levels. Processing ease thus leads to crosslevel harmony in the English language.

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