scholarly journals Heteromericarpy of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Umbelliferae = Apiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 181 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
K. G. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Heracleum Sosnowskyi ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Leningrad Province ◽  
Germination Experiments ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Background. Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (family Umbelliferae = Apiaceae) is included in the lists of invasive species in many regions of Russia and European countries. Mericarps (fruits conventionally called seeds) of Heracleum L. spp. are characterized by an underdeveloped embryo and a complex morphophysiological type of dormancy; two-stage stratification is needed for their germination.Methods. In the period from 2014 to 2019, fruits of H. sosnowskyi were collected near settlements in Vyborg and Gatchina Districts, Leningrad Province; collecting was carried out from August through March. Seed size and 1000 seed weight were measured. Germination experiments were performed in the laboratory (22–24°C) monthly, from the time of collection in August until May. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper with three replications.Results. Large seeds on marginal umbellules of the central umbel were the largest in size. Their length was from 0.6 to 1.4 cm, width from 5 to 11 mm, and 1000 seed weight from 9 to 18 g. The length of smaller fruits was from 7 to 9 mm, width from 3 to 5 mm, and 1000 seed weight from 10.5 to 11.8 g. Germination of seeds collected in late summer was protracted. Under laboratory conditions, the emergence of the first seedlings was observed after 5–7 days. For the fruits stored in the laboratory, germination was reduced. Germination rate of stratified seeds varied from 55 to 99%.Conclusion. The biometric parameters of H. sosnowskyi mericarps were slightly affected by the place of growth and the year of maturation. Under laboratory conditions, H. sosnowskyi seeds collected in August showed germination rates from 3 to 15%. In years with a warm and long autumn, part of the fruit germinated in the year of maturation and managed to reach their juvenile state. Plump mericarps remained viable for at least three years. Sosnowsky’s hogweed fruits stored under laboratory conditions lost their germination ability within a year.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic Seed Germination of Thunia alba, a Variable Orchid in an Isolated Karst Hill of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Zi Yu Zhou ◽  
Ju Li ◽  
Xi Hui Peng ◽  
Sven Landrein
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Asymbiotic Seed Germination ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Germination Experiments ◽  
Germination And Growth

Asymbiotic seed germination of Thunia alba (Lindley) H.G. Reichenbach was tested on different media in order to propagate and preserve its genetic diversity. In addition different plant hormones were used in the similar germination experiments. Results from these experiments revealed that Knudson medium (KC) had the best germination ability but Mitra and modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) also showed good responses for growth and root formation in the seedling after eight weeks. Coconut water (CW) was the most efficient for promoting germination and growth, addition of 0.046 μM and 0.46 μM Kn also induced better germination rate and formation of leaves. The seedlings after eight months were transferred and acclimatized to grow in the garden on a medium containing bark and crushed concrete blocks. Although the species is amongst the rare orchid species that can successfully propagate asexually in the wild it is demanding for substrate and climatic conditions. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(2): 189-197, 2020 (December)

Aptitudes germinatives comparées de graines de Rumex acetosella issues de populations correspondant à des stades distincts d'une succession postculturale

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1381-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Escarré ◽  
C. Houssard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mother Plant ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Rumex Acetosella ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flowering Rate ◽  
Mother Plants

Germination of Rumex acetosella L. was studied under a variety of experimental conditions to determine whether populations from old fields of different ages (fallow for 6 months to 15 years) differed in seed weight and germination rate and in plant biomass and flowering rate of the resulting plants. Fresh seeds collected from these natural populations showed differences in germination that varied with the date of harvest and the number of years since the field was last cultivated: seeds of the youngest population harvested in July germinated the best and were lighter than those of the other populations. Different fertilizer levels applied during the growth of the mother plants from seeds collected in the original old fields affected the mean weight and the germination rate of the resulting seeds, regardless of the density of cultivation of the mother plant. However, the effect of different fertilizer levels on mean seed weight varied with the origin of each population. Heavy seeds (mean weight > 0.6 mg) of mother plants from the populations of fields abandoned over 2 years ago germinated better than light seeds (mean weight < 0.6 mg). There was no significant difference between heavy and light seeds in terms of percent germination for seeds from mother plants that came from the "youngest" field. These differences in germination rate observed in field-collected seeds were also found in light seeds of the offspring generation: light seeds of the mother plant from the population belonging to the more recently abandoned old field germinated the best. Plants grown from heavy seeds that came from the other populations of older fields had more biomass than those resulting from light seeds. This difference has not been observed between individuals resulting from light and heavy seeds of the youngest population. On the other hand, these individuals had a higher flowering rate than those resulting from the older populations. These results are interpreted in relation to the successional status of the populations: high flowering and early germination rates are suitable characteristics for establishment of plants on bare ground or after a disturbance, whereas heavy seeds with more reserves ensure germination and enough biomass of the resulting plants in density-dependent conditions.

