Universality and Autonomy in Kant’s Moral Philosophy

Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences ◽

10.30727/0235-1188-2018-11-86-102 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 86-102

Author(s):

O. V. Artemyeva

Keyword(s):

Moral Philosophy ◽

Moral Agent ◽

Previous History ◽

Moral Law ◽

Universal Principle ◽

Philosophical Concept ◽

Formula Of Humanity ◽

History Of ◽

Supreme Principle

The paper is devoted to the analysis of Kant’s approach to the ideas of universality and autonomy as the constitutive features of morality. The paper shows that Kant’s findings concerning these ideas were anticipated by the previous history of moral philosophy, mainly by the modern moral philosophers, who focused specifically on the elaboration of the philosophical concept of morality. Kant’s peculiar role was that, firstly, he conceptualized the ideas of universality and autonomy and formulated corresponding principles; secondly, Kant integrated both principles into the concept of moral law (a key concept in his moral philosophy) and revealed the way by which the formula of universality and the formula of autonomy together with formula of humanity constitute the supreme principle of morality and essentially express the sense of morality itself. Kant believed that the reason for the failure of the previous attempts to explicate the supreme principle of morality was inability to understand that the moral agent is subject not only to universal but at the same time his own legislation. Thirdly, Kant, unlike his predecessors, in his examination of universality didn’t appeal to the human nature or nature of things. Fourthly, he underlined that the principle of universality and the principle of autonomy were not only interconnected but also shaped each other: the determination of will may be identified as a universal principle only if it is given through a moral agent’s rational will. And a moral agent may be identified as autonomous only if in his decisions and actions he is guided by principles that are universalizable.

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Factores de riesgo del síndrome confusional agudo en ancianos hospitalizados.

Ciencia e Innovación en Salud ◽

10.17081/innosa.2962 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Rodado ◽

Irine Aragon

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Previous History ◽

Source Population ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

History Of ◽

Transversal Study ◽

Special Relevance ◽

Control Study

Background: Acute confusional syndrome is a current problem of special relevance among elderlypatients admitted to hospital medical services. The determination of its risk factors is an essential process in the development and implementation of programs to prevent this complication. Methods: With the mentioned aim we have carried out this case-control study as an analytical, observational, retrospective and transversal study, whose source population was integrated by 60 patients over age 65 according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups: with and without delirium. Discussion: Our analysis has confirmed the association between these factors and delirium: illness severity; previous history of Delirium (OR 10.6); mental status (OR 7.3); high risk medications (OR 6.9); renal failure (OR 6.5); medication at risk added (OR 6); physical status (OR 5.2); use of neuroleptics (OR5.1); anemia (OR 4.75); sodium alterations (OR 4.5); urinary catheter (OR 3.8); low albumin (OR 3.7); infection (OR 3.1). Conclusion: There is no relationship proved between acute confusional syndrom and the following factors: use of benzodiazepines, aggressive procedures, immobility, old age, dementia, diminished ADL skills, co-morbidity and polypharmacy, even if they have been identified as risk factors in previous studies. Hence, these results should be interpreted with caution.

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Pitfalls in the determination of intracranial spread of complicated suppurative sinusitis

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100134589 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 110 (7) ◽

pp. 673-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. J. Conlon ◽

A. Curran ◽

C. V. Timon

Keyword(s):

Ct Scan ◽

Previous History ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Intracranial Extension ◽

Sinus Disease ◽

Grand Mal ◽

History Of ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

AbstractWe present two cases of suppurative sinusitis that presented to our casualty department over a one-week period. Both patients suffered complications of the disease secondary to extension of the inflammatory process beyond the bony confines of the sinus. Neither of the patients had a previous history of sinus disease. The first patient deteriorated suddenly 24 hours after admission. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan failed to demonstrate a developing subdural empyema. This complication was confirmed following repeat scanning 24 hours later and the patient required urgent neurosurgical intervention and drainage. The second patient presented with periorbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis and suffered a grand mal seziure on admission. Once again initial CT scan changes were subtle and significant intracranial extension was not noted until the subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed.The purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential dangers over reliance on CT scanning in diagnosing early intracranial spread of sinus disease and we emphasise that the clinician must interpret any radiological investigations in light of the associated clinical findings.

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The Vitamin B12 Activity of Natural Material with Particular Reference to Cod Liver Protein

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f52-006 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 129-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Guttmann ◽

F. A. Vandenheuvel

Keyword(s):

Previous History ◽

Natural Material ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Liver Protein ◽

Sodium Bisulphite ◽

History Of ◽

One Step ◽

Diverse Origin ◽

The Stability

Investigations concerning the stability of a group of factors contained in cod liver residue and displaying vitamin B12 activity have led to the conclusion that under the conditions prevailing during the rendering process, as developed at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, little or no deactivation occurs. This is in sharp contrast with what occurs under more drastic conditions such as used in the alkali-digestion process.The study of the microbiological method used for the determination of vitamin B12 activity has shown that one step of the analytical procedure, namely, that phase during which the extraction of the sample is performed, is responsible for anomalous results. Deactivation occurs during this stage to an extent which varies according to the previous history of the material. The addition of thioglycolic acid or ascorbic acid during this period does not effectively protect the material unless culture medium is added as well. Medium alone is inefficient. Sodium bisulphite on the other hand exerts protection even in the absence of medium. This effect of sodium bisulphite applies not only to cod liver residue, but also to materials of diverse origin, mammalian viscera included. The data obtained show that vitamin B12 itself is not involved; presumably vitamin B12a and vitamin B12b are, although there is no direct evidence of their presence in cod liver.As a protection during extraction, 0.08 per cent to 0.1 per cent of sodium bisulphite calculated on the amount of wet material appeared to be optimum.

