scholarly journals Kerrottu ja muisteltu inkerinsuomalaisten paluumuutto

Elore ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna-Liisa Salonsaari
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Right Of Return ◽  
The Right ◽  
Unique Part

The remigration of the Ingrian Finns and other ethnic Finns from the territories of the former Soviet Union is a unique part of Finnish history. Ever since the beginning of the right of return established in 1990, about 30 000 returnees and their family members have moved to Finland. According to the amendments of the Aliens Act introduced in July 2011, remigration is supposed to end after the transition period. In her article Salonsaari writes about the narrated and remembered remigration of the Ingrian Finns. She deals with remigration issues through the interviews with two returnees. In her own concept of narrated remigration, she regards the presentations of the remigration experience as narrations, created, for example, within the framework of interviews. Interviews produce individual life stories focused on remigration experience. While analysing them, she discusses what kind of narrations they are and how remigration comes up. Those narrations show that there are different kinds of remigrations and remigration experiences, as well as different ways to narrate them. Narrated remigration includes, for example, meaning, turning points and interpretations on remigration experience. Salonsaari notes that, while listening to remigration narrations, it is possible to understand the returnees’ point of view, which can be used in practical work with the immigrants.

Is the USSR dead? Experience from the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Golovnin ◽  
Alexander Libman ◽  
Daria Ushkalova ◽  
Alexandra Yakusheva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Former Soviet Republics ◽  
Economic Linkages

The paper examines the economic linkages between the post-Soviet states from the point of view of the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009. It aims to find out whether the interdependence between the countries of the former Soviet Union is still large enough that crises in individual countries affect the economic development in the neighboring states, and assesses the impact of the crisis itself on the linkages between the former Soviet republics. The evidence is mixed: while some channels of interdependence deteriorated over the last decade, others became more important, and some were even strengthened by the crisis itself.

The Desire for Adoptive Invisibility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Sadowski-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Transnational Adoption ◽  
White Children ◽  
The Right ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Unrealistic Expectations

This chapter explores three of the most influential parental memoirs of adoption from the former Soviet Union—Margaret L. Schwartz’s The Pumpkin Patch (2005), Theresa Reid’s Two Little Girls (2007), and Brooks Hansen’s The Brotherhood of Joseph (2008)—to complement scholarship on transnational adoption that has focused on questions of race for adoptions from China and Korea, while emphasizing adoption failures for Eastern European adoptees. In these memoirs, parents explicitly eschew the traditional humanitarian narrative of adoption and portray themselves as neoliberal consumers who have the right to select healthy white children from the international adoption market in order to forge families whose members look as though they could be biologically related. While the authors’ belief that they share a preexisting racial identity with post-Soviet children grants them immense privileges, it also subjects adoptees to unrealistic expectations of their complete assimilation that ignore the conditions for the children’s relinquishment and displacement from their birth countries, languages, and cultures. The belief that US adoptive parents share a racial identity with children in the former East Bloc not only turns them into preferred commodities but also renders them particularly vulnerable to rejections or adoption disruptions, which may help explain the significant numbers of abuse and death cases of post-Soviet adoptees at the hands of their US parents.

Joining the Jewish People: Non-Jewish Immigrants from the Former USSR, Israeli Identity and Jewish Peoplehood

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Yakobson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Jewish Immigrants ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Return ◽  
Former Ussr

The Law of Return grants every Jew the right to immigrate to Israel; this also applies to non-Jewish relatives of Jews. The Citizenship Law grants every such “returnee” automatic citizenship. The wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union in the 90s brought a large number of immigrants not considered Jewish under the definition accepted in Israel. Is this large group of Israeli citizens—who do not, at least formally, belong to the Jewish people—an emerging second substantial national minority in Israel? This Article argues that regardless of formal definitions based on Orthodox religious law under which a religious conversion is the only way for a non-Jew to become Jewish, these immigrants, through their successful social and cultural integration in the Hebrew-speaking Jewish society in Israel, are joining, de facto, the Jewish people. It is no longer true that religious conversion is the only way to join the Jewish people.

