POTENTIAL BAGGASE AND MOLASSES WASTE SUGAR FACTORY FOR MIXED SUBSTRATES WITH COW MANURE IN FERMENTATION PROCESS METHANOGENIC

This study aims to analyze the potential of the sugar mill waste, namely baggase and molasses as a mixture of cow manure as a substrate in a methanogenic fermentation. This study uses 4 treatment that is P0 as controls (100% cow manure), later in other treatment using a mixture of cow manure comparison: baggase: molasses, P1 (50:20:30), P2 (50:30:20) and P3 ( 50: 40; 10). Parameters measured were nitrogen, carbon, ratio C / N and pH value. The analyze used in this research is statistic analysis. The results were obtained P3 which is a mixture of substrate (50:40:10) has an average value of the content of nitrogen, carbon, ratio C / N, and high pH value is compared to the other treatments. Ratio C / N at P3 of 24.47 closest Ratio C / N ideal for methanogenic fermentation which amounted to 25. The pH value of the treatment amounted to 7.05 billion P3 also meet the standards for process fermentation ranging from 6.6 to 7.6.

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ON SHALLOW‐HOLE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS—A TEST STUDY IN THE SALTON SEA GEOTHERMAL FIELD

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1440728 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 572-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tien‐Chang Lee

Keyword(s):

Numerical Methods ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Nonlinear Least Squares ◽

Geothermal Gradient ◽

Geothermal Field ◽

The Other ◽

Temperature Measurements ◽

Salton Sea ◽

Depth Interval ◽

Average Value

Shallow‐hole (<13 m) temperature measurements made at various depths and/or times may yield reliable values of geothermal gradient and thermal diffusivity if the groundwater table is shallow (a few meters) such that the effect of time‐dependent moisture content and physical properties is negligible. Two numerical methods based on nonlinear least‐squares curve fitting are derived to remove the effect of annual temperature wave at the ground surface. One method can provide information on the gradient and diffusivity as a function of depth while the other gives average value over the depth interval measured. Experiments were carried in six test holes cased with 2 cm OD PVC pipes in the Salton Sea geothermal field. A set of 5 to 7 thermistors was permanently buried inside the individual pipes with dry sand. Consistent gradient determinations have been obtained with both numerical methods from six monthly observations. By linearly extrapolating the depths to the 100°C and 200°C isotherms from the calculated gradients and mean ground temperatures, we have found good agreement with the nearby deep‐well data for four holes. Discrepancy is found for two holes, one of which is located near the field of [Formula: see text] mud volcanoes and the other near the volcanic Red Hill, reflecting complicated local hydrologic conditions.

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On Newcomb's method of investigating periodicities and its application to Brückner's weather cycle

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1914.0058 ◽

1914 ◽

Vol 90 (619) ◽

pp. 349-355

Keyword(s):

Thermal Radiation ◽

The Other ◽

New Method ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Numerical Work ◽

Average Value ◽

Other Hand ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Great Simplicity

During the last few years of his life Prof. Simon Newcomb was keenly interested in the problem of periodicities, and devised a new method for their investigation. This method is explained, and to some extent applied, in a paper entitled "A Search for Fluctuations in the Sun's Thermal Radiation through their Influence on Terrestrial Temperature." The importance of the question justifies a critical examination of the relationship of the older methods to that of Newcomb, and though I do not agree with his contention that his process gives us more than can be obtained from Fourier's analysis, it has the advantage of great simplicity in its numerical work, and should prove useful in a certain, though I am afraid, very limited field. Let f ( t ) represent a function of a variable which we may take to be the time, and let the average value of the function be zero. Newcomb examines the sum of the series f ( t 1 ) f ( t 1 + τ) + f ( t 2 ) f ( t 2 + τ) + f ( t 3 ) f ( t 3 + τ) + ..., where t 1 , t 2 , etc., are definite values of the variable which are taken to lie at equal distances from each other. If the function be periodic so as to repeat itself after an interval τ, the products are all squares and each term is positive. If, on the other hand, the periodic time be 2τ, each product will be negative and the sum itself therefore negative. It is easy to see that if τ be varied continuously the sum of the series passes through maxima and minima, and the maxima will indicated the periodic time, or any of its multiples.

