scholarly journals ENGINEERING AND GEODESIC RESEARCH OF VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES ON THE TERRITORY OF PIDHORETSKYI MONASTERY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Kubrak ◽  
◽  
Andrij Balian ◽  
Oksana Serant ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Support Network ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Architectural Monument ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
The Church ◽  
Deformations Of Buildings

The aim of the study is to observe the dynamics of soil movement and deformation of the complex of buildings and structures in the Pidhoretskyi monastery on the basis of geodetic measurements in complex engineering and geological conditions in the protected area, as well as permanent monitoring of vertical displacements for analysis and further recommendations for concerning safe operation of engineering constructions. Due to significant landslides on the slopes of the terrace, the buildings and structures of the Pidhoretskyi monastery are in a state of emergency. To save the architectural monument of the 18th century, which is located on the territory of Plisnetskyi reserve, a reference geodetic planned-height network (proving ground) has been created, which allows to determine the magnitude and direction of soil landslides; to determine the deformation of buildings and structures; to determine the amount of subsidence of structures as well as monitoring these processes. The support network consists of 2 planned-height (source) soil geodetic points for control of six stationary observation stations, 4 of which are located on one top of the mountain slope, and 2 are on the other. The height basis is created by leveling of the II class. Planned-height network consists of eight lines: some are designed and laid parallel to the church buildings, others are directed towards the ravines to determine the dynamics of their movement. A total of 87 reinforcing marks for linear - angular observations are laid. To observe the deformations of buildings and structures, 35 external wall signs (benchmarks) were laid in the foundations of the buildings, 20 were laid in the retaining wall and 22 internal signs (dowels) were laid in the stone floor of the church. The total number of all wall signs are 77. We proposed the manufacture of polymer poles on the ground from the polymer pipes, with which we fixed all points of the planned height network. The convenience of their use is due to the fact that they meet the requirements of the instructions and they can be used in the territories of cultural heritage sites of national importance, without violating the Law of Ukraine. Centers can be made from improvised materials quickly and conveniently; their cost is quite low; ease and forced centering of devices and reflectors above the signs eliminates centering errors. Research methods. Geometric leveling of the second class with Ni-002 level and observation of displacements in the targets was performed at the proving ground. Research results. For the first time on the territory of Pidhoretskyi monastery a stationary geodetic proving ground was created for permanent observations of soil movements, deformations of buildings and structures. The points of the proving ground are laid down by the proposed types of centers. On the basis of geodetic observations, uneven and uniform subsidence of the marks of the studied buildings and structures, displacement of points of alignment were determined; maps of vertical movements of the earth's surface of the territory of the Pidhoretskyi monastery were created.

Canons to the Left of Him: Brevard Childs, his Critics, and the Future of Old Testament Theology

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Provan
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

It is well known that the seeds from which the modern discipline of OT theology grew are already found in 17th and 18th century discussion of the relationship between Bible and Church, which tended to drive a wedge between the two, regarding canon in historical rather than theological terms; stressing the difference between what is transient and particular in the Bible and what is universal and of abiding significance; and placing the task of deciding which is which upon the shoulders of the individual reader rather than upon the church. Free investigation of the Bible, unfettered by church tradition and theology, was to be the way ahead. OT theology finds its roots more particularly in the 18th century discussion of the nature of and the relationship between Biblical Theology and Dogmatic Theology, and in particular in Gabler's classic theoreticalstatementof their nature and relationship. The first book which may strictly be called an OT theology appeared in 1796: an historical discussion of the ideas to be found in the OT, with an emphasis on their probable origin and the stages through which Hebrew religious thought had passed, compared and contrasted with the beliefs of other ancient peoples, and evaluated from the point of view of rationalistic religion. Here we find the unreserved acceptance of Gabler's principle that OT theology must in the first instance be a descriptive and historical discipline, freed from dogmatic constraints and resistant to the premature merging of OT and NT — a principle which in the succeeding century was accepted by writers across the whole theological spectrum, including those of orthodox and conservative inclination.

