Assessment of Microbial and Physicochemical Contaminations of Water for Domestic Use in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1029
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Mean Concentration

An assessment of domestic water quality using microbial andphysicochemical parameterswas conducted on bothdomestic water supplysourcesand storage containers viz: borehole,upper and lower overhead tanksand stream waterin Calabarmetropolis. Watersamples meant for physicochemical and microbial studies were collected in 1.5L plastic containersandstored in safe conditionprior to laboratory analysis oftheirPhysicochemical and microbial parametersin line withAPHA recommended standardandWHO permissible limits to ascertain if the mean values of the water parameters were or not within the acceptablelimits for human consumption. The results of the descriptive statical analysis of the physicochemical and microbial components of the different domestic water sources revealed mean pH of 6,4±0.6 for the stream water, 6.33±0.57 for the borehole, 5.9±0.9 for the upper overhead tank and 5.79±0.59 for the lower overhead tank. Mean DO concentration of the stream was 7.25±0.25mg/l, with 8.66±0.54mg/lfor the borehole, 6.8±0.2mg/l for the upper overhead tank and 1.79±0.39mg/l for the lower overhead tank (Table 1). Mean water temperature recorded for the stream was 27.5±0.50C, with 27.40±0.60C for the borehole, 27.45±0.550C for the upper overhead tank and 27.71±0.310C for the lower overhead tank. Fe had mean concentration of 1.035±0.001mg/l in the stream water, with 0.040±0.560mg/l in the borehole, 0.664±0.014mg/l in upper overhead tank. Hg mean concentration was <0.001±0.00mg in all the water samples. Bicarbonate had mean concentration of 30.75±0.25mg/l in the stream water, with 36.85±0.256mg/l in the borehole, 24.69±0.31mg/l in the upper overhead tank and 30.75±0.25mg/l in the lower overhead tank. Mean total coliform components were 84.75±0.5 cfu/100ml in the stream water, with 127±2.5 cfu/100ml in the borehole water, 44±2.0 cfu/100ml in the upper overhead tank and 34.5±0.5 cfu/100ml in the lower overhead tank. Total plate count (TPC) had mean values of 127±1,0 cfu/100ml in the stream water, with 164.5±1.5 cfu/100ml in the borehole, 42±8.0 cfu/100ml in the lower overhead tank. Yeast/mould had mean concentration of 0.005±0.005 cfu/100ml in the stream water, with 1.5±0.5 cfu/100ml in the borehole water, 3.5±0.5 cfu/100ml in the upper overhead tank and 2.4±0.4 cfu/100ml in the lower overhead tank. To reducethe risk of human infection that may arise from the continuous use of the water sources andthe tank-stored water, it is strongly recommended that tanks be washed at regular intervals and the treatment of water with recommendeddoses of chemicals meant for such purposes

Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Obi ◽  
N. Potgieter ◽  
P.O. Bessong ◽  
G. Matsaung
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Total Coliforms

The microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the Venda Region of South Africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. The water sources studied were six points on the Levubu River and the rivers Mutale, Ngwedi, Tshinane, Makonde, Mutshindudi and Mudaswali. Total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used as indicators/surrogates to estimate the degree of bacterial and viral contamination respectively by standard methods. The presence of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas and Vibrio was also determined. Results showed that the ranges of counts with regard to all the water sources investigated were 2.9 × 102 - 6.3 × 104 CFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, 6.0 × 102 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for total coliforms, 1.8 × 102 - 1.3 × 106 CFU/mL for heterotrophic plate count, 1.0 × 101 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for enterococci and 0-13 PFU/100 mL for coliphages. These values are far higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed for South Africa by the Dept of Water & Forestry and the Water Research Commission - 0 CFU/100 mL, 5 CFU/100 mL, 1.0 × 102 CFU/mL, 0 CFU/100 mL and 1 PFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphages respectively. Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were isolated from several of the water sources investigated. The use of these water sources for drinking and domestic purposes poses a serious threat to the health and well being of the users and calls for urgent government intervention.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Borehole Water Sources in Gokana Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. P. Aleru ◽  
O. A. Ollor ◽  
V. N. Agi ◽  
C. A. Azike
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
World Health ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Rivers State