“The Permiak question”: Bolshevik central authorities, Russian and non-Russian provincial elites negotiating over autonomy in the early 1920s

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrek Jääts
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Cultural And Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

This is an article on Bolshevik nationalities policy and ethnic engineering, asking who, in fact, decided which populations belonged together as ethnic groups (narodnost') and thus had the right of national self-determination, and how the level of autonomy was determined for each ethnic unit. Scholars have dealt with Russian and Soviet nationalities issues for decades already, but they have turned their attention mainly to the larger nationalities (at the level of SSR, and to a lesser degree the levels of ASSR and autonomousoblast). I argue that the lower levels of national territorial autonomy in the Soviet Union (nationalokrug, raion, volost', andselsovet) are worthy of greater academic attention, at least from the ethnological point of view. Having this kind of low-level territorial autonomy has often been a question of to be or not to be for the small ethnic groups concerned, and hence the subject is connected with the question of preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity in Russia.

Why Conflicts In The Former Soviet Union Are So Difficult To Negotiate And Mediate

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina M. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Transition

AbstractThe difficulty in using negotiation and mediation to resolve conflicts in the former Soviet Union (FSU) derives from factors coming both from the Soviet and pre-Soviet Russian periods and from the current transition. Traditional reliance on authority and government centralization led to both reliance on and distrust of central authorities, neither of which is conducive to negotiation. In the transition period, rigidity, change, long-term and short-term uncertainty, distrust, and absence of valid spokespeople all contribute to undermine negotiations. Yet, inevitably, more negotiation and mediation will be needed and eventually used.

scholarly journals Problems Encountered during the Transition to Market Economy in Azerbaijan and Solution Attempts

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihan Bulut ◽  
Elchin Suleymanov ◽  
Fakhri Hasanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Republic

After re-gaining its independence on 18 October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan started to transform to the market-based economy and to integrate into the world economy. The country’s oil and natural gas reserves have been considered the main source for financing range of government programs for reforms. On the one hand, these reserves had to be used effectively; on the other hand, there was a huge demand for foreign investment for extraction. To this end, Azerbaijan has signed “Contract of the Century” in 1994. Although Azerbaijan has wide oil and natural gas reserves, it has faced a number of difficulties in its transition way. This study analyzes these problems and reforms for solving them. One of the types of the problems were related to the economic structure of the former Soviet Union: disruption of the economic ties between the republics resulted in decline of production, high levels of unemployment and prices and consequently led to an economic recession in all of the republics. Another set of problems was related to lack of sufficient institutional bases to transform to the market economy. Moreover, internal conflicts between the political parties and groups for having authority as well as political chaos in the republic can be considered other serious problems during the transition period. Furthermore, Karabakh war and occupation of 20 percent of the Azerbaijani territory by the Armenian military forces had made the situation extremely complicated. Despite all of these extremes, Azerbaijan transformed to the market-based economy decidedly and even became one of the fast growing countries of the world. Even in 2006, with the GDP growth rate of 34.5 percent, Azerbaijan was a leader among growing economies. In parallel with this significant economic development, there is still a need for some socio-economic and institutional reforms in order to get a well-functioned market-based economy in Azerbaijan.

Religious Freedom, the Minority Question, and Geopolitics in the Middle East

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Religion And State ◽  
The Right ◽  
Strong Concern

The right to religious freedom is widely regarded as a crowning achievement of secular-liberal democracies, one that guarantees the peaceful coexistence of religiously diverse populations. Enshrined in national constitutions and international laws and treaties, the right to religious liberty promises to ensure two stable goods: (1) the ability to choose one's religion freely without coercion by the state, church, or other institutions; and (2) the creation of a polity in which one's economic, civil, legal, or political status is unaffected by one's religious beliefs. While all members of a polity are supposed to be protected by this right, modern wisdom has it that religious minorities are its greatest beneficiaries and their ability to practice their traditions without fear of discrimination is a critical marker of a tolerant and civilized polity. The right to religious freedom marks an important distinction between liberal secularism and the kind practiced in authoritarian states (such as China, Syria, or the former Soviet Union): while the latter abide by the separation of religion and state (a central principle of political secularism), they also regularly abrogate religious freedoms of their minority and majority populations. Despite claims to religious neutrality, liberal secular states frequently regulate religious affairs but they do so in accord with a strong concern for protecting the individual's right to practice his or her religion freely, without coercion or state intervention.