Study of Painting Materials and Techniques in the 18th Century St.Athanasius Church in Moschopolis, Albania

2007 ◽  
Vol 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Pavlidou ◽  
N. Civici ◽  
E. Caushi ◽  
L. Anastasiou ◽  
T. Zorba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church ◽  
Compositional Characterization

AbstractIn this paper are presented the studies of the paint materials and the technique used in 18th century wall paintings, originated from the orthodox church of St Athanasius, in the city of Maschopolis, a flourishing economical and cultural center, in Albania. The church was painted in 1745 by Konstantinos and Athanasios Zografi, and during the last years, restoration activities are being performed at the church. Samples that included plasters and pigments of different colors were collected from important points of the wall paintings. Additionally, as some parts of the wall-paintings were over-painted, the analysis was extended to the compositional characterization of these areas. The identification of the used materials was done by using complementary analytical methods such as Optical Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (TXRF).The presence of calcite in almost all the pigments is indicative for the use of the fresco technique at the studied areas, while the detection of gypsum and calcium oxalate, indicates an environmental degradation along with a biodegradation. Common pigments used in this area at 15-16th centuries, such as cinnabar, green earth, manganese oxide, carbon black and calcite were identified.

‘Sea of Wonders Never Sounded’: The Trinitarian Spirituality of Ann Griffiths

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
Caroline Smiley
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Church

Ann Griffiths, an 18th-century farm wife and hymn writer, is well-known in her native Wales, though relatively unstudied in English. Even in translation her hymns and letters offer a strikingly beautiful as well as informative window into the Trinitarian spirituality of 18th-century Welsh Methodism. Historically, her Trinitarianism is notable in that it is largely assumed and primarily based in the economic Trinity, and yet, is nonetheless profound in its orthodoxy given the Trinitarian controversy of the long century prior. More than mere historical curiosity, however, Griffiths’s writing is particularly intriguing on two points that can edify the church today. First, she writes with considerable theological depth despite a lack of education, religious or otherwise, and second, her theology is both technically rich as well as profoundly devotional.

scholarly journals Geodetic and Architectural Inventory of the Historic Wooden Church of St. Szczepan in Mnichów (Poland) in Terms of Safety Assessment of the Geometric Condition of the Structure.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lipecki
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Geometric Condition ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
3D Solid ◽  
The Church

Abstract The article concerns the method of architectural inventory of the historic, wooden church in Mnichów (southern Poland), built in the 18th century. During hundreds of years of operation, structural changes can be seen in it, as well as in objects located above mining operations. The article explains the principles of inventory and describes the applied method of laser scanning, starting from the design to the creation of a 3D solid model of the object, paying particular attention to the analysis based on the created point cloud. Thanks to them, the area and volumes of all rooms were determined, the verticality of columns supporting the church levels was assessed, the floor level and verticality of walls were determined, as well as the shape and level of the roof edges. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the church, as an example of a wooden religious monument, is in good condition. The detected deformations in this range do not have a destructive effect on the current state of the object, but it should be subjected to control measurements in a cyclical manner. The laser scanning method used allowed for a wide and accurate scope of the study of the geometry of the church structure, without the need to disorganize its equipment.

scholarly journals Gli angeli zaratini a Ceregnano: una proposta per Gregorio Morlaiter

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Damir Tulić ◽  
Mario Pintarić
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

In the small town of Ceregnano, not far from Rovigo in Veneto, a new parish church was built in the 18th century. Its richly ornamented high altar has a monumental tabernacle with two large marble angels in adoration. The author has established that the altar was made in the tradition of analogous works produced by Giorgio Massari, and that the accurate date of its construction is 1778, the year carved at the rear of the tabernacle dome. Moreover, models have been found for the Ceregnano angels, namely the marble statues of angels at the high altar of the Benedictine church of St Mary in Zadar, produced between 1759 and 1762 by the famous Venetian sculptor Giovanni Maria Morlaiter. More precisely, the Ceregnano angels were made after Morlaiter’s terracotta models for the angels of Zadar, preserved at the Ca’Rezzonico museum in Venice. A stylistic analysis of sculptural decoration at the Ceregnano altar has allowed the author to attribute it to Giovanni Maria’s son Gregorio Morlaiter (Venice, 1738 – 1784), heir to his father’s workshop. The same master has been attributed with a small tabernacle with putti installed in 1776 on the high altar of the church of Sant’Andrea della Zirada in Venice.

scholarly journals The “Slavic-Russian Nation” in the Historical Literature of Ukraine and Russia from the 1600s to the mid-1700s

Slovene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-447
Author(s):  
Petr S. Stefanovich
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Imperial Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Church ◽  
Century Literature

