scholarly journals EFFECT OF JNK MAPK ON THE REPAIR OF DAMAGED SKELETAL MUSCLE

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
I. A. Shurygina ◽  
M. G. Shurygin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Damage Zone ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mapk Activity

Regeneration of muscles after injuries, as well as the development of methods that stimulate this process, is an important problem in medicine and biology. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of local blocking of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity of the JNK group (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) on the repair of muscle tissue. Materials and methods. The effect of the JNK MAPK SP600125 blocker on the repair of muscle tissue was studied on a model of a skin and muscle wound in Wistar rats. The main group (n = 30) was injected with a drug plate containing SP600125 with a slow release of the active substance, the control group (n = 30) – the plate without the active substance. The number of dividing myosatellites and muscle kidneys in the damage zone was estimated. Results. Experimental studies have shown that when using a drug plate containing a JNK SP600125 blocker with a slow release of the active substance, the number of dividing myosatellites and forming muscle kidneys in the injury zone of the muscle in the main group on the 7th, 14th and 30th days was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control. Conclusion. Local blockade of JNK MAPK in the zone of muscle damage provides the ability to stimulate the repair of damaged skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals (–)-Epicatechin is associated with increased angiogenic and mitochondrial signalling in the hindlimb of rats selectively bred for innate low running capacity

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (11) ◽  
pp. 663-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Hüttemann ◽  
Icksoo Lee ◽  
Guy A. Perkins ◽  
Steven L. Britton ◽  
Lauren G. Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Alternative approaches to reduce congenital muscle dysfunction are needed in cases where the ability to exercise is limited. (−)-Epicatechin is found in cocoa and may stimulate capillarity and mitochondrial proliferation in skeletal muscle. A total of 21 male rats bred for LCR (low running capacity) from generation 28 were randomized into three groups: vehicle for 30 days (control); (−)-epicatechin for 30 days; and (−)-epicatechin for 30 days followed by 15 days without (−)-epicatechin. Groups 2 and 3 received 1.0 mg of (−)-epicatechin/kg of body mass twice daily, whereas water was given to the control group. The plantaris muscle was harvested for protein and morphometric analyses. In addition, in vitro experiments were conducted to examine the role of (−)-epicatechin on mitochondrial respiratory kinetics at different incubation periods. Treatment for 30 days with (−)-epicatechin increased capillarity (P<0.001) and was associated with increases in protein expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A with a concomitant decrease in TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1) and its receptor, which remained after 15 days of (−)-epicatechin cessation. Analyses of the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathway indicated an associated increase in phosphorylation of MKK3/6 (MAPK kinase 3/6) and p38 and increased protein expression of MEF2A (myocyte enhancer factor 2A). In addition, we observed significant increases in protein expression of PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α), PGC-1β, Tfam and cristae abundance. Interestingly, these increases associated with (−)-epicatechin treatment remained after 15 days of cessation. Lastly, in vitro experiments indicated that acute exposure of LCR muscle to (−)-epicatechin incubation was not sufficient to increase mitochondrial respiration. The results suggest that increases in skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial biogenesis are associated with 30 days of (−)-epicatechin treatment and sustained for 15 days following cessation of treatment. Clinically, the use of this natural compound may have potential application in populations that experience muscle fatigue and are unable to perform endurance exercise.

scholarly journals Effect of p38 MAPK on oxidative phosphorylation in regeneration of muscle tissue

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
И.А. Шурыгина ◽  
М.Г. Шурыгин
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Iv ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Oxphos Complex ◽  
Sb 203580 ◽  
Myosatellite Cells

