scholarly journals The The Syntax of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. p13
Author(s):  
Arafiq Arafiq
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
The Real ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Linguistic Units

This article aims at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in the Bima Language, a language spoken by approximately 9000 people who inhabit the eastern part of Sumbawa Island. This number of speakers does not include those who live in Reo Pota Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. The Bima Language is grouped into Sumba-Bima Subgroup of Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) branch of Austronesian Language. Data in this study are the linguistic units from morphems level to clausal level. The data were taken from conversations and monologues recorded in the real situations in which the Bima Language is used. The focus of this paper is to describe the personal pronoun system of the Bima Language, describing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. Based on the analysis, the Bima Language has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitics. Both sets of personal pronouns show the same syntactic properties and distributions. These two sets of personal pronouns are able to occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addition to their distributions, these two sets of personal pronouns can occur with numerals, relatives, and NPs. However, only full personal pronouns can combine with demonstratives.

scholarly journals Comparison of Personal Pronoun between Arabic and Its Indonesian Translation of Koran

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markhamah ◽  
Abdul Ngalim ◽  
Muhammad Muinudinillah Basri ◽  
Atiqa Sabardila
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linguistic Units

The system of pronoun in Indonesian language and Arabic is diverse. This becomes the main consideration of the emergence of the current study. This comparative-descriptive-qualitative study aims at comparing the Indonesian translation of Quran with its Arabic version to differentiate pronouns of both languages in relation to gender (male, female, neutral), grammatical categories of number (singular, plural, dual), and tenses (past, present, and future). Al-Qur’an which is written in Arabic is then compared to the Indonesian translation of it. Moreover, the objects of the research are personal pronouns and the data are all linguistic units consisting of personal pronouns in the Indonesian translation of Quran compared to its Arabic version. The data were collected through content analysis. Then, the comparative and distributional methods were employed to analyze the data. The findings show that in terms of gender, personal pronoun has different translation in the two languages. Indonesian does not distinguish the personal pronoun that refers to male or female, while Arabic does. In terms of quantity, Indonesian first person pronoun kami ‘we’ is commonly used for plural. However in the translated verses, kami ‘we’ refers to both singular and plural. Furthermore, in terms of tenses, Indonesian and Arabic utilize different systems. Indonesian does not distinguish the pronoun in terms of past, present, or future act, while Arabic adjusts the grammatical conformity between the verb and the subject or between the adverb and the subject in relation to number, person, and gender to express an element of tense. 

scholarly journals The Organization of Personal Pronouns in Sentence Structure Construction of Makassarese Language

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Asriani Abbas ◽  
Kaharuddin ◽  
Muhammad Hasyim
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
And Function

Makassarese language belongs to the Austronesian language family, currently spoken as a mother language by a group of people in South Sulawesi province, eastern Indonesia. This research focuses on personal pronoun organization in the sentence construction of the Makassarese language. The form, position, and function of personal pronouns in the language sentences are explained. It used ‘simak’ (to-observe) method in form of a conversational involved-observation technique including recording and note-taking in collecting data. The data sources were oral data and text data. The oral data were taken from five informants selected purposively. The text data were taken from the folklore script of South Sulawesi written in the Makassarese language. The data were presented descriptively and analyzed by using the distributional method. The findings show two forms of personal pronouns used dominantly in constructing sentences: free personal pronoun and bound personal pronoun (clitic). Position of the free personal pronoun is in front of, in the middle of, and at the end of a sentence. The clitic is in front of and at the end of the verb. In addition, there is also clitic attached at the end of the noun that serves as possessive. The sentence starting with a free personal pronoun forms the pattern of SV (subject-verb) or SVO (subject-verb-object) and the sentence starting with clitic-attached verb forms the pattern of VS (verb-subject) or VSO (verb-subject-object). The basic structure of the Makassarese sentence is VS or VSO. The derivative structure is SV or SVO with other varieties.

AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE NOVEL THE SINS OF FATHER

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Chintia Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Annotated Translation

This article is based on annotated translation. Annotated translation is a translation with commentary. The objective of this article is to find out strategies that was employed in translating in Personal Pronoun I and You in the novel The Sins of Father by Jeffry Archer. The research used qualitative method with retrospective and introspective as research approached. The syntactic strategies by Chesterman is employ as tools of analysis. The result shows that from 25 data, there are 5 primary data which are taken using purposive sampling technique. There are 3 word ‘I’ and 2 word ‘You’, which all the data has the same translation principle and strategies.

Personal Pronoun in Japanese Based on Gender (Structure and Semantic Study)

Jurnal KATA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Syahrial Syahrial
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Research

<p><em>This research analyzed the personal pronouns of Japanese from structure and semantics based on gender.  This research useddescriptive method. To discuss the personal pronoun, the theories used include the theory of Lyons (1997), Samsuri (1980), Djajasudarma (1993), Moeliono, et al. (1993), Alwi, et al. (1998), Quirck, et al. (1985), Keraf (1990), Bambang Kaswanti (1983). while For pronouns, used the theory of Oya (1992), Tomita (1993), Kindaichi (1993). The theory used for gender research was the theory of Tsujimura (1995). The results of this Research shows that the personal pronouns of Japanese are different between The speaker and the listener or addresser and addresseeboth male and female and as well as neutral. The conclusion of this study is that based on gender, personal pronoun in Japanese is different. The differences come between the greeters and the greeted or speaker and his/her partners on male and female basis</em></p>

scholarly journals Women write the rights of woman: the sexual politics of the personal pronoun in the 1790s

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Sexual Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Mary Hays ◽  
Analysis Programme ◽  
Political Pamphlets

This article investigates patterns of personal pronoun usage in four texts written by women about women's rights during the 1790s: Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Hays' An Appeal to the Men of Great Britain (1798), Mary Robinson's Letter to the Women of England (1799) and Mary Anne Radcliffe's The Female Advocate (1799). I begin by showing that at the time these texts were written there was a widespread assumption that both writers and readers of political pamphlets were, by default, male. As such, I argue, writing to women as a woman was distinctly problematic, not least because these default assumptions meant that even apparently gender-neutral pronouns such as I, we and you were in fact covertly gendered. I use the textual analysis programme WordSmith to identify the personal pronouns in my four texts, and discuss my results both quantitatively and qualitatively. I find that while one of my texts does little to disturb gender expectations through its deployment of personal pronouns, the other three all use personal pronouns that disrupt eighteenth century expectations about default male authorship and readership.

The Prosodization of Weak Function Words in Kurdish Language (Leilakhi Dialect)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sadegh Mohammadi Bolban Abad ◽  
Batool Alinezhad ◽  
Vali Rezai
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Prosodic Phonology

<p>This paper investigates the prosodic structure of simple prepositions and dependent personal pronouns as weak function words in Leilakhi Dialect with the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology or Phonology of Domains. Weak function words (fnc) of this dialect are proclitics or enclitics that form Clitic Group (CG) with their host. One such feature of these elements is their combinatorial restriction with their host, <em>i.e. </em>simple prepositions as prosodic proclitics must precede a noun phrase or independent personal pronoun and absolute prepositions as phonological words join the dependent personal pronouns in the role of enclitics which give form to the clitic group. The phonetic process and phonological process used in this research are aspiration and stress assignment pattern respectively. </p>

Is there anything there when there is not there? Null expletives and second language data

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Oshita
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Linguistic Characterization ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Made In

This article explores the issue of the psychological reality of null expletives, i.e., the silent counterparts of the so-called dummy subjects such as English it and there. Following Jackendoff’s (1997; 2002) notion of `defective’ lexical item, I define null expletives as extremely `defective’ words with syntactic properties but no semantic or phonological content. By comparing native speakers of pro-drop languages and those of topic-drop languages in terms of their grammatical judgement of and productive use of English, I argue that null expletives are very likely psychologically real to speakers of pro-drop languages but not to those of topic-drop languages. This conclusion is based on observations made in previous second language (L2) studies and the analysis of data obtained from a large corpus of nonnative English. The question of the unaccusative-unergative distinction in L2 grammar and the linguistic characterization of so-called free subject-verb inversion in pro-drop languages are also discussed in relation to the issue of the psychological reality of null expletives.

