Taking leaders at face value: Ethology and the analysis of televised leader displays

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Stewart ◽  
Frank K. Salter ◽  
Marc Mehu
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Facial Display ◽  
Display Behavior ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Research investigating the influence and character of nonverbal leader displays has been carried out in a systematic fashion since the early 1980s, yielding growing insight into how viewers respond to the televised facial display behavior of politicians. This article reviews the major streams of research in this area by considering the key ethological frameworks for understanding dominance relationships between leaders and followers and the role nonverbal communication plays in politics and social organization. The analysis focuses on key categories of facial display behavior by examining an extended selection of published experimental studies considering the influence of nonverbal leader behavior on observers, the nature of stimuli shown to research participants, range of measures employed, and make-up of participant pools. We conclude with suggestions for future research.

And One More for the Road: Commentary on the Special Issue on Alcohol and Eyewitness Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve M. J. Janssen ◽  
Michele Anne
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Insight Into

Studies examining the influences of alcohol intoxication have reported mixed findings on whether it impairs eyewitness memory. Although the studies in this Special Issue investigated different questions and tested different variables, the findings of these studies collectively provide insight into mechanisms and methodological issues that may explain the ambiguous findings of alcohol intoxication and eyewitness memory. In this commentary, we first describe the experimental studies of this Special Issue. We then discuss four mechanisms that could underlie those mixed findings (alcohol myopia, disinhibition, hypervigilance, meta-cognitive processes at retrieval). Last, we address methodological issues that may have contributed to those ambiguous findings (i.e., alcohol intoxication levels, automatic processing of stimuli, sensitivity of dependent variables, and possible interactions with arousal), and provide suggestions for future research to address these issues.

scholarly journals Neuroscientific Insights for Improved Outcomes in Music-based Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 205920432096506
Author(s):  
Psyche Loui
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Musical Elements ◽  
Selection Of

Music therapy is an evidence-based practice, but the needs and constraints of various stakeholders pose challenges towards providing the highest standards of evidence for each clinical application. First, what is the best path from clinical need to multi-site, widely adopted intervention for a given disease or disorder? Secondly, how can we inform policy makers that what we do matters for public health––what evidence do we have, and what evidence do we need? This article will review the multiple forms of evidence for music-based interventions in the context of neurological disorders, from large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCT) to smaller-scale experimental studies, and make the case that evidence at multiple levels continues to be necessary for informing the selection of active ingredients of interest in effective musical interventions. The current article reviews some of the existing literature on music-based interventions for neurodegenerative disorders, with particular focus on neural structures and networks that are targeted by specific therapies for disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and aphasia. This is followed by a focused discussion of principles that are gleaned from studies in cognitive and clinical neuroscience, which may inform the active ingredients of music-based interventions. Therapies that are driven by a deeper understanding of the musical elements that target specific disease mechanisms are more likely to succeed, and to increase the chances of widespread adoption. The article closes with some recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Effecten van narrativiteit in educatieve teksten : Wat zeggen onderzoeksresultaten (nog niet)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-460
Author(s):  
Nina Sangers ◽  
Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul ◽  
Ted Sanders ◽  
Hans Hoeken
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Educational Domain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Experimental Narrative

Abstract This study aims to gain more insight into narrativity in the educational domain. Based on earlier research, we define three prototypical narrative elements (i.e., the presence of particularized events, an experiencing character, and a landscape of consciousness), and present an analytic model that illustrates how varying combinations of these elements occur in Dutch educational materials for Social Studies and Science. Using this model, we then analyze experimental texts from previous studies on the effects of narrativity on text comprehension and recall. We demonstrate that experimental narrative texts nearly always exhibit all prototypical narrative elements, while their expository counterparts also contain some narrative elements and thus are not purely expository. In addition, we show that no consistent patterns can be found in the results of the selected experimental studies, and that the data at hand therefore do not allow for strong conclusions about the effects of narrativity in educational texts. Finally, we discuss the limitations of previous as well as the present research and the implications for future research.

scholarly journals Presidential laugh lines: Candidate display behavior and audience laughter in the 2008 primary debates