The article analyzes the history of the concept of a “Slavic-Russian nation”. The concept was first used by Zacharia Kopystenskij in 1624, but its wide occurrence starts in 1674, when Synopsis, the first printed history of Russia, was published in Kiev. In the book, “Slavic-Russian nation” refers to an ancient Slavic people, which preceded the “Russian nation” (“rossiyskiy narod”) of the time in which the book was written. Uniting “Slavs” and “Russians” (“rossy”) into one “Slavic-Russian nation”, the author of Synopsis followed the idea which was proposed but not specifically defined by M. Stryjkovskij in his Chronicle (1582) and, later, by the Kievan intellectuals of the 1620s–30s. The construction of Synopsis was to prove that “Russians” (“rossy”) were united by both the common Slavic origin and the Church Slavonic language used by the Orthodox Slavic peoples. According to Synopsis, they were also supposed to be united by the Muscovite tsar’s authority and the Orthodox religion. The whole conception made Synopsis very popular in Russia in the late 17th century and later. Earlier in the 17th-century literature of the Muscovite State, some authors also proposed ethno-genetic constructions based on Stryjkovskij’s Chronicle and other Renaissance historiography. Independently from the Kievan literature, the word “Slavic-Russian” was invented (first appearance in the Legend about Sloven and Rus, 1630s). Both the Kievan and Muscovite constructions of a mythical “Slavic-Russian nation” aimed at making an “imagined” ethno-cultural nation. They contributed to forming a new Russian imperial identity in the Petrine epoch. However, the concept of a “Slavic-Russian nation” was not in demand in the political discourse of the Petrine Empire. It was sporadically used in the historical works of the 18th century (largely due to the influence of Synopsis), but played no significant role in the proposed interpretations of Russian history.

scholarly journals Modernity and contemporaneity in dialogue with the heritage

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 158-169
Author(s):  
João Luís Marques
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Worship Space ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
The Church

Since the 1960s, the artistic and architectural interventions carried out in the church of Santa Isabel and Rato Chapel, in Lisbon, brought to the debate the overlap of different narratives in these two different spaces of worship: the first, is a parish church preserved by the earthquake of Lisbon (1755), which had its liturgical space redesigned before the Second Vatican Council; the second, is a private chapel annexed to a 18th century palace that became a symbolic worship space for students and engaged young professionals since the 1970s. Enriched with the work of either well-known artists or, sometimes, anonymous architects, the two case studies show us the life of monuments, where Modern and Contemporary Art and Architecture participate in preserving and enhancing their cultural value. At the same time, the liturgical and pastoral activities are shown to be the engine behind successive interventions.

scholarly journals Áhrif siðbótarinnar á Íslandi. Tilraun til jafnvægisstillingar. Fyrri grein.

Ritið ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-288
Author(s):  
Hjalti Hugason
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Church Culture ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Church And Society ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

n 2017 the 500th anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation was celebrated. Then there was a huge discussion about the impact of the Reformation on church, culture and society. In this article and in a second one that follows, this question will be raised, especially in Icelandic context.Here it is assumed that it is only possible to state that a change has occurred or a novelty has arised because of Lutheran influence if it can be demonstrated that the Reformation is a necessary prerequisite for the change / innovation being discussed. Here it is particularly pointed out that various changes that until now have been traced to the Reformation can have been due to the development of the central-con-trolled state power. It is also pointed out that, due to the small population, rural areas and simple social structure, various changes that occurred in urban areas did not succeed in Iceland until long after the Reformation. Such cases are interpret-ed as delayed Lutheran effects. Then, in Iceland, many changes, which were well matched to the core areas of the Reformation, did not work until the 18th century and then because of the pietism. Such cases are interpreted as derivative Lutheran effects.In Iceland two generalizations have been evident in the debate on the influence of the Lutheran Reformation. The first one emphasizes an extensive and radical changes in many areas in the Reformation period and subsequent extensive decline. It is also stated that this regression can be traced directly to the Reformation and not to other fenomenons, e.g. the development of modern, centralized state. The other one states that the Reformation was most powerful in the modernization in both the church and society in Iceland.This article focuses on the influence of the Reformation on religious and church life. Despite the fact that the Reformation has certainly had the broadest and most direct effects on this field, it is noteworthy that the church organization itself was only scarsely affected by the Reformation. After the Reformation the Icelandic church was for example almost as clergy-orientaded as in the middle Ages.

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