scholarly journals TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 449-454
Author(s):  
SAID AMIN ◽  
Muhammad USMAN ◽  
MUHAMMAD NOOR WAZIR
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Mantoux Test ◽  
Meningeal Enhancement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To evaluate the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis inrapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Study Design: Prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Medical A unitHayat Abad Medical complex Peshawar from 1st September 2010 to 30th August 2011. Methodology: A total of 20 Patients having fever,constitutional symptoms (malaise, vague ill health, headache, vomiting), nuchal rigidity with altered mental and behavior changes weresuspected as TBM and hence included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on direct and indirect evidence of tuberculosisin central nervous system (CNS) of patients. Group1: Patients having direct evidence of mycobacterial infection in CNS as Acid Fast Bacillismear positive in CSF. Group 2: Patients with indirect evidence of TB in CNS in form of typical CSF findings of TBM, positive sputum smear forAcid fast bacilli (AFB) or computed tomographic (CT) Scan brain findings suggestive of TBM or evidence of TB in x-ray chest or family History oftuberculosis and/or history of contact with TB patients or positive Mantoux Test or evidence of TB elsewhere in the body. Results: Out of total 20patients, 3 (15%) belonged to Group 1 having direct evidence of TBM the remaining 17 (85%) patients belonged to Group 2. Female patientswere 60% while 40% patients were male. Mean age was 35.8 years. All patients had fever and headache. Productive cough was present in 40%patients. Thirty five percent had lost weight. Contact with TB patients was revealed in 35% patients. Signs of meningeal irritation were elicited in90% patients. Cranial nerve palsies were seen in 25% patients, 10% had hemiparesis while 35% had impairment of consciousness. X-ray chestwas normal in 65%.Computed tomographic scan was showing meningeal enhancement in 30% patients, hydrocephalus in 15% patients,meningeal enhancement plus hydrocephalus in 55% patients and infarct in 15% patients. Three patients were enrolled in group 1 and all hadPCR positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of 17 patient in group 2, 64% patients had positive CSF PCR. Conclusions: Tuberculousmeningitis is an important serious extrapulmonary complication of TB, related with high mortality and morbidity. The prompt and accuratediagnosis of TBM is a daunting challenge. CSF PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an excellent test for rapid diagnosis of TBM.

scholarly journals Features of infusion chemotherapy with first-line drugs in patients with tuberculous meningitis and HIV

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
D.O. Butov ◽  
M.M. Kuzhko ◽  
M.I. Gumeniuk ◽  
T.S. Butova
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Line ◽  
Infusion Chemotherapy ◽  
Sputum Conversion ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To investigate the effectiveness of first-line intravenous drugs (isoniazid and ethambutol) in patients with tuberculous meningitis and HIV during the intensive phase of chemotherapy. Materials and methods. 54 patients with newly diagnosed infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, and HIV were included in this study. The presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum was observed in all patients. Group 1 consisted of 23 patients receiving ethambutol and isoniazid intravenously, and rifampicin and pyrazinamide were administered orally. Group 2 consisted of 31 patients treated with first-line oral anti-tuberculosis drugs. Serum isoniazid and ethambutol concentrations were determined by chromatographic method. Results. There was a greater improvement in clinical symptoms and radiographic evidence in patients receiving intravenous isoniazid and ethambutol compared with group 2. Positivity of sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed during the second month of treatment in 25.0 % of patients in group 1 and 76.1 % of patients in the control group (p=0.003). In addition, 9 (39.1 %) patients died before 6 months when isoniazid and ethambutol were administered intravenously compared with 22 (70.9 %) in group 2 (p=0.023). Conclusions. In tuberculous meningitis and HIV, intravenous treatment with isoniazid and ethambutol was more effective than oral treatment for 2 months of intensive treatment in the form of faster sputum conversion, clinical improvement, and higher mean concentrations of isoniazid and ethambut blood. In addition, mortality was lower with intravenous isoniazid and ethambutol compared with oral treatment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Patients in Houston, Texas, by Spoligotyping