scholarly journals Identification of novel sources of genetic variation for the improvement of cold germination ability in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Euphytica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junghyun Shim ◽  
Ritchel B. Gannaban ◽  
Benildo G. de los Reyes ◽  
Rosalyn B. Angeles-Shim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Germination Ability

Abstract Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is inherently susceptible to low temperature stress especially during the early seedling growth and boll maturation stages. The goal of the study is to identify novel sources of genetic variation that can be used to improve cold tolerance of cotton during seed germination. Genetic diversity analysis of thirty accessions from the core Gossypium Diversity Reference Set (GDRS) and twenty recombinant inbred lines derived from intercrossing cotton mutants with altered fatty acid content profiles established genetic variation in the test germplasm based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping. The mutants clustered in a single clade, whereas the GDRS accessions were separated into four different clades. Screening for germination ability at 12 °C and 15 °C showed that the fatty acid mutants had a significantly better overall germination compared to the GDRS accessions. Hydropriming improved the germination rate and uniformity of the GDRS accessions at 12 °C and 15 °C but not those of the fatty acid mutants, which recorded a better overall germination at 15 °C even without hydropriming. The tolerance of the FA mutants to cold stress during germination is proposed to be conferred by the higher proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the mutants compared to the GDRS accessions. Principal component analysis established phenotypic patterns of variation that is consistent with the observed genotypic variation in the test germplasm. Results of the study indicate the potential of the mutants and select GDRS accessions as donors in breeding for cold germination ability.

Screening Sorghum Accessions for Resistance against Anthracnose and Grain Mold through Inoculating with Pathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Louis K. Prom ◽  
Hugo Cuevas ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Clint Magill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Mold Resistance

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify resistant accessions against pathogens, causing anthracnose and grain mold. Study Design: Study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data for anthracnose rating, grain mold severity, seed weight, and percent germination rate were analyzed using the command PROC GLM. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Texas AgriLife Research Farm, Burleson County, Texas, in 2010, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons. Methodology: Forty-seven accessions were planted in 6 m rows 0.31 m spacing. Plants were inoculated by placing Colletotrichum sublineola colonized grain in the plant whorls 30 days after planting. Disease evaluation was initiated 30 days post-inoculation and thereafter on a weekly basis for three consecutive weeks. Grain mold experiment: Three treatments were used: 1) plants sprayed with A. alternata alone, 2) a mixture of A. alternata, F. thapsinum and C. lunata, 3) control plants sprayed with sterilized water and exposed to natural infection. At 50% bloom, three panicles per line within replication were inoculated for each treatment. Results: Eleven accessions, including PI641874, PI656070, PI656115, and PI534167 were consistently resistant when challenged with the anthracnose pathogen, C. sublineola. Accessions PI534047 and PI574455, exhibited resistance to moderately resistance grain mold response when challenged with the treatments. Seed weight, germination rate, and mycoflora analysis which are factors in determining grain mold resistance also were measured. Across the accessions, mean seed weight ranged from1.4 g to 4.3 g per 100 kernel and germination rate ranged from 26 to 87%.  Conclusion: The resistant accessions identified in this study can be used in breeding programs to develop anthracnose and grain mold resistance lines.

Effect of seed weight on height growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) seedlings in a nursery

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Sorensen ◽  
Robert K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Filled Seeds

Different mean seed weights were produced within each of 10 young Douglas-fir trees by leaving some developing cones unbagged and enclosing others in Kraft paper bags for two different durations. On the average, 10 days in the bag increased filled-seed weight by about 1%. Unbagged cones and cones from the 117-day bagging duration were wind pollinated. Seeds from these cones were, therefore, of comparable genetic makeup and were used in further nursery growth tests. To eliminate the effect of germination rate or time, samples of filled seeds from each treatment on each parent tree were sown as germinant seedlings on one date. Cotyledon number was counted and 1st-year epicotyl lengths and 2nd-year total heights were measured on all seedlings. Seedling volumes were estimated by assuming diameters were proportional to heights. On the average, bagging cones for 117 days increased seed weight by 10.7%, 1st-year epicotyl length by 9.1%, and 2-year total height by 4.0%. All differences were statistically significant. Results were compared with other reports of the relations between seed weight and growth and reasons for inconsistencies were discussed. Size differences were projected to later ages with a growth model and practical implications of long-term seed effects on plant size, of increasing seed size through cultural techniques, and of grading seed lots by size were considered.