This study was carried out to assess the Physicochemical and Bacteriological qualities of borehole water sources in Gokana Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Twenty (20) boreholes were used for the study and a total of sixty (60) water samples were collected for bacteriological analyses. All the Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using Horiba Water Checker (Model-10). Heterotrophic Plate Count, Most Probable Number technique and Eijkman test were used for the enumeration, isolation and identification of bacteria. All analyses for Physicochemical parameters were within the acceptable limits (pH: 6.3 to 7.7; Temperature: 27 to 30; Turbidity: 0.61 to 2.01). Bacteriological quality was higher than the World Health Organisation standard recommended limits. The detection of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus and Klebsiella species in the borehole water sources that are intended for human consumption could cause one to think that water from those sources may lead to severe health risks to consumers. Hence, it is not suitable for direct human consumption without treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that onsite treatment intervention be mobilised in order to protect residents of Gokana LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria from further possible consequences of using the borehole water sources.

Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazeefa Fatima ◽  
Munazza Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shuaib Kabeer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the mean concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in canned/packed fruits juices, collected from various stores in Lahore in a period of three months. These juices were categorized into four groups; local packed and canned and also imported packed and canned products. Every group consisted of ten samples. By using the di-acid digestion method, the collected samples were digested and analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated that the mean values of 7 out of 9 tested heavy metals including Pb, Mg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Se and Mn were above permissible limits (set by WHO) in all four understudy groups. Therefore, it was concluded that commercially available fruit juices are not all safe according to their heavy metals content for the human consumption despite their nutritive values.

scholarly journals An efficient low cost-low technology whole household water collection and treatment system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Okogwu ◽  
F. A. Elebe ◽  
G. N. Nwonumara
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Most residents in developing countries suffer severe water shortage and often resort to self-supply. Unfortunately, some self-supply water sources contain disease-causing biological and chemical contaminants and require point-of-use (POU) treatment. However, recontamination and persistence of chemical contaminants occur, which defeats the aim of POU. This study aims to develop an affordable low technology system that effectively treats whole-house water sourced from borehole and rain without recontamination. Raw borehole water (RBW) was treated with KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (8.10 mg/L), Ca(OH)2 (68.21 mg/L) and NaOCl (1.875 mg/L) in two separate tanks and thereafter filtered through 5-micron and 0.5-micron carbon filters, and reverse osmosis system. The results showed that heterotrophic plate count (2,700 CFU/mL) and total coliform (378.00±21.25 MPN/100 mL) in RBW were reduce to zero, and total hardness was reduced by &gt;83% after treatment and there was no recontamination. Chromium (0.05±0.002 mg/L), Cu (0.04±0.001 mg/L), Pb (0.09±0.001 mg/L), Fe (0.26±0.005 mg/L) and Mn (0.2±0.001 mg/L) in the RBW were reduced below detectable limits after treatment. The annual per capita cost of water treatment was estimated at N4,744.44 ($9.32) at per capita consumption of 100 L/day. Our technology shows exceptional promises in providing affordable and safe water to the entire household throughout the year.

scholarly journals Padrões físico-químico e microbiológicos do leite cru comercializado em município no interior da Paraíba

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Alex Sandro de Lima ◽  
Rafael Ferreira Lima ◽  
Everton Vieira Da Silva ◽  
Mayra Vieira Pereira Targino ◽  
Ailton do Nascimento Targino
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Quality Of Milk