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Soini ◽  
Xi Pan ◽  
Amol Amin ◽  
Edward A. Graviss ◽  
Anees Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Tuberculosis Epidemiology ◽  
New Information ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (n= 1,429) from 1,283 patients collected as part of an ongoing population-based tuberculosis epidemiology study in Houston, Texas, were analyzed by spoligotyping and IS6110 profiling. The isolates were also assigned to one of three major genetic groups on the basis of nucleotide polymorphisms located at codons 463 and 95 in the genes (katG and gyrA) encoding catalase-peroxidase and the A subunit of DNA gyrase, respectively. A total of 225 spoligotypes were identified in the 1,429 isolates. There were 54 spoligotypes identified among 713 isolates (n= 623 patients) assigned to 73 IS6110 clusters. In addition, among 716 isolates (n = 660 patients) with unique IS6110 profiles, 200 spoligotypes were identified. No changes were observed either in the IS6110 profile or in the spoligotype for the 281 isolates collected sequentially from 133 patients. Five instances in which isolates with slightly different spoligotypes had the same IS6110 profile were identified, suggesting that in rare cases isolates with different spoligotypes can be clonally related. Spoligotypes correlated extremely well with major genetic group designations. Only three very similar spoligotypes were shared by isolates from genetic groups 2 and 3, and none was shared by group 1 and group 2 organisms or by group 1 and group 3 organisms. All organisms belonging to genetic groups 2 and 3 failed to hybridize with spacer probes 33 to 36. Taken together, the results support the existence of three distinct genetic groups of M. tuberculosis organisms and provide new information about the relationship between IS6110 profiles, spoligotypes, and major genetic groups of M. tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Low Dose X-Ray Sources and High Quantum Efficiency Sensors: The Next Challenge in Dental Digital Imaging?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Arnav R. Mistry ◽  
Daniel Uzbelger Feldman ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Eric Ryterski
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Technologies ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective(s). The major challenge encountered to decrease the milliamperes (mA) level in X-ray imaging systems is the quantum noise phenomena. This investigation evaluated dose exposure and image resolution of a low dose X-ray imaging (LDXI) prototype comprising a low mA X-ray source and a novel microlens-based sensor relative to current imaging technologies.Study Design. A LDXI in static (group 1) and dynamic (group 2) modes was compared to medical fluoroscopy (group 3), digital intraoral radiography (group 4), and CBCT scan (group 5) using a dental phantom.Results. The Mann-Whitney test showed no statistical significance(α=0.01)in dose exposure between groups 1 and 3 and 1 and 4 and timing exposure (seconds) between groups 1 and 5 and 2 and 3. Image resolution test showed group 1 > group 4 > group 2 > group 3 > group 5.Conclusions. The LDXI proved the concept for obtaining a high definition image resolution for static and dynamic radiography at lower or similar dose exposure and smaller pixel size, respectively, when compared to current imaging technologies. Lower mA at the X-ray source and high QE at the detector level principles with microlens could be applied to current imaging technologies to considerably reduce dose exposure without compromising image resolution in the near future.

scholarly journals PMMA Intraocular Lenses Changes after Treatment with Nd:Yag Laser: A Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Spectrometry Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6321
Author(s):  
Alessandro Meduri ◽  
Alice Antonella Severo ◽  
Antonio De Maria ◽  
Pietro Perroni ◽  
Giuseppe Acri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wrinkled Surface ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Normal Shape ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Group 1

Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser may cause intraocular lenses (IOLs) damages. Therefore, the effects of Nd:YAG laser on IOLs were evaluated. Twenty-four IOLs (copolymer of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 2-ethoxyethylmethacrylate) were used. For scanning electron microscope (SEM), twelve IOLs were divided into three groups: Group 1, controls; Group 2, IOLs treated with two laser spots (YC-1800 Nidek Nd:YAG laser set at 1.2 mJ); and Group 3, IOLs treated with six laser spots. All IOLs were critical point dried in CO2 and viewed in a Zeiss EVO LS10 SEM. For Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), four IOLs of each group were examined with a Jeol JMC-6000 SEM. With SEM, Group 1 IOLs showed well-preserved size, shape and surface. Group 2 IOLs exhibited normal shape and margins, a peripheral furrow with irregular blebs, straight clefts and holes on the wrinkled surface. Group 3 IOLs were swollen and broken into two or three parts. With SEM and EDX, Group 1 and the undamaged surfaces of Groups 2 and 3 showed evident carbon and oxygen peaks, while, in the damaged areas, both atoms were significantly reduced. Nd:YAG laser induced evident changes in IOLs morphology and organic alterations in their chemistry: great care during posterior capsule opacification treatment is required.

