Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry : A Comment

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav F. Papanek
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Value Added ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Major Industry

The Lewis and Soligo article [1] includes an estimate of the growth of all "large scale" industry followed by an analysis of the growth rates of the major industry groups: consumer goods, intermediate products, investment and related goods. These two parts of the article are not dependent on each other and the very interesting and excellent analysis of the differential growth rates of the subsectors would not be affected by bias in the overall growth estimates. Some questions can be raised about both parts of the article. Estimates of value added and rate of growth of large scale industry are of considerable importance to analyses of the Pakistan economy. Lewis and Soligo's estimate of the level of value added and its rate of growth is considerably higher than those of the Census of Manufacturing Industry (CMI), the National Accounts, and my own [2].

Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry: Reply

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-665
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lewis, Jr. ◽  
Ronald Soligo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Consumption Goods ◽  
Constant Prices

Gustav Papanck's comments on changes in relative prices among manu¬factured goods are, indeed, important. As he notes, however, the correction to constant prices would not change the measure of the importance of import sub¬stitution in explaining the growth of any given industrial group1. Also, for the period 1954/55 to 1963/64, the contribution of import substitution to total growth in value added in consumer goods industries is only slightly greater than the con¬tribution of import substitution to growth in value added in all industries (21.0 per cent for consumer goods as opposed to 19.4 per cent for all industries). In¬creasing the weight of consumption goods industries to reflect changes in relative prices would increase the importance of import substitution in explaining growth in value added in all industries very slightly. For the period 1959/60 to 1963/64 when, according to Dr. Papanek's data, the fall in the relative prices of con¬sumer goods was the greatest, increasing the weight of consumer goods indus¬tries would actually reduce the contribution of import substitution to growth in value added for all industries.

scholarly journals Research on the Radical Innovation of C2M Business Model—A Case Study on Redcollar MTM Men’s Suits in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingfen Zhou ◽  
Ming Xu ◽  
Rong Di
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Radical Innovation ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing

<p class="AbstractWCCM"><span lang="EN-US">For recently years, with the deep integration of informatization and industrialization, traditional manufacturing industries in China have been investigating for the road of transformation and upgrading. A Chinese garment enterprise, named Redcollar Group of China, has successfully transformed and upgraded to high-tech industry with high value added from labor-intensive industry. It is very important to explore the reason, method and business model it has created so as to provide some beneficial advice to China’s traditional manufactures. In this case study, indirect research, field research, comparison research and customers’ experience methods have been used. As a result, it is found that the enterprise has successfully created a C2M business mode of men's custom suits and has succeeded in producing customization suits with large-scale production efficiency. Being the first factory in the world by using industrialization measures to produce thoroughly customized men’s suits, the Redcollar’s C2M model is the revolutionary and disruptive radical innovation which breaks through the traditional suits making, the traditional clothing manufacturing model, the value perception of traditional manufacturing industry and the existing business regulations. </span></p>

A Note on Growth and Structural Change in Pakistan's Manufacturing Industry 1954-1964 (Notes & Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Eysbnbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Manufacturing Growth

Lewis and Soligo studied the growth and structural change in Pakistan's manufacturing using a simple analysis of patterns of manufacturing growth [3]. Then, employing their results to re-examine the generally accepted view of Pakis¬tan's industrial growth, they found that import substitution had not been largely confined to consumer-goods industries [3, p. 108] and concluded that it would be difficult to accept the widely held hypothesis that distortions in industrial growth had resulted from the protectionist policies pursued [3, p. 111]. More specifically, they rejected the hypothesis of Power and Radhu that the greater protection accorded the consumer-goods industries would encourage the growth of domestic consumer-goods production using imported capital goods and raw materials [3, p. 96].

Economic development and complexity: the role of recombinant capital

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M Endres ◽  
David A Harper
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Function Concept ◽  
Government Failure

AbstractThe neoclassical aggregate production-function concept of capital is unsuitable for the study of economic development. We provide a more realistic account of capital formation in which development is understood as a disruptive, disequilibrium process of creating (not merely allocating or accumulating) capital and in which capital is conceived as a ‘recombinant’ process. We draw upon the seminal ideas of Schumpeter, Lachmann and Hirschman to formulate the notion of recombinant capital. Capital is a complex, emergent constellation of resource connections rather than a neoclassical ‘stock’. We conceptualise recombinant capital formation as a process of transforming connections in production structures. Capital structures are the unintended outcome of polycentric interactions among private entrepreneurs and government actors (managers of state-owned enterprises and political entrepreneurs). Recombinant capital formation and capital structures emerge endogenously from the creation and destruction of complex connections. The standard distinction between ‘market failure’ and ‘government failure’ is critically deficient in analysing the structural economic dynamics engendered by recombinant capital. The fertility of our conceptual framework is illustrated by a study of major structural change in a small open economy. This structural change arose from the interpolation of a new, large-scale manufacturing industry in a capital structure previously dominated by primary industries.

scholarly journals Analisis Insentif Perpajakan Terhadap Realisasi Penerimaan Perpajakan Tahun 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Dani Andrean Widodo ◽  
Ni Ketut Millenia Krisnayanie
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
The Government