<p>O leite é um produto de grande importância na alimentação humana, devido ao seu elevado valor nutritivo. Como fonte de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, minerais e vitaminas, o leite torna-se também um excelente meio para o crescimento de vários grupos de microrganismos desejáveis e indesejáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade do leite quanto aos aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos comercializados a domicílio na cidade de Água Branca - PB. O estudo apresentou caráter experimental com abordagens quantitativas utilizando-se o método da estatística descritiva. As amostras foram coletadas de vendedores autônomos de bairros distintos do município da cidade de Água Branca - PB. Depois da coleta das amostras, as mesmas seguiram para o laboratório de Tecnologia do Leite da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus / Patos - PB. Foi verificado neste estudo que a Densidade relativa apresentou variações para as amostras A1 e A5. Para a análise de Gordura os resultados foram inferiores as normas estabelecidas A1 e A5. Quanto ao Índice Crioscópico o resultado foi insatisfatório apenas para a amostra A7. Foi observado que para Contagem Padrão em Placas as amostras (A3, A4 e A5) ficaram acima do padrão permitido 7,5 x 105 UFC/ml. Para a análise dos Coliformes Totais foi observada presença para A4 e A5, enquanto os resultados obtidos para os Termotolerantes todas as amostra foram negativas. No presente trabalho o leite produzido no município de Água Branca-PB, pode ser considerado impróprio para consumo humano devido não atender todas as normas da IN de 62/2011.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Physico chemical and microbiological standards for raw milk marketed in a city in the inner of Paraíba</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The milk is a food of major importance in human food because of its high nutritive value. As a source of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, milk it is also an excellent medium for the growth of various groups of desirable and undesirable microorganisms. This study aimed to analyze the quality of milk as the physico-chemical and microbiological aspects marketed at home in the city of White Water - PB. The study presented experimental with quantitative approaches using the method of descriptive statistics. The samples were collected from individual suppliers from non-city neighborhoods of Água Branca - PB. After sample collection, the same went for Milk Technology Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus / Patos - PB. This study verified that the relative density was varied for samples A1 and A5. For fat analysis the results were below the standards set A1 and A5. The cryoscopic the result was unsatisfactory index only for the sample A7. It was observed that for standard plate count in samples (A3, A4 and A5) were allowed above the standard 7.5 x 105 CFU / ml. For the analysis of Total Coliform was observed presence A4 and A5, while the results obtained for the thermotolerant all samples were negative. In this work the milk produced in the municipality Water White-PB can be considered unfit for human consumption due to not meet all standards of IN 62/2011.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Storage-induced deterioration of domestic water quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Nnaji ◽  
I. V. Nnaji ◽  
R. O. Ekwule
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Most Significant Change

Abstract Due to the failure of municipal supply systems in many Nigerian cities, residents often resort to long storage of water in large high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks in order to reduce water stress. This paper investigated deterioration of the quality of stored water for a period of 35 days. Samples from 20 purposively selected storage tanks in Enugu, Nigeria were collected for analysis. Heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform (TC), enterococci and Escherichia coli were present in 85%, 75%, 40% and 61% of the samples, respectively. E. coli (p &lt; 0.001) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) (p &lt; 0.001) were significantly higher in storage tanks that were also used for rainwater collection than those that were not. HPC and TC counts in tanks that collect rainwater were twice those of tanks that do not, while E. coli and enterococci counts in tanks that also collect rainwater were three times those of tanks that do not collect rainwater. The most significant change (p &lt; 0.001) in E. coli concentration occurred after 15 days of storage. Cleaning of tanks caused significant reduction of TC counts (p = 0.013), E. coli (p &lt; 0.001), HPC (p &lt; 0.001) and enterococci (p = 0.001). Hence, prolonged storage of water causes significant deterioration of water quality.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Well and Stream Water Sources from Ikwerre, Emohua and Etche Local Government Areas of Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
A. A. Okwelle ◽  
B. E. Asikong ◽  
J. A. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Rivers State

Background: Majority of the human population in semi-urban and urban areas in Nigeria are heavily reliant on well and stream water as the main source of water supply for drinking and domestic use due to the inadequate provision of potable pipe borne water. These groundwater sources can easily be fecally contaminated and thus, increase the incidence and outbreaks of preventable waterborne diseases. This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of some well and stream waters sources in Ikwerre, Emohua and Etche Local Government Areas of Rivers State. Methodology: Twenty-four sampling sites with 8 from each Local Government Area were randomly selected for this study. A total of 48 samples, 2 from each of the sites were collected aseptically for 12 months. Samples were analysed using membrane filtration technique for total heterotrophic bacterial count and total coliform count. The well and stream water samples were also cultured for E. coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio sp. Results: The results show that Emohua Local Government Area had the highest total heterotrophic bacterial count of 5.2 x 103 cfu/ml. This was followed by Ikwerre LGA with total bacterial count of 4.3 x 102 cfu/ml, while Etche LGA had 3.1 x 102 cfu/ml. The total coliform count ranged from 25 cfu/100ml to 50 cfu/100ml for the three LGA’s, whereas the faecal coliform count was between 12 cfu/100ml and 20 cfu/100ml. The total coliform, E. coli, Salmonella and Vibrio counts from the three local government areas occurred above the WHO stipulated zero count in 100ml of water. Conclusion: The results from this study showed contamination of all the wells studied with faecal coliforms thus, indicating the presence of other enteric pathogens and a potential source for waterborne disease outbreaks. Well water in Ikwerre, Emohua and Etche Local Government Areas of Rivers State are not safe for drinking without additional treatment like disinfection or boiling. Periodic testing and constant monitoring of these water sources should also be done to meet up with the World Health Organization Standards in the provision of safe, clean drinking water. 

