Maternal risk factors in full-term newborns with early onset sepsis related with Interleukin-6 in umbilical blood

Background: to determine the relationship and association of early sepsis with interleukin-6 measured in umbilical blood, as well as gestational age and birth weight, prenatal history of the mother pathologies during pregnancy, in full-term newborns at the Neonatology Service of Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (Quito). Subjects and methods: epidemiological, observational, analytical, cross-sectional. 200 newborns were analyzed. IL-6 was determined by Elisa. Results: newborn mean gestational age 38.4±2 weeks, mean weight 2871±532.4 grams, cutoff point interleukin 6 ≤14pg/uL; mean of IL6. 58±99,1 pg/uL; male sex was 43.9%, female sex 56.1%; preeclampsia of the mother 22.4%, prenatal infection of the urinary tract 20.4%; vaginitis/vaginosis 19.4%; IL6 values ≤ 14 pg/uL in 63.3% of patients; IL6 values of >14 pg/uL 36.7%; relationship with sepsis in all, p<0.05; relationship of prenatal pre-maternity of the mother and neonatal sepsis. p<0.05; relationship between vaginitis/vaginosis of the mother with neonatal sepsis; p<0.05; OR: 38.88 IC95% (4.912-307.728); association between sepsis and risk factors, IL6, gestational age in weeks, weight, prenatal preeclampsia, prenatal urinary tract infection, vaginitis/vaginosis, p<0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a relationship of risk factors, such as, gestational age in weeks, weight, prenatal preeclampsia, prenatal UTI, vaginitis/vaginosis and values of interleukin 6 ≤ 14 pg/uL. The mean gestational age was 38.4 weeks, and average weight 2871 grams in the newborns analyzed.

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Faktor Risiko Ibu Dalam Meningkatkan Kejadian Sepsis Neonatorum Di RSUD Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin

Proceeding Of Sari Mulia University Midwifery National Seminars ◽

10.33859/psmumns.v0i1.26 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 73-83

Author(s):

Fitri Yuliana ◽

Mahpolah Mahpolah ◽

Eriza Nopariyanti

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Case Control ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽

Premature Rupture ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Prolonged Labor

Latar Belakang: Penyebab utama kematian bayi baru lahir atau neonatal di dunia antara lain bayi lahir premature 29%, sepsis dan pneumonia 25% dan 23% merupakan bayi baru lahir dengan asfiksia dan trauma. Sepsis neonatorum merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pada bayi baru lahir, angka kejadian sepsis di Indonesia masih tinggi yaitu 8,7% sampai 30,29% dengan angka kematian 11,56% sampai 49,9%. Kejadian sepsis neonatorum di RSUD dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh pada tahun 2014 sebanyak 2,9%, tahun 2015 sebanyak 1,2%, dan tahun 2016 sebanyak 1,2%.Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor risiko ibu dalam meningkatkan kejadian sepsis neonatorum di RSUD Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Tahun 2017.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan case control. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua bayi baru lahir yang tercatat di rekam medik RSUD dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh tahun 2017 sebanyak 4516 orang. Sampel kasus diambil dengan total sampling sebanyak 55 orang sedangkan sampel kontrol diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 55 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square.Hasil: Faktor risiko ibu yang terjadi selama kehamilan terbukti dapat meningkatkan kejadian sepsis neonatorum yaitu persalinan lama (ρ=0,032 a=0,05), ketuban pecah dini (ρ=0,015 a=0,05), dan usia kehamilan (ρ=0,022 a=0,05). Dari ketiga faktor tersebut ibu yang mengalami ketuban pecah dini merupakan faktor yang paling berisiko menyebabkan sepsis neonatorum dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami ketuban pecah dini (OR = 2,571) sedangkan faktor risiko ibu yang tidak berhubungan adalah infeksi antepartum dan komplikasi kehamilan.Simpulan: Dari lima faktor risiko ibu terdapat tiga faktor yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian sepsis neonatorum yaitu faktor yang paling beresiko adalah ketuban pecah dini dan faktor lainnya adalah persalinan lama dan usia kehamilan. Kata Kunci: Ketuban pecah dini, Persalinan lama, Sepsis neonatorum, Usia kehamilan Mother Risk Factors In Increasing The Incidence Of Neonatal Sepsis At Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Hospital Of BanjarmasinABSTRACT Background: The main causes of newborn or neonatal deaths in the world include premature babies 29%, sepsis and pneumonia 25% and 23% are newborns with asphyxia and trauma. Neonatal sepsis is one of the infectious diseases that can cause death in newborns, the incidence of sepsis in Indonesia is still high at 8.7% to 30.29% with a mortality rate of 11.56% to 49.9%. The incidence of Neonatal Sepsis at Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Hospital of Banjarmasin in 2014 as much as 2.9%, in 2015 as many as 1.2%, and in 2016 as many as 1.2%.Objective: To analyzing maternal risk factors in increasing the incidence of neonatal sepsis at Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Hospital of Banjarmasin in 2017.Methods: Quantitative research with case control design. The study population was all newborns recorded in the medical record at Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Hospital of Banjarmasin in 2017 as many as 4516 people. Case samples were taken with a total sampling of 55 people while the control samples were taken with a purposive sampling technique of 55 people. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results: Maternal risk factors that occur during pregnancy have been shown to increase the incidence of neonatal sepsis, prolonged labor (ρ=0,032 a=0,05), premature rupture of membranes (ρ=0,015 a=0,05), and gestational age (ρ=0,022 a=0,05). Of the three factors, mothers who experienced premature rupture of membranes were the most at risk for causing neonatal sepsis compared with those who did not experience premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2,571) while unrelated maternal risk factors were antepartum infection and pregnancy complications.Conclusion: Of the five maternal risk factors there are three factors that can increase the incidence of neonatal sepsis, which is the most risky factor is premature rupture of the membranes and other factors are prolonged labor and gestational age. Key Words: Gestational age, Neonatal sepsis, Premature rupture of membranes, Prolonged labor