Conservative Neurosurgical Management of Intracranial Epidural Abscesses in Children

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navraj Singh Heran ◽  
Paul Steinbok ◽  
D. Douglas Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Conservative Group ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Sinus Drainage ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract OBJECTIVE Traditional management of epidural abscesses caused by sinusitis in children involves neurosurgical drainage. With better techniques to drain affected sinuses, to identify causative organisms, and to guide medical therapy, some pediatric epidural intracranial abscesses may be treated effectively with sinus drainage and antibiotics, without an intracranial procedure. METHODS Charts and computed tomographic scans of children with isolated intracranial epidural abscess associated with sinusitis who were treated in a pediatric hospital were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Eight patients were treated between 1982 and 2002. All patients received antibiotic therapy appropriate to the causative organism(s). Four patients treated before mid-1997 had an intracranial procedure additionally (operative group, Group 1), and four patients treated thereafter did not (conservative group, Group 2). Abscesses had a mean size of 3 × 3 × 1 cm (length × width × depth) in both groups. All patients experienced clinical and radiographic resolution of the infection with treatment. In Group 1, neurosurgical management consisted of burr hole drainage in two patients and craniotomy in two patients. Extranasal otorhinolaryngological procedures for sinus drainage were performed in two patients. In Group 2, endonasal procedures were used in three patients for paranasal sinus infections to effect drainage and obtain specimens for culture. A radical mastoidectomy was required in the single patient with mastoiditis. Although two of four patients initially demonstrated transient worsening of headaches, all patients subsequently improved rapidly after the first week of treatment. Computed tomographic follow-up revealed minimal or no enlargement of the abscess or mass effect at 1 week, decrease or stable size at 2 weeks, and resolution by 6 weeks. CONCLUSION Sinus-related intracranial epidural abscesses in children may be managed without neurosurgical procedures in the setting of adequate sinus drainage, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and minimal extradural mass effect from the abscess. Symptomatic worsening without significant increase in mass effect during the first week of therapy is not necessarily an indication for an intracranial drainage procedure.

scholarly journals Differential B-Cell Responses Are Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE Antigens Rv1169c, Rv0978c, and Rv1818c

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1334-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeddula Narayana ◽  
Beenu Joshi ◽  
V. M. Katoch ◽  
Kanhu Charan Mishra ◽  
Kithiganahalli N. Balaji
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Infection Group ◽  
Child Patients ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The multigene PE and PPE family represents about 10% of the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we report that three members of the PE family, namely, Rv1169c, Rv0978c, and Rv1818c, elicit a strong, but differential, B-cell humoral response among different clinical categories of tuberculosis patients. The study population (n = 211) was comprised of different clinical groups of both adult and child patients: group 1 (n = 94) patients with pulmonary infection, group 2 (n = 30) patients with relapsed infection, group 3 (n = 31) patients with extrapulmonary infections, and clinically healthy donors (n = 56). Among the PE proteins studied, group 1 adult patient sera reacted to Rv1818c and Rv0978c, while Rv1169c elicited immunoreactivity in group 3 children. However, all three PE antigens studied as well as the 19-kDa antigen did not demonstrate humoral reactivity with sera from group 2 patients with relapsed infection. The current study shows that while responsiveness to all three PE antigens is a good marker for M. tuberculosis infection, a strong response to Rv0978c or to Rv1818c by group 1 adult patients with pulmonary infection or largely restricted reactivity to Rv1169c antigen in child patients with extrapulmonary infections offers the possibility of differential utility in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Structural Transformations and Their Precursors

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
TR Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Kinetics Of

For a number of materials which exhibit a change of structure on being cooled below a certain temperature Tm, some physical properties display anomalous behaviour at temperatures above Tm. The particular structural transformations in mind have been broadly classified as 'martensitic' and the anomalous physical properties as 'precursive phenomena'. Some debate exists regarding the role of the precursive phenomenon in the kinetics of the structural transformation. The most direct evidence for 'martensite precursors' is obtained from electron diffraction, although various indirect evidence is contained in X-ray, neutron and y-ray diffraction and various physical properties, for example, elastic constants and thermal expansion. In this paper current understanding of 'martensite precursors' is reviewed and examples of data from the A15 structure compounds V 3Si and Nb3Sn,. In-TI and TiNi alloys are discussed.

scholarly journals Otsenka vliyaniya priverzhennosti rekomendatsiyampo profilaktike osteoporoza na mineral'nuyuplotnost' kostey predplech'ya i chastotu komorbidnoypatologii v lechenii osteoporoza

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
A. A. Popov ◽  
N. V. Izmozherova ◽  
M. I. Fominykh
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Glucose Metabolism Disorders ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Comorbid Diseases ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Mineral Bone Density ◽  
Group 1