scholarly journals Microbiological analysis of domestic water sources in Banda slum of Kampala, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barugahara Evyline Isingoma ◽  
Kwesiga Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Waterborne Infections ◽  
Dug Well

Abstract There is scarcity of information about the safety of water in Banda slum of Kampala, Uganda and yet reports indicate outbreaks of infectious diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of exposure to waterborne infections by Banda residents due to faecal contamination of water sources. Four hundred respondents were sampled and interviewed on the methods of water collection, treatment and storage. Water samples were collected with sterile glass bottles in duplicate from the dug well, protected spring and piped water system in December 2018 on two different consecutive days. They were transported to the laboratory for total and faecal coliform count analysis within 2 h using a lightproof-insulated box containing ice-packs. The mean Escherichia coli count for the dug well was 43 ± 18 c.f.u/mL. The protected spring had no detectable E. coli, but its total plate count level was 76 ± 1.4 c.f.u/mL. Only 46% of the respondents treated their drinking water using boiling and filtering methods. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices were observed. The total and faecal coliform counts of water sources were unsatisfactory making Banda residents highly at risk of infectious diseases, given the small number of residents that treated water.

Assessment of sensory and microbiological quality of five marketed fish species at Dhaka city in Bangladesh

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
T. Islam ◽  
M.R. Mia ◽  
E.A. Folorunso ◽  
M.P. Kabiraz ◽  
M.A. Masuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
In Situ Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference

The study assessed the sensory quality and the bacterial condition in five nutritionally important fish species at Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Sensory defect points (DP) were analysed at in-situ conditions and microbiological attributes were conducted at laboratory condition. Sensory DP indicated fishes in retail markets (RM) were deteriorating and/or spoiled (DP >3 to <5) except live fishes. In super shops (SS), DP indicated excellent to good quality (DP >1 to <3) for all the fishes. The average total plate count (TPC) in the fishes from RM exceeds the permissible limit (PL) except for the fishes sold in live condition. A highly significant difference observed in the fishes sold in dead condition between RM and SS (p≤0.001). Correlation analysis revealed an insignificant relationship between sensory DP and TPC (p≥0.05) in the markets. The study recorded total coliform counts (TCC) was within the PL i.e., <100 MPN/g in both types of markets. Faecal coliform counts (FCC) were within the acceptable limit i.e., <10 MPN/g only in the fishes from super shops. Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae was detected almost in all samples from retail markets while it was very less likely detected in SS. The study revealed that fish from both RM and SS is safe for human consumption but super shops possess better quality than retail markets.

scholarly journals Contamination levels of domestic water sources in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Northeast, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Jimme ◽  
W.M. Bukar ◽  
A.K. Monguno
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Deep Boreholes

The study examines the levels of contamination of domestic water sources in Maiduguri Metropolis area of Borno State based on their physicochemical and bacteriological properties.  It was informed by the global concern on good drinking water quality which is an indicator of development level; hence the focus on domestic water sources to ascertain safety as water from unhygienic sources pose serious health challenges. The study dwelt on physicochemical and bacteriological parameters believed to have health implications. Experimental design was adopted, where water samples derived from four different sources i.e. from treated surface water, deep boreholes, wash boreholes and harvested rainwater were tested in the laboratory for  pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cupper (Cu), cyanide (Cn), lead (Pb), fluoride (Fl) and nitrate (NO3). Also tested were faecal coliform (E. coli) and total coliform counts in the samples. The results showed that levels of physicochemical parameters are within the acceptable limit of WHO mostly in samples from deep boreholes and treated surface water sources. Samples from wash boreholes and harvested rainwater show escalated levels of some of the physicochemical parameters. The two sources also did not yield zero E. coli count. The study concludes that water from wash boreholes and harvested rainwater sources potent health risk. Thorough epidemiological study to determine health implications of drinking water from wash boreholes and harvested rainwater in the study area was offered as recommendation.Keywords: Domestic Water, Contamination, Boreholes, Diseases 

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