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Fundus Examination of 23,861 Newborns by Digital Imaging in Ningbo

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2021/6620412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Delin Liu ◽

Jiao Zheng ◽

Yi Lu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Digital Imaging ◽

Full Term ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Average Birth Weight ◽

Ocular Abnormalities ◽

Term Newborns

Purpose. To perform fundus examinations of full-term and premature infants to identify common congenital ocular diseases and determine the incidence and additional risk factors in Ningbo, China. Methods. Fundus examinations were performed on newborns between January 2017 and July 2020 in Ningbo using a RetCam3 or PanoCam LT wide-field digital imaging system. The neonates’ birth weight, gestational age, gender, delivery mode, oxygen intake, and other conditions were recorded. We compared the incidence of ocular abnormalities in both full-term newborns and premature infants. Results. There were 23,861 newborns in this study comprising 12,605 (52.8%) male and 11,256 (47.2%) female infants, 20,938 full-term babies, and 2,923 premature babies. The average gestational age was 37.9 ± 5.6 weeks, and the average birth weight was 3,189 ± 417 g. Overall, we found ocular abnormalities in 6,645 (27.8%). The most common abnormality in full-term newborns was retinal hemorrhage (RH), which we found in 3,827 (18.3%) cases. Other diseases identified included familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), retinoblastoma (RB), and congenital cataracts. The delivery method had a significant impact on the incidence of neonatal RH ( P < 0.001 ). Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was observed in 617 newborns accounting for 21.1% of all screened premature infants. Logistic analysis showed that gestational age and birth weight were important risk factors for ROP ( P < 0.001 ). For treatable diseases, such as ROP, FEVR, congenital cataract, glaucoma, and RB, early identification allows for active treatment or referral to a specialized hospital for further treatment. Conclusion. Early examination and prompt treatment of ocular disorders in newborns are important to avoid lifelong visual impairment. Eye examinations should be performed during the neonatal period and at regular follow-up visits.

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NEONATAL SEPSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS: STUDY IN AVBRH HOSPITAL SAWANGI

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i6.1215 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Pramod P. Singhavi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Early Onset ◽

Late Onset ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Premature Rupture ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Late Onset Sepsis ◽