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Facial Display ◽  
Political Humor ◽  
Display Behavior ◽  
Presidential Primary ◽  
Facial Displays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Political humor has long been used by candidates to mobilize supporters by enhancing status or denigrating the opposition. Research concerning laughter provides insight into the building of social bonds; however, little research has focused on the nonverbal cues displayed by the individual making humorous comments. This study first investigates whether there is a relationship between facial display behavior and the presence and strength of laughter. Next, the analysis explores whether specific candidate displays during a humorous comment depend on the target of the comment. This paper analyzes the use of humor by Republican and Democratic candidates during ten 2008 presidential primary debates. Data analyzed here employs laughter as an indicator of a successful humorous comment and documents candidate display behavior in the seconds immediately preceding and during each laughter event. Findings suggest specific facial displays play an important communication role. Different types of smiles, whether felt, false, or fear-based, are related to who laughs as well as how intensely the audience is judged to laugh.

Review Article: Do exercise and fitness protect against stress-induced health complaints? A review of the literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Gerber ◽  
Uwe Pühse
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Stress Buffer ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Buffer Effects

Background: Understanding how exercise influences health is important in designing public health interventions. At present, evidence suggests that there is a positive relationship between exercise and health. However, whether this relationship is partly due to the stress-moderating impact of exercise has been less frequently investigated although more and more people are taxed by stressful life circumstances. Methods: A comprehensive review of studies testing the potential of exercise as a stress-buffer was conducted (including literature from 1982 to 2008). The findings are based on a narrative review method. Specific criteria were taken into account to evaluate causality of the evidence. Results: About half of the studies reported at least partly supportive results in the sense that people with high exercise levels exhibit less health problems when they encounter stress. The causality analyses show that stress-moderation effects were consistently found in different samples and with different methodological approaches. Although more support results from cross-sectional studies, exercise-based stress-buffer effects were also found in prospective, longitudinal and quasi-experimental investigations. Conclusions: This review underscores the relevance of exercise as a public health resource. Recommendations are provided for future research. More prospective and experimental studies are needed to provide insight into how much exercise is necessary to trigger stress-buffer effects. Furthermore, more information is warranted to conclude which sort of exercise has the strongest impact on the stress-illness-relationship.

scholarly journals Recipients of governance: Trust and the employee perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Whiteley
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose - To introduce trust as related to organizational design and management within the broader domain of governance and report on case study research on trust carried out in a large Australian organization. Design/methodology/approach - This paper is in three parts. The first part reviews a selection of ideas and recent writers on trust; the second part describes the methodology of the case study research which focused on relationship management where trust emerged as an important element of relationships. This is followed by examples from the findings. The third part addresses insights and future research. Originality/Value - The study of trust has become an important topic for management and corporate governance during recent years. After discussing scholarly interpretations of trust, empirical research findings are used to provide insight into how employees actually understand and interpret trust.

RECLAMATION AND CULVERT CROSSINGS MADE OF CORRUGATED PIPES ON SPAWNING STREAMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
O.N. CHERNYKH ◽  
◽  
A.V. RBURLACHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
Spiral Shape ◽  
Corrugated Metal ◽  
Spawning Streams

Recommendations are presented for solving issues that arise in the design and operation of tubular transport crossings of corrugated metal structures through spawning streams while ensuring the safety and natural reproduction of fish stocks. There are discussed the results of experimental studies of culverts made of metal corrugated pipes with a normal and spiral shape of corrugation the bottom of which is buried and filled with suitable granular material to the level of the natural channel of a small watercourse. It is established that when 10% of the area of the corrugated pipe is occupied by stone filling, its throughput is reduced by about 10-12%. Based on the review of the existing literature and the results of laboratory experiments, data is provided to estimate the values of the roughness coefficients of the composite cross-section of a single-point junction and directions for future research on culvert reclamation are outlined. Studying of the structure of the velocity distribution in culverts can lead to the improved conditions for fish passage without installing special structural elements in the transit path of the fish passage structure.