Цель исследования: определить влияние блокады р38 МАРК на систему окислительного фосфорилирования при репарации мышечной ткани. Материалы и методы: Контрольной группе животных (n = 21) наносили рану длиннейшей мышцы спины, в рану вносили лекарственную плёнку без активного вещества, основной группе (n = 21) пленку с блокатором р38 МАР-киназы SB 203580. Выведение из эксперимента осуществляли на 1, 3, 7, 14 и 30 сутки. При гистологическом исследовании подсчитывали количество миосателлитов и количество образующихся «мышечных почек» в поле зрения в зоне травмы. Иммунофлюоресцентным методом изучали активность экспрессии OxPhos Complex IV. Результаты. Установлено, что блокада р38 МАРК каскада при помощи локального введения активного вещества в составе лекарственной пленки позволила «затормозить» деление миосателлитов в ранние сроки репаративного процесса, обусловила позднее начало образования «мышечных» почек в зоне регенерации - на 7 сутки в сравнение с 3 сутками в контрольной группе, а также привела к резкому усилению окислительного фосфорилирования в зоне регенерации мышечной ткани. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on the oxidative phosphorylation system during repair of muscle tissue. Materials and methods. In the control animal group (n = 21), a wound was inflicted on the longest back muscle; then a medicinal film free of active substance was applied to the wound. In the main group (n = 21), the applied film contained a p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor, SB 203580. The animals were euthanized on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30. In the histological study, the number of myosatellite cells per field of view was counted in the trauma zone. The immunofluorescence method was used to study the intensity of OxPhos Complex IV expression. Results. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK cascade by local administration of the active substance formulated into the medicated film allowed «putting the brakes» on division of myosatellite cells during the early reparative process, on day 7 vs. day 3 in the control group, and also resulted in a sharp increase in oxidative phosphorylation in the regeneration zone of muscle tissue.

scholarly journals Fetoplacental complex parameters’ changes during repeated increase of the blood volume in female rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Nataliya G. Pavlova ◽  
Anastasiya A. Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetoplacental Complex ◽  
Preclinical Trials

One of the mandatory stages of introducing new drugs into obstetric practice is preclinical trials, the purpose of which is to study the effect of drugs on the development of fetuses and placentas. When conducting experimental studies, the main group of animals receiving the drug is compared with the control group of animals that do not receive drugs. At the same time, the volume of the test drug itself can significantly change the blood volume (BV) of an experimental animal, especially a small one, and such administration repeated repeatedly over several days can accumulate this effect, having an adverse effect on the functional state of the fetus. A model of chronic placental insufficiency created on the 18th day of pregnancy in female rabbits by ligating 1/3 of the preplacental vessels in one uterine horn was used to study the effect on the development of the brain and placenta of normally developed and retarded fetuses of multiple daily (1928 days of pregnancy) infusions of saline solution to females in a volume of 6% of the animals BV and comparable to the volume of medications used in the treatment of placental insufficiency in clinical practice (main group of rabbits). It was found that repeated daily administration of saline solution to a female rabbit in the second half of pregnancy, which is about 6% of the BV, causes a violation of the functional state of her normally developed and, to an even greater extent, retarded fetuses. This is manifested by a 1.4-fold reduced survival rate of fetuses in the intact horn of the uterus and a more pronounced violation of brain metabolism in fetuses of the intact and experimental horns compared to those of the control group of females.

scholarly journals Effect of Papaya Seed Extract (Carica papaya Linn.) on Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT 4) Expression of Skeletal Muscle Tissue in Diabetic Mice Induced by High Fructose Diet

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Devyani Diah Wulansari ◽  
Achmad Basori ◽  
Suhartati Suhartati
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Fructose Diet ◽  
Glut4 Expression ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Papaya Seed

Ethnobotany surveys show that papaya seeds are widely used as herbs for the management of some diseases such as abdominal discomfort, pain, malaria, diabetes, obesity, and infection. This research was conducted to analyze the effect of papaya seed extract on GLUT4 expression on skeletal muscle tissue of DM type II model induced by high fructose diet. This study used 24 animals, divided into 4 groups of negative control group, treated with papaya seed extract 100 mg / kgBB, 200 mg / kgBW and 300 mg / kgBW, was adapted for 14 days then induced by fructose solution 20% Orally with a dose of 1.86 grams / kgBB for 56 days. The treatment group was given papaya seed extract in accordance with the dose of each group for 14 days. GDP levels was measured using a spectrophotometer. Skeletal muscle tissue is used on the gastrocnemius part. GLUT4 expression was measured through a Immunoreactive Score (IRS) method with immunohistochemical staining using GLUT4 polyclonal antibodies. Comparative test results showed that there were significant differences between groups (p <0.05) in final GDP variables and GLUT4 expression. Pearson correlation test results show that the value p = 0.001, meaning there is a significant relationship between GLUT4 expression with final GDP levels. The result of simple linear regression analysis showed that p = 0,000 (<0,05), meaning that dose of papaya seed extract had a significant influence on GLUT4 expression.