Early Onset Sepsis ◽

Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid

Introduction: India has the highest incidence of clinical sepsis i.e.17,000/ 1,00,000 live births. In Neonatal sepsis septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis and urinary tract infections can be included. Mortality in the neonatal period each year account for 41% (3.6 million) of all deaths in children under 5 years and most of these deaths occur in low income countries and about one million of these deaths are due to infectious causes including neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. In early onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) Clinical features are non-specific and are inefficient for identifying neonates with early-onset sepsis. Culture results take up to 48 hours and may give false-positive or low-yield results because of the antenatal antibiotic exposure. Reviews of risk factors has been used globally to guide the development of management guidelines for neonatal sepsis, and it is similarly recommended that such evidence be used to inform guideline development for management of neonatal sepsis. Material and Methods: This study was carried out using institution based cross section study . The total number neonates admitted in the hospital in given study period was 644, of which 234 were diagnosed for neonatal sepsis by the treating pediatrician based on the signs and symptoms during admission. The data was collected: Sociodemographic characteristics; maternal information; and neonatal information for neonatal sepsis like neonatal age on admission, sex, gestational age, birth weight, crying immediately at birth, and resuscitation at birth. Results: Out of 644 neonates admitted 234 (36.34%) were diagnosed for neonatal sepsis by the paediatrician based on the signs and symptoms during admission. Of the 234 neonates, 189 (80.77%) infants were in the age range of 0 to 7 days (Early onset sepsis) while 45 (19.23%) were aged between 8 and 28 days (Late onset sepsis). Male to female ratio in our study was 53.8% and 46% respectively. Out of total 126 male neonates 91(72.2%) were having early onset sepsis while 35 (27.8%) were late onset type. Out of total 108 female neonates 89(82.4%) were having early onset sepsis while 19 (17.6%) were late onset type. Maternal risk factors were identified in 103(57.2%) of early onset sepsis cases while in late onset sepsis cases were 11(20.4%). Foul smelling liquor in early onset sepsis and in late onset sepsis was 10(5.56%) and 2 (3.70%) respectively. In early onset sepsis cases maternal UTI, Meconium stained amniotic fluid, Multipara and Premature rupture of membrane was seen in 21(11.67%), 19 (10.56%), 20(11.11%) and 33 (18.33%) cases respectively. In late onset sepsis cases maternal UTI, Meconium stained amniotic fluid, Multipara and Premature rupture of membrane was seen in 2 (3.70%), 1(1.85%), 3 (5.56%) and 3 (5.56%) cases respectively. Conclusion: Maternal risk identification may help in the early identification and empirical antibiotic treatment in neonatal sepsis and thus mortality and morbidity can be reduced.

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Investigating maternal risk factors as potential targets of intervention to reduce socioeconomic inequality in small for gestational age: a population-based study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-12-333 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Irene Hayward ◽

Lorraine Halinka Malcoe ◽

Lesley A Cleathero ◽

Patricia A Janssen ◽

Bruce P Lanphear ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Socioeconomic Inequality ◽

Population Based ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Maternal Risk

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A study of risk factors and their correlation with severity of retinopathy of prematurity: a prospective study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20204039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 1984

Author(s):

Bhuvaneshwari C. Yelameli ◽

Ramesh V. Neelannavar ◽

Kiruthika Das

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Wide Field ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Medical College ◽

Stage 4 ◽

A Prospective Study

Background: Recent advances in neonatal care in the last decade and improved survival rates have resulted in an apparent increase in the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which is the most important cause of preventable blindness in infants. This study was done to identify the risk factors which predispose to ROP and to assess its correlation with severity of ROP.Methods: A total of 140 neonates with gestational age ≤34 weeks, birth weight ≤2000 grams who were admitted at NICU, S. N. Medical College and HSK Hospital, Bagalkot from December 2018 to May 2019 were considered. Babies were assessed and recorded for the risk factors of ROP in a predesigned proforma. ROP screening was performed using wide-field digital imaging on a retcam shuttle (Clarity MSI, USA).Results: A total of 140 babies were examined, and an overall incidence of ROP was 52 (37.1%). 17 (32.7%) had stage 3, 3 (5.8%) had stage 4, and 1 (1.9%) had stage 5. Among the 52 babies with ROP, 19 (51.3%) underwent laser photoablation. Risk factors like gestational age, birth weight, maternal risk factors, apnea, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), hypoglycaemia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sepsis, coronary heart disease (CHD), blood transfusion and oxygen requirement duration were significantly associated with ROP. Delay in the establishment of feeds has been associated with ROP (p<0.001).Conclusions: Screening should be intensified in the presence of risk factors which can reduce the incidence of severe stages of ROP as highlighted by this study.