An Insight into Oligopeptide Transporter 3 (OPT3) family proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fırat Kurt
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Oligopeptide Transporter ◽  
Binding Residues ◽  
Fe Homeostasis ◽  
Proteins Interactions ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

: Oligopeptide transporter 3 (OPT3) proteins are one of the subsets of OPT clade, yet little is known about these transporters. Therefore, homolog OPT3 proteins in several plant species were investigated and characterized using bioinformatical tools. Motif and co-expression analyses showed that OPT3 proteins may be involved in both biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as growth and developmental processes. AtOPT3 usually seemed to take part in Fe homeostasis whereas ZmOPT3 putatively interacted with proteins involved in various biological processes from plant defense system to stress responses. Glutathione (GSH), as a putative alternative chelating agent, was used in the AtOPT3 and ZmOPT3 docking analyses to identify their putative binding residues. The information given in this study will contribute to the understanding of OPT3 proteins’ interactions in various pathways and to the selection of potential ligands for OPT3s.

Amruthapala (Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter): A Comprehensive Review on Diversity, Therapeutic Uses, and Valorization of Bioactive Constituents

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Mishra ◽  
Nupur Srivastava ◽  
Velusamy Sundaresan ◽  
Karuna Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Decalepis Arayalpathra

Background: Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter is used primarily for nutrition besides its therapeutic values. Traditional preparations/formulations from its tuber are used as a vitalizer and blood purifier drink. The folklore medicinal uses cover inflammation, cough, wound healing, antipyretic, and digestive system management. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the plant is required due to emerging concerns over its safety and efficacy. Objective: The systematic collection of the authentic information from different sources with the critical discussion is summarised in order to address various issues related to botanical identity, therapeutic medicine, nutritional usage, phytochemical, and pharmacological potentials of the D. arayalpathra. Current use of traditional systems of medicine can be used to expand future research opportunities. Materials and Methods: Available scripted information was collected manually, from peered review research papers and international databases viz. Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, etc. The unpublished resources which were not available in database were collected through the classical books of ‘Ayurveda’ and ‘Siddha’ published in regional languages. The information from books, Ph.D. and MSc dissertations, conference papers and government reports were also collected. We thoroughly screened the scripted information of classical books, titles, abstracts, reports, and full-texts of the journals to establish the reliability of the content. Results: Tuber bearing vanilla like signature flavor is due to the presence of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB). Among five other species, Decalepis arayalpathra (DA) has come under the ‘critically endangered’ category, due to over-exploitation for traditional, therapeutic and cool drink use. The experimental studies proved that it possesses gastro-protective, anti-tumor, and antiinflammatory activities. Some efforts were also made to develop better therapeutics by logical modifications in 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, which is a major secondary metabolite of D. arayalpathra. ‘Amruthapala’ offers the enormous opportunity to develop herbal drink with health benefits like gastro-protective, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Results: The plant has the potential to generate the investigational new lead (IND) based on its major secondary metabolite i.e. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde. The present mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on Decalepis arayalpathra, covering its phytochemical diversity, biological potentials, strategies for its conservation, and intellectual property rights (IPR) status. Chemical Compounds: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 69600), α-amyrin acetate (Pubchem CID: 293754), Magnificol (Pubchem CID: 44575983), β-sitosterol (Pubchem CID: 222284), 3-hydroxy-p-anisaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 12127), Naringenin (Pubchem CID: 932), Kaempferol (Pubchem CID: 5280863), Aromadendrin (Pubchem CID: 122850), 3-methoxy-1,2-cyclopentanedione (Pubchem CID: 61209), p-anisaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 31244), Menthyl acetate (Pubchem CID: 27867), Benzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 240), p-cymene (Pubchem CID: 7463), Salicylaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 6998), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (Pubchem CID: 6430754), α -amyrin (Pubchem CID: 225688), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde (Pubchem CID: 12127).

scholarly journals Functional Method of Designing Self-Compacting Concrete

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rudnicki
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Structural Viscosity ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Double Coating

The article presents a new functional method of designing self-compacting concrete (SCC). The assumptions of the functional method of designing self-compacting concrete were based on the double coating assumption (i.e., it was assumed that the grains of coarse aggregate were coated with a layer of cement mortar, whereas the grains of sand with cement paste). The proposed method is composed of four stages, each of which is responsible for the selection of a different component of the concrete mix. The proposed designing procedure takes into consideration such a selection of the mineral skeleton in terms of the volumetric saturation of the mineral skeleton, which prevents the blocking of aggregate grains, and the designed liquid phase demonstrated high structural viscosity and low yield stress. The performed experimental studies, the simulation of the elaborated mathematical model fully allowed for the verification of the theoretical assumptions that are the basis for the development of the method of designing self-compacting concrete.

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