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GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN ACIDIFIED PASTEURIZED MILK1

Journal of Milk and Food Technology ◽

10.4315/0022-2747-33.11.516 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 516-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

T. E. Minor ◽

E. H. Marth

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Ph Value ◽

The Other ◽

Antagonistic Effects ◽

Pasteurized Milk ◽

Ph Values ◽

Effect On Growth

The effect of gradually reducing the pH of pasteurized milk with acetic, citric, hydrochloric, lactic, and phosphoric acids over periods of 4, 8, and 12 hr on growth of Staphylococcus aureus 100 in this substrate was determined. In addition, 1: 1 mixtures of lactic acid and each of the other acids, and of acetic and citric acids were evaluated for their effect on growth of this organism. To achieve a 90% reduction in growth over a 12 hr period, a final pH value of 5.2 was required for acetic, 4.9 for lactic, 4.7 for phosphoric and citric, and 4.6 for hydrochloric acid. A 99% reduction during a 12 hr period was obtained with a final pH value of 5.0 for acetic, 4.6 for lactic, 4.5 for citric, 4.1 for phosphoric, and 4.0 for hydrochloric acid. A pH value of 3.3 was required for a 99.9% reduction with hydrochloric acid, whereas the same effect was produced at a pH value of 4.9 with acetic acid. Correspondingly lower pH values were required to inhibit growth within 8 and 4 hr periods. Mixtures of acids adjusted to pH values at the borderline for growth (12 hr period) exhibited neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects between two acids.

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The effects of direct drilling, shallow cultivation and ploughing on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment on spring barley

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600043069 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 125-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

K. Chaney ◽

D. R. Hodgson ◽

M. A. Braim

Keyword(s):

Spring Barley ◽

The Other ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Average Value ◽

Structural Problems ◽

Physical Measurements ◽

Long Term Experiment ◽

Direct Drilling ◽

Air Capacity

SummaryPhysical measurements were made on the soil of a long-term cultivation experiment comparing direct drilling, tine cultivation and mouldboard ploughing for spring barley to investigate possible reasons for differences in yield. The soil was a typical argillio brown earth, approximately 90 cm of sandy clay loam topsoil and clay loam subsoil overlying magnesian limestone. For the three periods 1971–4, 1975–7 and 1978–80 the mean grain yields were marginally lower after direct drilling than after shallow cultivation or ploughing. There was an average decline in yield of 1·33 t/ha from the first to the last period, the decline being greater for direct drilling than the other two tillage systems. Although the surface horizon (0–5 cm) of direct-drilled soil had a higher content of organic matter than the ploughed, this did not increase the stability of the aggregates. Slaking tests had shown the soil to be inherently unstable and likely to suffer from structural problems. After the first 3 years bulk density of direct-drilled soil (0–15 cm) increased markedly to ca. l·5 g/cm8 and then remained relatively stable. In the ploughed soil, density increased steadily over the period to an average value of co. 1·45 g/cm8. Tine cultivation to 7–8 cm reduced cone resistance values in the surface compared with direct-drilled soil but below 15 cm there were no significant differences. Ploughing gave significantly lower values than direct drilling to a depth of 30 cm. Measurements of pore sizes in direct-drilled and ploughed soil were highly variable with few significant differences. Mean air capacity values (1978–80) tended to be lower in direct-drilled than in ploughed topsoil particularly for plots direct drilled after 7 years of deep tine cultivation. A limited number of root measurements in 1978 and 1980 showed that the length of root per unit of ground area was much less after direct drilling than after ploughing. Shallow cultivation, surprisingly, gave most root with a greater proportion of the root system below 20 cm than in the other two treatments. The classification of this soil according to its suitability for direct drilling cereals is discussed.