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Enteral feeding strategy for newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis

Voprosy detskoj dietologii ◽

10.20953/1727-5784-2020-4-17-28 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 17-28

Author(s):

A.I. Aminova ◽

◽

P.A. Bobkova ◽

E.I. Belova ◽

N.V. Zaytseva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Enteral Feeding ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Formula Feeding ◽

Study Objective ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Group I

Study objective. To optimize the recommendations on the strategy of enteral feeding for newborn babies with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Patients and methods. A single-centre, observational, prospective, analytical, cohort study of 186 infants aged from 2 days to 2 months (96 boys, 90 girls) with the verified diagnosis of NEC of varied severity, who were treated at the neonatal pathology department of Moscow G.N.Speransky Children’s City Clinical Hospital No 9 in 2016-2018. The patients were divided into 2 groups, depending on disease staging according to the Walsh and Kliegman classification: group I – 124 (66.7%) newborns with mild NEC (stage 1A, B and 2A) and group II – 62 (33.3%) patients with a severe course (stages 2B and 3A, B). Results. As has been found, maternal risk factors for the development of severe forms of NEC in newborns are: maternal age over 40 years (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.83–2.17), assisted reproductive technologies (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.79–3.66), bad obstetrical-gynaecological history (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.03–2.97), infectious diseases during pregnancy (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.69–1.90). The ranking of the risk factors present in babies themselves permitted to find a causative relation with such factors as bacteriological contamination of biological media (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.3–4.0), bacteremia, viremia (OR = 5.80, 95% CI 2.99–7.13), gestational age 30–32 wks (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.01–3.94), which were significant only for mild forms of NEC. A minimal number of severe cases was diagnosed for a combination of breastfeeding and parenteral nutrition (16.7%), development of severe NEC was more often noted when feeding was started within 5 days: breastfeeding (26.3%), formula feeding (33.3 %), mixed breast and formula feeding (5%), or in infants who did not receive feeding due to their severe condition after birth (33%) (р < 0.05). The minimal number of severe NEC cases was found among babies who remained on breast (11.1%) and mixed (11.1%) feeding after the 5th day (р < 0.05), the maximal number – in infants who started from enteral feeding and were transferred to formula feeding (50%). Prolonged enteral feeding was three times more often associated with a severe course of NEC (р < 0.001). Conclusion. As has been found, the frequency of developing severe NEC depends on the character of the first feed after birth. A risk of developing severe forms of NEC decreases in newborns on breast- or mixed feeding, in combination of breast feeding and parenteral nutrition, short courses of enteral pauses, alternation of enteral feeding and enteral pauses. The results might be used in the clinical practice of neonatologists and paediatricians for prevention and management of NEC and its possible complications in newborn infants. Key words: necrotising enterocolitis, enteral pause, enteral nutrition, neonatology, birth weight, gestational age, premature infants

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Neonatal Sepsis: A Profile of a Changing Spectrum

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 207-214

Author(s):

K Venkatnarayan ◽

PK Bej ◽

RK Thapar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Clinical Criteria ◽

Common Organism ◽

Sepsis Screen

Introduction: The clinical features of neonatal sepsis are protean and are based on variety of clinical, demographic and laboratory profile of suspected cases. Objectives: To describe the aforementioned profiles in neonates presenting with clinically suspected sepsis based on pre-defined clinical criteria. Material and Methods: Design: Cross-Sectional Study; Setting: Level-2 NICU, Tertiary Care Hospital; Duration: Jan 2011 to Jul 2012. Subjects: 50 consecutive neonates presenting with any of the predefined clinical criteria were assessed for presence of maternal risk factors and studied with respect to: Gestational age, sepsis screen, clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms cultured. Results: Out of the fifty neonates, 38 (76%) were early onset sepsis. The sepsis screen showed an overall sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 54%; with a positive predictive value of 41% and a negative predictive value of 83%. The most common organism cultured was Staphylococcus aureus followed by E Coli, Pseudomonas, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and Group B Streptococcus. Ampicillin and Amikacin fared better than Cefotaxime and Gentamicin for Gram positive and Gram negative organisms, respectively. Overall, 37 babies responded to first line antibiotics and 11 required a change of antibiotics. One required addition of inotropes and two of the neonates died. Conclusion: A clinical diagnosis of sepsis based on predefined clinical criteria along with maternal risk factors, over- treated 27 babies (71%) with EONS and 8 babies (66.6%) with LONS. However, such a clinical diagnosis was supported by a septic screen almost twice as frequently (50% Vs 26.3%) in LONS. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):207-214 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11236