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Comparison of Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Conditions on Knee Joint Reposition Sense

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.6.4.327 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 327-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michael J. Higgins ◽

David H. Perrin

Keyword(s):

Weight Bearing ◽

Previous History ◽

Chain Condition ◽

Position Sense ◽

Joint Position Sense ◽

Open Chain ◽

Closed Chain ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

In this study, joint reposition sense of the knee in a non-weight-bearing (NWB) state and that in a weight-bearing (WB) state were compared, and it was determined whether a significant relationship existed between knee displacement (KD) and joint reposition sense. The dominant knees of 8 male and 12 female subjects (age 19–26 years, M ±SD= 21.5 ± 2.06) who had no previous history of knee dysfunction were tested for accuracy of angular reproduction in the WB and NWB states. There was a significant difference in the accuracy of angular repositioning between the two conditions, with the WB test having less deviation from the predetermined angle. There was a weak relationship between KD and the ability to reproduce specific angles of the knee. These results suggest that the WB or closed chain state of the knee was more accurate in the determination of joint position sense than the NWB or open chain condition.

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Risk factors of acute confusional syndrome in elderly hospitalized in the Hospital Reina Sofía of Murcia. Retrospective case and controls

Ciencia e Innovación en Salud ◽

10.17081/innosa.57 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Rodado ◽

Irine Aragon

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Previous History ◽

Source Population ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

History Of ◽

Transversal Study ◽

Special Relevance ◽

Control Study

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Etiology and types of necrotizing periodontal diseases

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214486 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yazeed Abdullah Abdullah ◽

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr ◽

Ala'a Abdulkalq Albasher ◽

Abdullah Saeed Alassiri ◽

Mahmood Abdulaziz Shater ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Previous History ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Oral Lesions ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Systemic Involvement ◽

History Of

Necrotizing periodontal diseases pose a clinical significance because it has been associated with a severe prognosis that can cumulatively lead to rapid tissue destruction. A slow rate of destruction has been reported for patients with necrotizing periodontal diseases, and reports show that chronicity might be a characteristic in some patients, while many patients might also suffer from disease recurrence. The association of other oral lesions might also be a characteristic in some situations, which usually occurs in cases when systemic involvement is present. In the present literature review, we aim to discuss the etiology and types of necrotizing periodontal diseases based on evidence from the different related studies in the literature. Microbiology plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the condition, and some organisms as spirochetes were directly correlated with the etiology of the condition. Evidence also shows that the presence of the different risk factors might be the major contributor to the development of the condition as different risk factors were found to be directly correlated with the disease. Among the different factors, impacted host immune response and the presence of deteriorating systemic conditions have been widely reported in the literature as significant factors predisposing to developing the disease. Other factors as smoking and alcohol consumption, previous history of the disease, and other oral lesions, were also reported. Further research is needed for better classification of the condition and determination of more significant risk factors.

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A Modification of the Lemna Test for Phytotoxicity

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v44i3.12084 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 93-102

Author(s):

Fritz Fromm

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Lemna Minor ◽

Previous History ◽

Toxic Agent ◽

Modified Method ◽

Daily Change ◽

History Of ◽

Irregular Growth

1. The count of fronds of Lemna minor is more suitable for the determination of the growth rate than that of the number of plants. 2. The minimum volume of Clark's nutrient solution for one plant with two fronds is 1 ml. per day. 3. The growth of Lemna minor in nutrient solution produces measurable changes in nutrient concentration in 24 hours. A daily change of the solution is, therefore, advisable. This applies also to the nutrient containing the toxic agent, as a decrease in concentration is likely to occur there as well. 4. The previous history of the plants manifests itself in an irregular growth rate during the first days of the experiment, if their history is different from the conditions of the experiment. Plants to be used for a test should, therefore, be cultivated under the conditions to be applied for the control until their growth rate is reasonably constant. 5. The modified method for the Lemna test for phytotoxicity is described.

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Kant on Moral Respect

Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie ◽

10.1515/agph-2019-0022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Anastasia Berg

Keyword(s):

Moral Agent ◽

The Other ◽

Moral Action ◽

Moral Law ◽

Moral Agents ◽

The Will ◽

The Law ◽

The One ◽

Moral Respect

Abstract Kant’s account of the feeling of moral respect has notoriously puzzled interpreters: on the one hand, moral action is supposed to be autonomous and, in particular, free of the mediation of any feeling on the other hand, the subject’s grasp of the law somehow involves the feeling of moral respect. I argue that moral respect for Kant is not, pace both the ‘intellectualists’ and ‘affectivists,’ an effect of the determination of the will by the law – whether it be a mere effect or the motivating cause of action – but is instead identical to it. Drawing on Kant’s general account of feeling as the awareness of how representations and their objects harm or benefit our own powers, I argue that the identity between moral respect and the determination to action contains two elements. Moral respect is, first, a form of practical self-consciousness which constitutes the subject’s recognition of the moral law and thus of herself as intrinsically bound by it, i. e., as a moral agent. Second, respect is a capacity for receptive awareness of particular features of our environment as well as other persons insofar as they benefit and harm us as moral agents. Thereby moral respect affords us awareness in concreto of particular, morally-conditioned ends. In this way moral respect provides the key for a Kantian account of genuinely free practical receptivity.

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State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2019.sepoct01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 3-7, 16

Keyword(s):

Expert Testimony ◽

Narrow Range ◽

The United States ◽

Workers Compensation ◽

Federal Employees ◽

Permanent Disability ◽

Sixth Edition ◽

History Of ◽

Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

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