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PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DARI KOTORAN SAPI DAN JERAMI PADI DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN BIOAKTIVATOR M-DEC

Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia ◽

10.31942/inteka.v5i1.3399 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Shobib

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Organic Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Aerobic Fermentation ◽

Fermentation Time

Cow manure can be used for making organic fertilizer because it contains nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Rice straw has a high C-Organic content. Adding straw compost will increase soil organic matter content. The study aims to determine the fermentation process that occurs so as to produce organic fertilize, know the effect of fermentation time and the effect of the composition of raw materials for cow manure and rice straw on the process of making organic fertilizer to the content of organic fertilizer according to SNI 7603 : 2018. The method use by aerobic fermentation is by mixing cow manure and rice straw and M-Dec bioactivators by comparison 3 : 1, 2 : 2,1 : 3 and fermentation time 7, 14, 21, 28 days. The parameters tested are C-organic, Nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). The best quality organic fertilizer in the treatment of cow manure : rice straw with a ratio of 2 : 2 on the 28th day fermentation process namely C-organic content 34,63 %, C/N ratio is 25, macro nutrient content N+P2O5+K2O of 3,14 % that has met SNI 7763 : 2018. Keyword: M-Dec bioactivator, aerobic fermentation, cow manure, rice straw, C/N ratio

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Quantitative assessment of ionic status of pond water for irrigation and aquaculture usage in the selected sites of Mymensingh areas, Bangladesh

Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries ◽

10.3329/ralf.v6i2.43053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 301-313

Author(s):

Taslima Akter ◽

Shampa Rani Ghosh ◽

Sitesh Chandra Sarker ◽

Md Mokhlesur Rahman ◽

KM Eadun Nabi

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Ph Value ◽

Pond Water ◽

The Other ◽

Acceptable Limit ◽

Legal Limit ◽

Other Hand ◽

Agricultural Chemistry ◽

Inorganic Components

Ponds are considered to be self-contained, land lock ecosystem which is often teeming with rich vegetation and diverse organismal life. The pond water contains different organic and inorganic components. The experiment was carried out in laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh through collection of pond water from Gouripur and Muktagacha under Mymensingh division for assessment of major ionic status and suitability parameters for irrigation and aquaculture usage in quantitative way. Around 30 samples were collected from different location. On the basis of HCO3 ion, all water samples except 3 samples were not suitable for irrigation because this anion exceeded the acceptable limit (1.5 meL-1). On the other hand, HCO3 ion was not treated as problematic in all samples except 2 samples for aquaculture usages. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, PO4 and SO4 were far below the recommended limit. Considering aquaculture usage, Cl ion was considered as hazardous in all the pond water samples because this anion was above the legal limit (<0.003mgL-1). pH value of pond ranged from 7.02 to 7.87 indicating alkaline in nature and were not problematic for irrigation and aquaculture usage. Among the major ionic constituents, the remarkable significant correlations existed between Ca vs Mg, Ca vs K, Mg vs SO4, K vs Na, Na vs SO4. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 301-313, August 2019

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Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Sari Apel sebagai Bahan Baku Cuka Apel Menggunakan Metode Backslop

Food Technology and Halal Science Journal ◽

10.22219/fths.v2i1.12968 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Alvianty Novitasari ◽

Warkoyo Warkoyo ◽

Sri Winarsih

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Ph Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Acetobacter Aceti ◽

Alcohol Content ◽

Apple Cider ◽

Factor I

Solid wasted of apple cider containing a lot of compounds such as carbohydrates, glucose, malic acid, and flavonoids. The purpose of this research is to utilize the solid wasted of apple cider as the raw material of apple vinegar. The fermentation process of making apple vinegar in this research using the backstop method. This research consists of 2 steps of the fermentation process. The first step of fermentation using yeast to transform sugar into alcohol. Second step fermentation is a continuance of first step fermentation with the addition of apple vinegar backstop culture which contain Acetobacter aceti with density 4 x 107cfu / ml to transform alcohol to acetic acid. This research uses simple and factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). Fermentation phase I using simple RBD with the proportion of apple raw material (solid wasted of apple cider: apple) 100% : 0%; 75%: 25%; 50%: 50%; 25%: 75% as factor I. Fermentation phase II using factorial RBD with the combination of factor I and the addition of apple vinegar backstop with concentration 5%, 10%, and 15% as factor II. The results showed that during the first step fermentation process the raw material proportion of apple (solid wasted of apple cider: apple) affected total soluble solids, pH value, and alcohol content. Fermentation phase II showed an interaction between the proportion of the raw material of apple (apple cider waste: apple) and the addition of backstop apple vinegar concentration to total dissolved solids, alcohol content, acetic acid, except pH value. The best results showed treatment with apple material proportion (25% solid wasted of apple cider: 75% apple) and addition of apple vinegar backstop concentration 15 % produce 4.6 g / 100ml acetic acid, 4% soluble solids total, pH value of 3.4 and alcohol residue of 0% (v/v), with colorful organoleptic results quite appealing, the scent is sufficient, and preferences are favored by the panelists.