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Different Management Strategies for Term Newborns Delivered with Premature rupture of membranes

10.53350/pjmhs211561423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1423-1425

Author(s):

J. Zain ◽

M. Asim ◽

K. Firdos ◽

T. Laique

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Full Term ◽

Ethical Review ◽

Large Sample Size ◽

Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽

Premature Rupture ◽

Insignificant Difference ◽

Term Newborns

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Aim: To compare the outcomes of prophylactic versus selective antibiotics in term newborns born after PROM > 18 hours in terms of neonatal sepsis and resistance of neonatal. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Methodology: This study enrolled (n=120) asymptomatic term (37+ weeks) babies of either gender with PROM > 18 hours after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval. This study held at DHQ Hospital, Rawalpindi-Pakistan in 2019. Data was collected through a structured proforma with informed consent. Data was analyzed by SPSS, v-20. The study outcomes were neonatal sepsis and resistant neonatal flora. Chi-square test was applied with p≤0.05 taken as significant. Results: The neonatal sepsis was diagnosed in 8 (13.3%) and 9(15%) babies in the prophylactic treatment group and the selective treatment group, respectively having statistically insignificant difference (p>0.05). Likewise, resistant neonatal flora between both groups showed statistically insignificant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that there was insignificant difference in terms of rates of neonatal sepsis and resistant neonatal flora between two treatment groups. However, there is a need to conduct large sample size, multicentre studies to validate these results before making recommendations for routine treatment of full term babies with PROM >18 hours in our clinical settings. Keywords: Neonates, Premature Rupture Of Membranes, Full Term, Neonatal Sepsis and Resistant Neonatal Flora.

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Head circumference and anterior fontanel measurements in newborns

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi52.3.2012.145-51 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rizal Agus Tiansyah ◽

Irawan Mangunatmadja ◽

Aman Pulungan

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Full Term ◽

Brain Growth ◽

Anterior Fontanel ◽

Term Infants ◽

Head Growth ◽

Term Newborns ◽

Male Subjects ◽

The Brain

Background Head growth and anterior fontanel (AP) closureare passive processes in response to brain growth. The growthof the brain and skull starts in the third week of intrauterinegestation. roth processes run simultaneously as a part of integralgrowth, along 'With increasing gestational age, until post􀀿birth.Measurement of head circumference (He) and AF in newbornsis done to determine if the brain and skull grew normally duringthe intrauterine period.Objectives To investigate the differences in He and AF sizebetween preterm and full􀀿term infants, and the relationshipbetween gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) to Heand AF size.Methods This was a descriptive analytic study on preterm andfull􀀿term newborns. Measurement of HC and AF was conductedin three phases: just after birth, 1x24 and 2x24 hours of age.Analysis of HC and AF size differences between preterm and fullterm subjects was performed, as well as analysis of the correlationbetween GA and BW to HC and AF size.Results Two hundred fifty newborns completed the study. Therewere 180 full􀀿term and 70 preterm subjects. Median HC in full􀀿term and preterm male subjects were 34 cm (range 31􀀿37 cm)and 31 cm (27􀀿34 cm), respectively. Median HC in full􀀿termand preterm female subjects were 33 cm (31􀀿36 cm) and 32 cm(27􀀿3S.S cm), respectively. Median AF in full􀀿term and pretermmale subjects were 2.17 cm (1.0SA.6 cm) and 2.22 cm (1.3SA.Scm), respectively, and in full􀀿term and preterm female subjectswere 2.02 cm (lA.1S cm) and 2.22 cm (0.7SA cm), respectively.The HC of preterms were significantly lower than the fullterms(P<O.OOl), however the AF size was not different between these2 groups of newborns (P =0 .28). Correlation test between GA andBW to HC size revealed a positive correlation (r=0.620, P<O.OO 1and r=0.801, P<O.OOl, respectively), but not to AF size (r=􀀿 0.06,p􀁀 0.279 and F- 0.049, P􀁀0.44, respectively).Concl usions We found that the HC size of pre terms wassignificantly lower than thefullterms, but no significant differences in AF size between the two groups. GA and BW were associatedwith HC size, but not associated to AF size. [paediatr lndones.2012;52:145-51].

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