scholarly journals Apoptosis, guardian of the genome: Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 037-054
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohammad Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Apoptosis has attracted great attention in the last two decades and the number of publications related to apoptosis has been growing exponentially. The revolution that has occurred in apoptosis research is a direct result of a better understanding of the genetic program and biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis. Apoptosis is not only a common normal event but also essential for the growth and development of organisms. In the adult, apoptosis is mostly abnormal, but in its absence or failure cancer cells obtain immortality by escaping this type of cell death. Apoptosis works synergistically in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The first pathway is initiated by the cell itself in response to stress. The second is initiated via death receptors stimulated by cells of the immune system. This review is an attempt to answer questions like: Why is cell death important to study? How cells undergo apoptosis? What controls the decision between life and death? Which cellular events could cause the control of apoptosis to be impaired? The literature cited below shows some sort of unity in the scientific community on the necessity of a sophisticated balance between “pro-survival” and “pro-death” forces to ensure the happiness of cells in multicellular organisms

scholarly journals Recent Findings of the Types of Programmed Cell Death

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Borys ◽  
Ronza Khozmi ◽  
Wiesława Kranc ◽  
Artur Bryja ◽  
Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Mitotic Catastrophe ◽  
Death Domain ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Apoptosis And Necrosis

Summary Cell death plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. It can occur in a controlled manner by apoptosis or autophagy. Cell death which occurs regardless of regulatory factors include necrosis, mitotic catastrophe or oncosis. Apoptosis and necrosis are cellular process that leads to cell death. However their mechanisms are different, although factors triggering them can be similar. Necrosis and apoptosis have many different characteristics in terms of biochemistry and morphology. There are two main pathways of apoptosis induction signal: receptor - dependent and mitochondrial. The outsider apoptotic pathway is induced by external factors stimulating membrane receptors having an intracellular domain called death domain. Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, disorders electrolyte transport and an increase in the concentration of the calcium ions in the cytoplasm. In response to stress-factors, mitochondrial channels are opened, so that is released into the cytoplasm cytochrome C. This work is aimed at an overall description of exchanged processes.

Programmed cell death in African trypanosomes

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (S1) ◽  
pp. S7-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. WELBURN ◽  
E. MACLEOD ◽  
K. FIGARELLA ◽  
M. DUZENSKO
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Parasitic Protozoa ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Until recently it had generally been assumed that apoptosis and other forms of programmed cell death evolved during evolution of the metazoans to regulate growth and development in these multicellular organisms. However, recent research is adding strength to the original phenotypic observations described almost a decade ago which indicated that some parasitic protozoa may have evolved a cell death pathway analogous to the process described as apoptosis in metazoa. Here we explore the implications of a programmed cell death pathway in the African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Biomarkers of Cell Death in Human Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kongning Li ◽  
Deng Wu ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Mitotic Catastrophe ◽  
Regulated Necrosis ◽  
Early Diagnose ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Cell death is a critical biological process, serving many important functions within multicellular organisms. Aberrations in cell death can contribute to the pathology of human diseases. Significant progress made in the research area enormously speeds up our understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of cell death. According to the distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics, cell death can be triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death, and mitotic catastrophe. Nevertheless, the realization that all of these efforts seek to pursue an effective treatment and cure for the disease has spurred a significant interest in the development of promising biomarkers of cell death to early diagnose disease and accurately predict disease progression and outcome. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about cell death, survey current and emerging biomarkers of cell death, and discuss the relationship with human diseases.

scholarly journals Differentiating life and death: An inflammatory affair

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Lane
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Signaling Networks ◽  
Inhibitors Of Apoptosis ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cell Death Signaling ◽  
Cycle Dependent

Programmed cell death signaling networks are frequently activated to coordinate the process of cell differentiation, and a variety of apoptotic events can mediate the process. This can include the ligation of death receptors, the activation of downstream caspases, and the induction of chromatin fragmentation, and all of these events can occur without downstream induction of death. Importantly, regulators of programmed cell death also have established roles in mediating differentiation. This review will provide an overview of apoptosis and its regulation by Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl-2 family members. It will then outline the cross-talk between NF-ĸB and apoptotic signaling in the regulation of apoptosis before discussing the function of these regulators in the control of cell differentiation. It will end on a discussion of how a DNA damage-directed, cell cycle-dependent differentiation program may be controlled across multiple passages through cell cycle, and will assert that the failure to properly differentiate is the underlying cause of cancer.

scholarly journals Some scientific publications of BPKIHS: a bibliometric study of articles listed in the Web of Science

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143
Author(s):  
S Risal ◽  
H N Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Academic Institution ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Web

Scientific productivity of any academic institution is expressed by the total number of publications generated by its academic faculties and the use of the publication by scientific community. Citation analysis is done to evaluate the use of the publications. Use of the publication can be studied with the help of bibliometric analysis. Counting publication, publications trends, authorship patterns and citation analysis are parts of bibliometric analysis. Web of Science is one of the best databases which allow the study in the use of the publications through citation analysis. In this article, scientific articles produced by the faculties and other international affiliated faculties of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences have been studied. Citation analysis of scientific publications of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences is done with the help of the Web of Science, a product of Thomason Reuters.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i2.6584 Health Renaissance 2012; Vol 10 (No.2); 139-143 

scholarly journals TaMCA4, a Novel Wheat Metacaspase Gene Functions in Programmed Cell Death Induced by the Fungal Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Wang ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Chunlei Tang ◽  
Pengfei Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Bax Gene