scholarly journals Prolactin level correction in restoration of menstrual cycle in obese women

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
T.F. Tatarchuk ◽  
N.V. Kosei ◽  
S.I. Reheda ◽  
M.I. Hlamazda ◽  
I.M. Shakalo
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Prolactin Level ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Cycle Disorders

Obesity is a common problem among women of reproductive age. There are data from clinical and experimental studies indicating the role of hyperprolactinemia in the development of metabolic syndrome, as well as the metabolic benefits of treating hyperprolactinemia.Research objective: to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Vitex Agnus Castus standardized extract on hormonal and metabolic status in women with menstrual cycle disorders and obesity.Materials and methods. 60 women aged 19 to 35 years with obesity and menstrual cycle disorders with laboratory-confirmed insulin resistance and prolactin near the upper limit of the reference values or was slight increase were examined. All the patients were given recommendations for lifestyle modification. 30 of them, who formed the main group, received Cyclodynon. 30 patients of the control group were not prescribed Cyclodynon therapy.Results. At the end of the treatment, the menstrual cycle was normalized in 93.3% patients of the main group, and in 66.3% patients of the control group (p < 0.05). Ovulation signs were detected in 86.67% women of the main group and only in 30.0% women of the control group (p < 0.05). The mean prolactin value and the HOMA index were significantly lower in the main group; prolactin level did not exceed the physiological values in 86.67% women in the main group after 6 months, and in 40.0% of the control group, p < 0.05. There was a decrease in body mass index and waist/hip circumference ratio in patients of the studied groups; the dynamics was slightly higher in the main group but did not differ significantly. Conclusions. Cyclodynon is effective for the treatment of menstrual cycle disorders and metabolic disorders in women with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Good tolerability, absence of side effects, and sufficient efficacy of Cyclodynon allow it to be recommended as the drug of choice in patients with prolactin levels near the upper limit of the reference values or a slight increase of it and in patients with intolerance to synthetic dopamine agonists.

110 VITRIFICATION DEVICES AFFECT DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IVM OVINE OOCYTES

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Succu ◽  
G. G. Leoni ◽  
F. Berlinguer ◽  
F. Mossa ◽  
M. Galioto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Condition ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parthenogenetic Activation ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Mapk Activity

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of 3 different vitrification devices on the developmental ability and on the maturation-promoting factor (MPF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity of ovine oocytes in vitro-matured. Cumulus-oocytes complex (COCs) were in vitro-matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% FCS, 10 �L/mL of FSH/LH, and 1 �g/mL estradiol at 39�C and 5% CO2 atmosphere. For vitrification, oocytes were incubated in HEPES-buffered TCM-199 containing 20% FCS supplemented with DMSO (7.5%) and ethylene glycol (7.5%). After 3 min, oocytes were loaded into the same medium containing 0.5 m sucrose, 16.5% DMSO, and 16.5% EG, and then immersed into N2 using open pull straw (OPS; Vajta et al. 1998 Mol. Reprod. Dev.), cryoloop (CL; Lane et al. 1999 Nat. Biotechnol.), or cryotop (CT; Kuwayama and Kato 2000 J. Assist. Reprod. Genet.). After warming a part of oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro up to blastocyst stage in standard conditions (Leoni et al. 2005 Anim. Reprod. Sci., in press). The fertilization (23.8%, 31.6%, and 36.8% vs. 61.5%) and blastocyst rates (0, 12.5, and 0% vs. 50.0%) were lower for oocytes vitrified in OPS, CL, and CT, compared with control group. Control and vitrified IVM oocytes were valued for MPF and MAPK activity at 0 and 2 h after warming. In both post-warming experimental groups, the MAPK activity did not differ from control group. Immediately post-warming, MPF activity was lower in the vitrified groups compared with control oocytes (P < 0.01). If 100% is assigned to MPF activity in the control oocytes, those in the OPS, CL, and CT groups were, respectively, 63.3%, 65.5%, and 26.2%. After warming and culture for 2 h in standard condition, the activity of MPF was restored to values similar to control oocytes (87.0 and 76.8%, respectively) in the OPS and CL groups, whereas it was at the similar value in the CT group. To evaluate if the lowered MPF activity could cause parthenogenetic activation, the vitrified-warmed oocytes were cultured in SOF + 2% oestrus sheep serum in 5% O2, 5% CO2; after 27 h of culture, the oocytes were fixed and stained with propidium iodide to evaluate chromatin configuration. Results showed significantly higher parthenogenetic activation rates in the CT group compared with OPS and CL groups (54.5% vs. 22.6 and 27.4%, respectively). Our results indicate that the success of cryopreservation of the ovine oocyte is still very limited. The use of different vitrification devices not only modifies the ability to survive cryopreservation and developmental competence of oocytes but is also associated with important molecular alterations in the warmed oocyte cytoplasm. This work was supported by Cofin 2003.