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Evaluation of fermentation quality of brewers' grains ensiled in combination with malt sprouts and chemical conservation additive

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200856050227 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 227-234

Author(s):

Ivo Vyskočil ◽

Petr Doležal ◽

Jan Doležal ◽

Václav Pyrochta ◽

Libor Kalhotka

Keyword(s):

Propionic Acid ◽

Acid Production ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Ph Value ◽

Lactic Acid Production ◽

Acetic Acid Production ◽

Chemical Additive ◽

Fermentation Quality ◽

Malt Sprout

The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of addition of humidity absorbent (malt sprouts) and chemical conservation additive on fermentation process quality of brewer grains’ silage. Chemical conservation additive was based on formic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid and ammonium formate content. In a model experiment the fresh brewer grains were used. A dry matter (DM) content of brewer grains was 187.4 g / kg. Six treatments with three repetitions per treatment were prepared. The treatments A1, A2 and A3 were not supplied by humidity absorbent. Treatment A1 was a control treatment without any additive. The treatments A2 and A3 were supplied by chemical conservation additive in a dose of 3 L per tonne and 6 L per tonne, respectively. The treatments B1, B2 and B3 were supplied by malt sprouts to reach DM content of conserved matter on level 320–350 g / kg. Moreover the treatments B2 and B3 were supplied by chemical additive with its dose 3 and 6 L per tonne. Model silages were evaluated after 8 months of conservation at average laboratory temperature 26–28  °C, from each treatment were the final laboratory samples taken and analyzed. During conservation of treatments B1, B2 and B3 were no drain recognized. From A1 treatment drained 1300 ml of waste fluid that is 145 L per tonne of conserved matter. That was significant (P < 0.01) the malt sprouts addition support the lactic acid production and eliminate acetic acid production. There was no propionic acid or butyric acid detected in silages with malt sprouts event in these silages were analyzed higher (P < 0.01) concentration of ammoniac. Chemical additive supplementation improved (P < 0.01) the pH value and water leach acidity. The results show the malt sprout addition eliminates waste fluid drain and improves fermentation process. The higher concentration of chemical additive (6 l / t) inhibited the fermentation process in our model experiment.

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Evaluation of the Effect of Organic Fertilisers on Lettuce Yield in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR)

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036183 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 183

Author(s):

Phimmasone Sisouvanh ◽

John McPhee ◽

Suzie Jones ◽

Stephen Ives ◽

Alice R. Melland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Lao Pdr ◽

The Other ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Lao People’S Democratic Republic ◽

Manure Compost ◽

Lao People's Democratic Republic ◽

Organic Fertilisers

Production of leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) is limited by low nutrient soils. Organic fertilisers or composts made from agricultural residues may provide Lao PDR farmers with economical and environmentally sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilisers. Research is needed to increase awareness and knowledge of organic fertilisers suited to vegetable production in Lao PDR. An experiment at the Horticultural Research Centre (HRC) in Vientiane assessed the effect of four organic fertilisers on growth and yield of lettuce. Two commercially available fertilisers (fermented manure compost and an organic fertiliser) were compared with a mixture of cow manure plus rice husks, and a fourth compost made from vegetable leaves, straw and cow manure at the HRC. The experimental design was a randomised block with four replicates for each fertiliser treatment. Lettuce was grown in raised beds with 10 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) fertiliser applied before seedlings were transplanted. The fermented manure compost treatment had the highest yield (1.95 kg/m2) and was significantly higher than the other three treatments (p < 0.001). Growth rates were also highest for the fermented manure compost at all measured growth intervals (14, 28 and 45 days after transplanting). Rapid nutrient release from fertiliser is important for short-term crops. The higher growth rates and yields found for the fermented manure compost indicate that nutrients were released sooner and were more readily available compared to the other treatments. Mature compost releases nutrients more rapidly than compost that contains partially decomposed rice husks, vegetable leaves and straw.

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