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process to remove redundant or harmful cells, for the development of multicellular organisms, or for restricting the spread of pathogens (hypersensitive response). Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases which play an essential role in PCD. Triticum aestivum metacaspase 4 (TaMCA4) is a type II metacaspase gene cloned from ‘Suwon11’ wheat, with typical structural features such as peptidase C14 caspase domain and a long linker sequence between the two subunits. Transient expression of TaMCA4 in tobacco leaves failed to induce PCD directly but enhanced cell death triggered by a mouse Bax gene or a candidate effector gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Enhancement of PCD was also observed in wheat leaves co-bombarded with TaMCA4. When challenged with the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, the expression level of TaMCA4 in wheat leaves was sharply upregulated, whereas the transcript level was not significantly induced by the virulent race. Moreover, knocking down TaMCA4 expression by virus-induced gene silencing enhanced the susceptibility of Suwon11 to the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and reduced the necrotic area at infection sites.

scholarly journals The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 controls NK cell homeostasis through regulation of mTOR activity and TNF

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (9) ◽  
pp. 2010-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Vetters ◽  
Mary J. van Helden ◽  
Sigrid Wahlen ◽  
Simon J. Tavernier ◽  
Arne Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Cell Homeostasis ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cytotoxic Molecules ◽  
Editing Enzyme ◽  
Mtor Activity

The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 is a well-known regulator of immune cell function and homeostasis. In addition, A20 protects cells from death in an ill-defined manner. While most studies focus on its role in the TNF-receptor complex, we here identify a novel component in the A20-mediated decision between life and death. Loss of A20 in NK cells led to spontaneous NK cell death and severe NK cell lymphopenia. The few remaining NK cells showed an immature, hyperactivated phenotype, hallmarked by the basal release of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. NK-A20−/− cells were hypersensitive to TNF-induced cell death and could be rescued, at least partially, by a combined deficiency with TNF. Unexpectedly, rapamycin, a well-established inhibitor of mTOR, also strongly protected NK-A20−/− cells from death, and further studies revealed that A20 restricts mTOR activation in NK cells. This study therefore maps A20 as a crucial regulator of mTOR signaling and underscores the need for a tightly balanced mTOR pathway in NK cell homeostasis.

scholarly journals T-2 mycotoxin induced apoptosis in broiler’s liver tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Piret Hussar ◽  
Tõnu Järveots ◽  
Lazo Pendovski ◽  
Katerina Blagoevska ◽  
Trpe Ristoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. As T-2 toxin is known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cells, the aim of the present experiment was to study the toxic effect of T-2 on chicken liver tissue using apoptosis-related antibodies p21 and p53 which are involved in the p53/p21-mediated apoptotic signalling pathway. The experiment was conducted on fourteen 40-day-old broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) who were divided into control and T-2 toxin groups. For the T-2 toxin group, T-2 toxin (Sigma, Germany) was dissolved in water and given per os for three consecutive days. The material of the liver was taken 24 hours after the last application. The specimens were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded into paraffin; slices 5 μm in thickness were cut followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies p21 and p53 (Abcam, UK) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). Strong expression of p21 and p53 found in hepatocytes, endotheliocytes and around blood vessels together with large tissue destructions in T-2 toxin group birds’ liver indicates apoptosis and histopathological changes in liver tissue during T-2 mycotoxicosis.

scholarly journals Role of D-GADD45 in JNK-Dependent Apoptosis and Regeneration in Drosophila

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Camilleri-Robles ◽  
Florenci Serras ◽  
Montserrat Corominas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Correct Function ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Wing Imaginal Discs ◽  
Harmful Effects

The GADD45 proteins are induced in response to stress and have been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigate the role of D-GADD45 during Drosophila development and regeneration of the wing imaginal discs. We find that higher expression of D-GADD45 results in JNK-dependent apoptosis, while its temporary expression does not have harmful effects. Moreover, D-GADD45 is required for proper regeneration of wing imaginal discs. Our findings demonstrate that a tight regulation of D-GADD45 levels is required for its correct function both, in development and during the stress response after cell death.

scholarly journals Plants expressing murine pro-apoptotic protein Bid do not have enhanced PCD

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Manara ◽  
Zahra Imanifard ◽  
Linda Fracasso ◽  
Diana Bellin ◽  
Massimo Crimi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Truncated Protein ◽  
Apoptotic Protein ◽  
Family Protein

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore whether plant programmed cell death (PCD) cascade can sense the presence of the animal-only BH3 protein Bid, a BCL-2 family protein known to play a regulatory role in the signaling cascade of animal apoptosis. Results We have expressed the mouse pro-apoptotic protein Bid in Arabidopsis thaliana and in Nicotiana tabacum. We did not obtain any transformed plant constitutively expressing the truncated protein (tBid—i.e. the caspase-activated form) whereas ectopic expression of the full-length protein (flBid) does not interfere with growth and development of the transformed plants. To verify whether the presence of this animal pro-apoptotic protein modified stress responses and PCD execution, both N. tabacum and A. thaliana plants constitutively expressing flBid have been studied under different stress conditions triggering cell death activation. The results show that the presence of flBid in transgenic plants did not significantly change the responses to abiotic stress (H2O2 or NO) and biotic stress treatments. Moreover, the finding that no Bid active form was present in treated tobacco plants suggests an absence of a proper activation of Bid.

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