Aim: to assess compliance to osteoporosis (OP) prophylaxis recommendations and its influence on mineral bone density (BMD) and development of comorbid diseases in postmenopause. Methods: prospective cohort study included 404 postmenopausal women aged from 47 to 59 with OP risk factors. BMD was assessed by distant forearm X-ray absorptiometry. Comorbid diseases were registered. Compliance to recommendations was assessed by questionnaire.. Results. Group 1 consisted of 276 non-compliant women. Group 2 (128 persons) changed their lifestyle and consumed recommended amount of daily calcium and vitamin D. Group 1 demonstrated significant increase of coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure and a fraction of persons in whom BMD decreased during 2 years of survey(x2 = 6.986; P = 0.017).. Relative risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure and glucose metabolism disorders significantly decreased in group 2. Comclusion: constant co-operation between doctors and patients is necessary to keep the patient compliant and to obtain clinically relevant results in OP prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Investigating Possible Gastroliths in a Referred Specimen of Bohaiornis guoi (Aves: Enantiornithes)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumin Liu ◽  
Zhiheng Li ◽  
Alida M. Bailleul ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Jingmai O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples

Gastroliths, where preserved, can provide indirect evidence regarding diet in extinct avian and non-avian dinosaurs. Masses of gastroliths consistent with the presence of a gastric mill are preserved in many Early Cretaceous Jehol birds mostly belonging to the Ornithuromorpha. Gastroliths are also present in basal birds Sapeornis and Jeholornis in which herbivory is supported by direct evidence these taxa consumed seeds in the form of crop or stomach contents. Although gastroliths have been correlated with herbivory in non-avian dinosaurs, the presence of gastroliths and bone together in Ambopteryx calls this association in to question. Despite being known from greater numbers of specimens than other avian lineages, no unequivocal direct or indirect evidence of diet has been recovered from Jehol deposits for the Enantiornithes. A referred specimen of Bohaiornis guoi IVPP V17963 was described as preserving a small number of gastroliths interpreted as rangle, gastroliths whose function is cleaning the stomach in extant raptorial birds. However, based on comparison with gastroliths in other Jehol birds, it has alternatively been suggested that the identified structures are not ingested stones at all but some unusual mineral precipitate. Considering the limited evidence regarding diet in Enantiornithes and the importance of accurately identifying the traces in Bohaiornis in order to understand the enantiornithine digestive system, we extracted two samples of these purported gastroliths and explored these traces using computerized laminography scanning, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, ground sections, and body size to gastral mass regressions. Similar analyses were conducted on gastroliths extracted from undisputed gastral masses of two Jehol ornithuromorphs and the non-avian pennaraptoran Caudipteryx. The combined results contradict the hypothesis that these traces are gastroliths and supports the interpretation they are mineral precipitate, most likely authigenic quartz (chalcedony). Although authigenesis is commonly responsible for the preservation of soft tissues, it is unclear if these traces record part of the tissues of this Bohaiornis. This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in understanding unusual traces in the fossil record and reveal a previously unidentified taphonomic phenomenon in fossils from Jehol deposits.

scholarly journals Magnetotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthrosis: thermographic efficacy indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Gerasimenko ◽  
E. P. Glushkova ◽  
D. Yu. Gorbunova ◽  
Yu. Yu. Byalovsky ◽  
S. V. Bulatetskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Impaired Ability ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background. Osteoarthrosis is characterized by wide prevalence, especially among patients of older age groups, a high risk of restrictions on the musculoskeletal system function, which results in the patients impaired ability to work and reduced quality of life. Aim: investigate the possibilities of thermographic assessment of efficiency of magnetotherapy of the articular syndrome in osteoarthrosis of the knee joints. Methods. The study included 57 patients (46 women and 11 men) with osteoarthrosis of the knee joints (mean age 61.27.4 years). The patients were divided into two groups. In the group 1 (n=29), magnetotherapy with the ALMAG-01 apparatus was used, while in the group 2 (n=28), the placebo apparatus was applied. Results. The inclusion of magnetotherapy in the complex therapy of osteoarthrosis of the knee joints, according to thermographic data, increases significantly the efficiency of treatment and differs significantly from the placebo magnetotherapy procedures. In patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee joints of the X-ray stages I and II, a combination of course treatment using a traveling pulsed magnetic field and standard drug therapy revealed a positive dynamics in normalization of the temperature balance of the joints. In patients with osteoarthrosis of the X-ray stage I, the minimum efficiency of magnetotherapy was revealed according to thermography, which indicates low severity of the inflammatory joint syndrome. Conclusion. The method of infrared thermography can be used as a diagnostic technique, as it reflects the degree of activity of the inflammatory process in the joints with osteoarthrosis.

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