scholarly journals The interpretation of German personal pronouns and d-pronouns

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-190
Author(s):  
Markus Bader ◽  
Yvonne Portele
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Function

Abstract Three experiments investigated the interpretation and production of pronouns in German. The first two experiments probed the preferred interpretation of a pronoun in contexts containing two potential antecedents by having participants complete a sentence fragment starting either with a personal pronoun or a d-pronoun. We systematically varied three properties of the potential antecedents: syntactic function, linear position, and topicality. The results confirm a subject preference for personal pronouns. The preferred interpretation of d-pronouns cannot be captured by any of the three factors alone. Although a d-pronoun preferentially refers to the non-topic in many cases, this preference can be overridden by the other two factors, linear position and syntactic function. In order to test whether interpretive preferences follow from production biases as proposed by the Bayesian theory of Kehler et al. (2008), a third experiment had participants freely produce a continuation sentence for the contexts of the first two experiments. The results show that personal pronouns are used more often to refer to a subject than to an object, recapitulating the subject preference found for interpretation and thereby confirming the account of Kehler et al. (2008). The interpretation results for the d-pronoun likewise follow from the corresponding production data.

scholarly journals JENIS-JENIS DAN BENTUK T-V YOBIKAKE OLEH REMAJA JEPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Putu Istri Aryasuari ◽  
I Ketut Darma Laksana ◽  
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Formal Methods ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Data Provision

This study aims to determine the types of greetings and forms of T-V greetings used by Japanese teenagers. Sources of data used are data in the form of questionnaires, list of questions, and supported by data sourced from Japanese movies and Japanese cartoons (anime). The theory used is the theory of types of yobikake according Hiromi and Theory T-V Brown-Gillman (1960). Methods and techniques of data provision are made with questionnaires and interview methods to Japanese adolescents. Methods and techniques of data analysis are performed by referential reference method. Methods and techniques of presentation of data analysis results use informal and formal methods. Result of research shows that there are three kinds of greeting found. The three types of greeting, personal pronouns 'ninshoo daimeshi', greeting of  the suffixed name of self / form Mr / Mrs 'keishou', and greeting in the term kinship 'shinzoku yougomei'. The greetings that are found contain the T-V form. Greetings of personal pronoun of the form of T found are atashi, ore, boku, jibun, wa-shi, a-shi, wa-shitachi, atashitachi, oretachi, uchira, anta, omae, kimi, temee, omaetachi, and minna. Greetings personal pronouns of V form found are watakushi, watashi, watashitachi, anata, anatatachi, minasama and minasan. The greetings of suffixed self name containing T shapes are greetings with the suffixes ~ kun and ~ chan. The greetings of suffixed self name containing V-shapes, are greetings with suffixes ~ sama, ~ dono, and ~ san. Greetings in the term kinship that contain the form T are ojiichan, jiiji, obaachan, baaba, papa, oyaji, otou, mama, okaa, kaasan, onii, oniichan, oneechan, neechan, and imoutochan. Greetings in the term kinship containing the form V, are ojiisan, obaasan, otousan, okaasan, oniisan, ani, ane, otouto, and imouto.

The development of person agreement and the cliticization of personal pronouns in Batsbi

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Finite Form ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Person Agreement

Abstract Most Nakh-Daghestanian languages have gender (or noun class) agreement in the verb, but do not have person agreement. This is the case with Chechen and Ingush, which are genetically the closest to Batsbi. Batsbi, by contrast, has developed person agreement with the subject in the verb along with gender agreement. This is assumed to be due to the strong influence of Georgian, which has long been the second language of Batsbi speakers. In Georgian, the verb shows person agreement with the subject as well as with the direct or indirect object. Present-day Batsbi, presumably inspired by the polypersonal agreement of Georgian, further develops the cliticization of non-subject personal pronouns. To put it simply, it seems as though Batsbi attempts to express what a Georgian verb may encode in a single, finite form by means of a verb and a personal pronoun that is cliticized to it.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document