Georgia and International Law

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Blanc Altemir ◽  
Eimys Ortiz Hernández
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Right

The dissolution of the USSR at the end of December 1991 and the reunification of Germany were, without doubt, two of the most remarkable international events at the end of the 20th century. Analysis of the consequences of these events with respect to international law has proved challenging to international legal norms due to the fact that the kind of “micro cosmos” exemplified by these events served to highlight the principal sectors of international law. The consequences of the dismemberment of the USSR proved to be extensive and they were felt not only in Europe, but also in the rest of the world. The breakup of such a prominent strategic actor put an end to the restricted stability that characterized the bipolar nature of the Cold War. Thus, international society witnessed a period of instability in succeeding years marked by a renewed rise in issues such as the right of self-determination and the principle of uti possidetis. Therefore, events unfolding in the former Soviet Union, at times tedious and even tragic, led to the creation of a new international organization called the Commonwealth of Independent States, which tried to fill the “black hole” left by the breakup of the USSR as well as deal with the problems confronted by the successor states, notwithstanding its own deficiencies. Moreover, some disputes of a territorial, interethnic, or national character became very violent, such as those in Central Asia and the Caucasus, in particular in Georgia. Over the years Georgia has intensified its process of approximation to the European Union (EU). On the one hand, the EU-Georgia Association Agreement that entered into force on 1 July 2016 is remarkable for establishing a deep and comprehensive free trade area. On the other hand, the effective application of the Schengen—visa-free travel for short stays for Georgian citizens—has been of great importance. This article provides researchers with instruments to study the recurring problems in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as the Georgian-Russian conflict in 2008, and also treats the consequences of these crises in international law. Issues such as military operations, the cease-fire agreement, and the succeeding evolution of events are discussed. A section focuses specifically on important violations of international law that took place during the conflict, for which an international report was published. In addition, the consequences of the conflict are addressed with respect to NATO-Russia and EU-Russia relations while the effects of the conflict in the geostrategic and energy fields are also considered. Additionally, the rapprochement between Georgia and the European Union is analyzed.

scholarly journals Involving cross-border organized crime networks from ex-Soviet sources in support of terrorism and their influence on regional economic development

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 975-983
Author(s):  
Marius Trăistaru
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Transnational Terrorism ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime

AbstractThis paper indicates how the actions of organized crime networks (especially the former the former Soviet Union) can affect, from an economic point of view, the elaboration of policies to combat transnational terrorism. Transnational organized crime poses a significant and growing threat to national and international security, with dire implications for public safety, public health, democratic institutions, and economic stability across the globe. Not only are criminal networks expanding, but they also are diversifying their activities, resulting in the convergence of threats that were once distinct and today have explosive and destabilizing effects. Ex-soviet organized crime networks represent a significant threat to economic growth and democratic institutions. Nuclear material trafficking is an especially prominent concern in the former Soviet Union. Because some terrorist-extremist organizations are criminal groups that have a specific organization, logistics, specific training and education systems that cannot work without having material and financial resources. As a result, one of the most effective ways to fight the threat of terrorist organizations is to combat terrorism financing. Within the European Union, the primary responsibility for combating terrorist financing lies with the Member States. However, the EU can and should play a supporting role in helping to respond to the transnational nature of the threat.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATIVE PREJUDICE IN FOREIGN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-637
Author(s):  
E.V. Antonov ◽  
V.I. Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Further Development

The article investigates criminal law with administrative prejudice, as well as the history of the emergence and development of norms with administrative prejudice in the modern criminal legislation of Russia and foreign countries on various grounds. The problems of the application of norms with administrative prejudice in practice are considered. The criminal legislation of the states of the former Soviet Union, in particular the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is analyzed from the point of view of further development of the criminal legislation of these countries towards improving the institution of administrative prejudice and increasing the number of norms with administrative prejudice. It is noted that some post-Soviet states (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) in their criminal legislation abandoned the institution of administrative prejudice and tried to replace the norms with administrative prejudice with others. Attention is drawn to the problems with the registration of administrative offenses and the application of data on registered administrative offenses for the correct application of the rules with administrative prejudice in practice by the law enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation.

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