scholarly journals D-Methionine Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Inhibition of Muscle Degradation Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153473541982883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Te Wu ◽  
Jiuan-Miaw Liao ◽  
Jiunn-Liang Ko ◽  
Yao-Ling Lee ◽  
Hui-Yi Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
C2c12 Myotubes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Feeding Efficiency

Cisplatin induces anorexia, weight loss, loss of adipose tissue, skeletal muscle atrophy, and serious adverse effects that can cause premature termination of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to use an animal model to assess cisplatin therapy (3 cycles) with and without d-methionine to investigate its protective effects on cisplatin-induced anorexia and skeletal muscle wasting. Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: saline as control (group 1), intraperitoneal cisplatin once a week for 3 weeks (group 2), and intraperitoneal cisplatin once a week for 3 weeks plus oral administration of d-methionine (group 3). Tissue somatic index (TSI), gastric emptying index (GEI), and feeding efficiency were measured. Both hepatic lipid metabolism and muscle atrophy-related gene expressions and C2C12 myotubes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to conduct assessment of bone microarchitecture indices. Pathological changes of the gastric mucosa were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining after euthanizing the animals. d-Methionine increased food intake, weight gain, gastric emptying, and feeding efficiency, as well as decrease stomach contents, after cisplatin injections. Cisplatin caused shortening of myofibers. Cisplatin-induced muscle mass wasting was mediated by the elevation of mRNA expressions of MAFbx and MuRF-1 in ubiquitin ligases in muscle tissue homogenate. The mRNA expressions of MyoD and myogenin, markers of muscle differentiation, declined following cisplatin administration. The administration of d-methionine not only led to significant improvements in myofiber diameter and cross-sectional fiber areas but also reversed muscle atrophy-related gene expression. However, there were no significant changes in stomach histology or microarchitecture of trabecular bone among the study groups. The results indicate that d-methionine has an appetite-enhancing effect and ameliorates cisplatin-induced adipose and muscle tissue loss during cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Prediction and prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesive complications in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Sh. A. Yusupov ◽  
U. T. Suvonkulov ◽  
Sh. Sh. Yusupov ◽  
V. U. Sataev
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetylation Phenotype ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Synthetic Function ◽  
Adhesive Intestinal Obstruction