The growth in the tax revenue component at the end of March 2020 was still sourced from taxes on household consumption, although tax revenues also still depended on the pressure from the weakening trend in the manufacturing industry and international trade activity, as well as the weakening economic activity of the spread of Covid-19. In line with the existence of regulations related to Work From Home (WFH) for both the government and private sectors, a slowdown in business activities began at the end of March 2020 which reduced the handover of the country which would then enter Domestic Value Added Tax (PPN DN) revenue in the month April 2020. This condition is likely to continue and contract even more in May, considering that in April some regions had implemented Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in several affected areas. As the going in Indonesia, tax revenue in the first quarter of 2020 was recorded to have contracted or minus up to 2.5%. Several tax instruments after being used for handling Covid-19 are Corporate Income Tax and Import Tax (PDRI) consisting of several types, namely Income Tax (PPh) Article 22 imports, PPh Article 22 Exports, Import Value Added Tax (PPN), and Luxury Goods Sales Tax (PPnBM). The Minister of Finance issued Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 23 of 2020 (PMK 23 of 2020) Regarding Tax Incentives for Taxpayers Affected by the Covid-19 Virus Outbreak. The provision of this incentive is a response from the government to the decline in productivity of business actors due to the economic decline of taxpayers due to this epidemic. This study aims to analyze the tax incentive tax on the realization of tax revenue in 2020 whether it is relevant and can help people ease the economic burden built by the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Output, Value Added and Employment in the Small Scale Textile Industry

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Seemin Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
National Income ◽  
Value Added ◽  
National Product ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The small scale manufacturing sector is in many ways the step-child of Pakistan's national income accounts. A number of sample surveys of the output and employment characteristics of small industries have been conducted, but no attempt has been made to apply these surveys, in a systematic fashion, to the measurement of the growth of output of this sector. In the absence of better information, compilers of Pakistan's national accounts simply assume that the small scale sector's contribution to the national product grows at the same rate as the population. However, given the rapid structural changes in large scale industry and the sharp fluctuations in the past decade in the rate of increase in the gross national product, it is unlikely that the small scale sector grew at such a uniform rate. The small scale manufacturing sector encompasses a wide array of highly differentiated economic activities and separate estimates of the value added annually by each of these activities is not feasible, in large part because the establishments in this sector rarely keep systematic records even for major items such as sales or employment. Even if firms kept records, it would be extremely difficult to monitor the thousands of existing establishments, much less keep track of firms leaving or entering the sector. Thus, any effort at sampling or regular census-taking in the small scale sector is likely to provide insufficient information from which to construct an annual index of production.

scholarly journals Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Djordje Mitrovic ◽  
Miguel Crespo Chacón ◽  
Aida Mérida García ◽  
Jorge García Morillo ◽  
Juan Antonio Rodríguez Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Scale Assessment

Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.

The management of structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform in Vietnam

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Keith Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Actual Output ◽  
Present Decade ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Low Rate

Vietnam has been remarkably successful in managing structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform. As a result, it has achieved very rapid economic growth during the present decade without, apparently, a substantial increase in inequality. All sectors of the economy have grown rapidly and yet there has been dramatic structural change. This growth and structural change, according to official data, have occurred despite a relatively low rate of investment. Our analysis suggests, however, that savings and investment have been understated, that actual output is higher than the national accounts data indicate and that growth is even faster than the official figures suggest. These results are a consequence of the nature and sequencing of the policy reforms that were introduced from the 1980s onwards.

scholarly journals Advantageous Description of Short Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Austenitic Stainless Steels with Distinct Properties

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Lukáš Trávníček ◽  
Ivo Kuběna ◽  
Veronika Mazánová ◽  
Tomáš Vojtek ◽  
Jaroslav Polák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Scale Yielding ◽  
Residual Fatigue ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

In this work two approaches to the description of short fatigue crack growth rate under large-scale yielding condition were comprehensively tested: (i) plastic component of the J-integral and (ii) Polák model of crack propagation. The ability to predict residual fatigue life of bodies with short initial cracks was studied for stainless steels Sanicro 25 and 304L. Despite their coarse microstructure and very different cyclic stress–strain response, the employed continuum mechanics models were found to give satisfactory results. Finite element modeling was used to determine the J-integrals and to simulate the evolution of crack front shapes, which corresponded to the real cracks observed on the fracture surfaces of the specimens. Residual fatigue lives estimated by these models were in good agreement with the number of cycles to failure of individual test specimens strained at various total strain amplitudes. Moreover, the crack growth rates of both investigated materials fell onto the same curve that was previously obtained for other steels with different properties. Such a “master curve” was achieved using the plastic part of J-integral and it has the potential of being an advantageous tool to model the fatigue crack propagation under large-scale yielding regime without a need of any additional experimental data.

scholarly journals Spatial Agglomeration of China’s Forest Products Manufacturing Industry: Measurement, Characteristics and Determinants

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Zhenhuan Chen ◽  
Hongge Zhu ◽  
Wencheng Zhao ◽  
Menghan Zhao ◽  
Yutong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Spatial Agglomeration ◽  
Continuous Space

China’s forest products manufacturing industry is experiencing the dual pressure of forest protection policies and wood scarcity and, therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the spatial agglomeration characteristics and evolution drivers of this industry to enhance its sustainable development. Based on the perspective of large-scale agglomeration in a continuous space, in this study, we used the spatial Gini coefficient and standard deviation ellipse method to investigate the spatial agglomeration degree and location distribution characteristics of China’s forest products manufacturing industry, and we used exploratory spatial data analysis to investigate its spatial agglomeration pattern. The results show that: (1) From 1988 to 2018, the degree of spatial agglomeration of China’s forest products manufacturing industry was relatively low, and the industry was characterized by a very pronounced imbalance in its spatial distribution. (2) The industry has a very clear core–periphery structure, the spatial distribution exhibits a “northeast-southwest” pattern, and the barycenter of the industrial distribution has tended to move south. (3) The industry mainly has a high–high and low–low spatial agglomeration pattern. The provinces with high–high agglomeration are few and concentrated in the southeast coastal area. (4) The spatial agglomeration and evolution characteristics of China’s forest products manufacturing industry may be simultaneously affected by forest protection policies, sources of raw materials, international trade and the degree of marketization. In the future, China’s forest products manufacturing industry should further increase the level of spatial agglomeration to fully realize the economies of scale.

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