scholarly journals Identification and fine mapping of a novel qGR6.2 locus controlling rice salt tolerance during seed germination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zeng ◽  
Peiwen Zhu ◽  
Luofeng Qian ◽  
Xumei Qian ◽  
Yuxin Mi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Germination Traits

Abstract Background Rice growth is frequently affected by salinity. When rice plants are exposed to high salinity, seed germination and seedling establishment are significantly inhibited. In particular, with the promotion of rice direct-seeding in Asia, improving rice salt tolerance during seed germination is of strong importance for rice breeding. Results In this study, we found that the indica rice landrace Wujiaozhan (WJZ) showed a high capability of seed germination under both water (H 2 O) and salt (NaCl) conditions, particularly under high salt stress. The BC 1 F 2 population produced by crossing WJZ with japonica Nipponbare (Nip) was used to evaluate the germination traits under water (H 2 O) and salt (300 mM NaCl) conditions using germination rate (GR) and germination index (GI). A total of 13 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified, including eight QTLs of GR, two QTLs of GI under H 2 O conditions, six QTLs of GR, and three QTLs of GI under 300 mM NaCl conditions. Six QTLs ( qGR6.1 , qGR8.1 , qGR8.2 , qGR10.1 , qGR10.2 and qGI10.1 ) contributed to GR under both H 2 O and 300 mM NaCl conditions. Three QTLs ( qGR6.2 , qGR10.1 and qGR10.2 ) under 300 mM NaCl conditions were identified at different time points of seed germination and shared the same region with qGI6 , qGI10.1 and qGI10.2 for GI. These QTLs could be used to improve seed germination ability via marker-assisted selection (MAS). One major effective salt-tolerance-specific QTL, qGR6.2, on chromosome 6 was further confirmed via the BC 2 F 2 population, which explained more than 20% of the phenotypic variation. Fine mapping results showed that qGR6.2 was narrowed to a 65.9-kb region between the Z654 and Z619 molecular markers, with eleven candidate genes being predicted. Based on the microarray database, there were high transcript abundances of six genes ( LOC_Os06g10650 , LOC_Os06g10660 , LOC_Os06g10690 , LOC_Os06g10710 , LOC_Os06g10730 and LOC_Os06g10750 ) at all developmental stages, and only LOC_Os06g10750 was differentially expressed after salt incubation. RT-qPCR showed that two genes ( LOC_Os06g10650 and LOC_Os06g10750 ) were significantly differentially expressed at 300 mM NaCl during seed germination. This result suggested that LOC_Os06g10650 and LOC_Os06g10750 might be the causal candidate genes for the major effective salt-tolerance-specific QTL qGR6.2 identified in WJZ, which may facilitate map-based cloning and help to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance during seed germination. Conclusions In our study, we identified 13 QTLs from indica landrace WJZ that confer seed germination traits under water and salt conditions. A major salt-tolerance-specific QTL qGR6.2 was confirmed and fine mapped to a 65.9-kb region flanked by the Z654 and Z619 markers. Our results provide information on the genetic basis of improving salt tolerance during seed germination by MAS.

scholarly journals The Effect of Drying of Bread Wheat Seeds Following First Water Uptake on Germination Rate

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Germinating Seeds

In semi-arid regions, unfavorable weather conditions are the most important limiting factors for seed germination. The imbibed or germinating seeds in soil can be dried by hot and dry weather. Thus, seeds can largely lose their germination abilities until the next water uptake (called as ‘alatav’ in Turkish). Before drying, the time of the first water uptake by a seed may be more effective on seed viability at the second water uptake for germination. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to identify the first water uptake rates (WU) of seeds of three bread wheat genotypes (Bezotaja, Kirac and 13-BVD-4) per hour during 50 hours and their germination rates (GR) at the second water uptake after drying the seeds for 3-week in laboratory conditions. The results presented here indicated that the WU and GR were significantly affected by genotypes, imbibition time (T) and their interaction (1% probability level). There was also a significant negative correlation between the WU and GR (r** = –0.9295) at all times studied. Furthermore, the germination ability of Kirac lasted longest (for 38th hour) when the WU reached to 160.24%, and it was followed by Bezostaya and 13-BVD-4 genotypes (63.34% at 37th hour and 152.58% 34th hour, respectively).