The aim of this work was to study the morphology of adhesion formation under the influence of ozone in the experiment, as well as the development of prediction criteria and methods for correcting increased adhesion in children.Materials and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on 36 rabbits «Shinshilla» with a body weight of 0.7–1.2 kg., of which 12 animals were included in the control group, which did not carry out ozonation of the abdominal cavity. The main group consisted of 24 rabbits, which were divided into two subgroups (12 animals in each subgroup), which ozonized the abdominal cavity with an ozone-oxygen mixture. In order to study the prognostic value of the acetylation phenotype in the formation of intraperitoneal adhesions, 67 children with symptoms of adhesive intestinal obstruction were examined.Results. The results of experimental studies showed that in animals of the control group there was the formation of massive adhesions. The basis of adhesions is connective tissue with a significant number of fibroblasts, blood vessels and collagen fibers. In animals of the main group, sharp inhibition of adhesion formation, a delay in the differentiation of fibroblasts and inhibition of their synthetic function were revealed. Acetylation phenotype was determined in 58 patients with appendicular peritonitis. 30 (51%) children turned out to be slow acetylators, and in 28 (49%) patients the phenotype of fast acetylation was established. The results of the study allowed us to isolate fast acetylators as a risk group for excessive adhesion formation and timely start therapeutic and preventive measures.

scholarly journals Engineering of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Using Myoblast-Seeded Bovine Pericardium for Reconstruction of Abdominal Wall Defect in a Rabbit Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
T. Ayele ◽  
A.B.Z. Zuki ◽  
M.M. Noordin ◽  
B.M.A. Noorjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Wall Defect ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Bovine Pericardium ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abdominal Wall Defects

A novel tissue engineered construct was used to engineer skeletal muscle tissue for reconstruction of abdominal wall defects, which is a common challenge to surgeons, due to insufficient autogenous tissue. Myoblasts were isolated from soleus muscle fibers, seeded onto the scaffold and cultivated in vitro for 5 days. Full-thickness abdominal wall defects (3 x 4 cm) were created in 18 male New Zealand white rabbits and randomly divided into two equal groups (n=9 each). The defects of the first group were repaired with myoblast seeded bovine pericardium (treatment group) whereas the second group involved non-seeded bovine pericardium (control group). Three animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 30 days post-implantation from each group and the explanted specimens were subjected to macroscopic, light, fluorescence and electron microscopic analysis. In each case, the tissue engineered construct was thicker from deposition of newly formed collagen with neo-vascularisation, than the control group. Most importantly, multinucleated myotubes and myofibers were only detected in the treatment group. Therefore, this study demonstrates that myoblast-seeded bovine pericardium construct can provide a structural replacement for severe and large abdominal wall defects with profound regeneration of skeletal muscle tissues.

scholarly journals Microvascularization is not a limiting factor for exercise in adults with cerebral palsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Torp Andersen ◽  
Adrian Harrison ◽  
Rikke Broholm ◽  
Anja Harder ◽  
Jens Bo Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Healthy Control

Muscle contractures are a common complication in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions which limit range of movement and cause joint deformities. Furthermore, it has previously been shown that muscles with contractures have a reduced number of capillaries, indicating decreased tissue vascularization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microvascular volume (MV) at rest and after acute exercise in the muscle tissue of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy control individuals. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used before and after 30 min of walking or running on a treadmill in 10 healthy control participants and 10 individuals with CP to detect MV of their skeletal muscle tissue. A significant increase in the MV was observed after exercise both in the adult CP group (21–53 yr) and in the control group (21–52 yr) (1.8 ± 0.8 ΔdB to 3.1 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 42.9% and 1.5 ± 0.6 ΔdB to 2.5 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 39.0%, respectively). Furthermore, a difference in the resting MV was observed between the most severe cases of CP [gross motor function classification scale (GMFCS) 3 and 4] (2.3 ± 0.5 ΔdB) and the less severe cases (GMFCS 1 and 2) (1.5 ± 0.2 ΔdB). When the CP group was walking (3.4 km/h), the lactate levels, Borg score, and heart rate matched the level of controls when they were running (9.8 km/h). In conclusion, individuals with CP become exhausted at much lower exercise intensities than healthy individuals. This is not explained by impaired microvascularization, since the MV of the individuals with CP respond normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral palsy (CP) patients were less physically active compared with typically developed individuals. This may affect the microvascularization. We observed that the CP group became exhausted at much lower exercise intensities compared with healthy individuals. However, impaired microvascularization was not the reason for the decreased physical activity as the CP group responded normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. These results indicate that walking may be recommended as an intervention to train and maintain skeletal muscle tissue in individuals with CP.

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