scholarly journals Herbisit Uygulamaları Yapılan Amaranthus retroflexus L. Bitkilerinden Elde Edilen Tohumların Çimlenme Özellikleri

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Oğuzhan Cerit ◽  
Derya Öğüt Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
Mean Germination Time

Amaranthus retroflexus L. is among the important weeds in sugar beet. The aim of this study was to determine the germination capacities of the seeds obtained from A. retroflexus plants, who survived after the application of chloridazon (C), metamitron (M) and ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) herbicides and some combinations. Parameters of total germination rate (%), normal/abnormal germination rate (%), mean germination time (day) and seed weight (g) were defined. As a result, germination characteristics of A. retroflexus plants exposed to chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (post-emergence) and metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combinations were significantly affected compared to the seeds obtained from the untreated plants. In terms of germination characteristics, the lowest total germination rate (85%) was found in metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combination.

scholarly journals Wheat germination and highly diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e-30) - a multi researcher study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (39) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Peter Kiefer ◽  
Wolfgang Matzer ◽  
Sabine Schiestl ◽  
Hagar Hartung ◽  
Ingrid Schwärzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Wheat Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wheat Germination ◽  
Germination Experiments

Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Capo variety) were observed under the influence of highly diluted gibberellic acid (10-30) prepared by stepwise dilution and agitation according to a protocol derived from homeopathy (“G30x”). Adequate control was used (water prepared according to the homeopathic protocol “W30x” and/or untreated water “W0”). Two sets of multicenter experiments were performed, 4 in 2009-2010 and 4 in 2011, involving altogether 6 researchers, 6 laboratories and 4,000 grains per treatment group. Data were found to be homogeneous within the control groups as well as within the verum groups. When the 2009-2010 experiments were pooled, mean germination rates after 24 hours were (85.9 + 2.6) for the control group and (82.1 + 5.7) for G30x (mean + SD at the level of experiments in %) (N = 2,000 per group). Verum germination rate was 4.4% lower than (i.e. equal to 96.6% of) (4.4 + 96.6 = 101) the control germination rate (100%). The difference is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and the effect size (d) is large (> 0.8). Observations at other points in time between 0 and 40 hours of germination yielded similar results. Practically no difference was found between W30x and W0 groups (p > 0.05). When the 2011 experiments were pooled, the mean germination rates after 24 hours were (73 + 12) for the control group and (73 + 14) for G30x (N = 2,000 per group), i.e. there was practically no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). We interpret the data from 2009-2010 on wheat germination within 40 hours as being in line with our previous findings on wheat stalk growth after one week, i.e. as confirmation that gibberellic acid 30x can influence, i.e. slow down, wheat development. Various possible reasons for the absence of any difference between groups in the 2011 experiments, including seasonal variance, are discussed and it is suggested to perform wheat germination experiments in the very beginning of autumn season only.

scholarly journals Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2and O3on Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera): Reproductive Fitness

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. T. Darbah ◽  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Neil Nelson ◽  
Elina Oksanen ◽  
Elina Vaapavuori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Paper Birch

Atmospheric CO2and tropospheric O3are rising in many regions of the world. Little is known about how these two commonly co-occurring gases will affect reproductive fitness of important forest tree species. Here, we report on the long-term effects of CO3and O3for paper birch seedlings exposed for nearly their entire life history at the Aspen FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) site in Rhinelander, WI. Elevated CO2increased both male and female flower production, while elevated O3increased female flower production compared to trees in control rings. Interestingly, very little flowering has yet occurred in combined treatment. Elevated CO2had significant positive effect on birch catkin size, weight, and germination success rate (elevated CO2increased germination rate of birch by 110% compared to ambient CO2concentrations, decreased seedling mortality by 73%, increased seed weight by 17%, increased root length by 59%, and root-to-shoot ratio was significantly decreased, all at 3 weeks after germination), while the opposite was true of elevated O3(elevated O3decreased the germination rate of birch by 62%, decreased seed weight by 25%, and increased root length by 15%). Under elevated CO2, plant dry mass increased by 9 and 78% at the end of 3 and 14 weeks, respectively. Also, the root and shoot lengths, as well as the biomass of the seedlings, were increased for seeds produced under elevated CO2, while the reverse was true for seedlings from seeds produced under the elevated O3. Similar trends in treatment differences were observed in seed characteristics, germination, and seedling development for seeds collected in both 2004 and 2005. Our results suggest that elevated CO2and O3can dramatically affect flowering, seed production, and seed quality of paper birch, affecting reproductive fitness of this species.

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