scholarly journals IDENTICAL WORD MEANING “INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION” IN THE CONTEXT OF CORPUS-BASED SENTENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Mega Febriani Sya ◽  
Ninuk Lustyantie ◽  
Miftahulkhairah Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
First Language ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meaning Interpretation ◽  
Authentic Data ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

For students whose first language is not a native English speaker, at first glance they will interpret the words "translation" and "interpretation" with the same meaning. Both are indeed similar and both function to transfer one language to another. This study aims to identify the frequency of occurrence of the words "translation" and "interpretation" in several situations in different speech contexts. The method used in this study is the corpus method, to see a large set of authentic data which provides clearer information about the frequency of occurrence of the words "translation" and "interpretation" in several actual contexts of different speech acts. The data collection procedure on the corpus and its analysis uses the facilities provided by the corpus page, namely "chart". The results show that the comparison of the frequency of occurrence of the words "translation" and "interpretation" in the context of different speech shows a significant difference, the word interpretation has a higher occurrence rate of 4282 times than translation, which appeared 1405 times.   The meaning of this finding is that the word interpretation is more widely used in the context of formal academic sentences because interpretation does not only have a meaning for itself but can also function as a continuation of meaning from the translation.  

Utilizing next-generation sequencing to identify prey DNA in western North Atlantic grey seal Halichoerus grypus diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 227-240
Author(s):  
KR Flanders ◽  
ZH Olson ◽  
KA Ono
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Atlantic Menhaden ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Grey Seal ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Seal Diet

Increasing grey seal Halichoerus grypus abundance in coastal New England is leading to social, political, economic, and ecological controversies. Central to these issues is the foraging ecology and diet composition of the seals. We studied grey seal feeding habits through next-generation sequencing of prey DNA using 16S amplicons from seal scat (n = 74) collected from a breeding colony on Monomoy Island in Massachusetts, USA, and report frequency of occurrence and relative read abundance. We also assigned seal sex to scat samples using a revised PCR assay. In contrast to current understanding of grey seal diet from hard parts and fatty acid analysis, we found no significant difference between male and female diet measured by alpha and beta diversity. Overall, we detected 24 prey groups, 18 of which resolved to species. Sand lance Ammodytes spp. were the most frequently consumed prey group, with a frequency of occurrence (FO) of 97.3%, consistent with previous studies, but Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, the second most frequently consumed species (FO = 60.8%), has not previously been documented in US grey seal diet. Our results suggest that a metabarcoding approach to seal food habits can yield important new ecological insights, but that traditional hard parts analysis does not underestimate consumption of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (FO = 6.7%, Gadidae spp.) and salmon Salmo salar (FO = 0%), 2 particularly valuable species of concern.

The interplay of glossing with text difficulty and comprehension levels

2021 ◽  
pp. 136216882110204
Author(s):  
Seyede Faezeh Hosseini Alast ◽  
Sasan Baleghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
First Language ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Think Aloud Protocols ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
L2 Reading Comprehension ◽  
Underlying Processes

The aim of this experiment was to investigate how glossing influences second language (L2)reading comprehension in relation to text difficulty and the two local and global meaning representations. Fifty-eight undergraduate students were asked to read three easy, moderate, and difficult texts and, following each passage, answer twenty comprehension questions targeting local and global concepts in one of the two first-language-glossed and unglossed conditions. Half of the participants in each group were supposed to think aloud while reading. The results revealed a significant difference between the performance of glossed and unglossed groups on comprehension of local concepts in all three difficulty levels. However, the impact of glossing on comprehension of global concepts was significantly influenced by text difficulty. The qualitative analysis of think-aloud protocols suggested a substantial difference in glossing functionality on fluency between the easy and the difficult texts. Furthermore, it is suggested that revisiting the glossing effect in combination with text difficulty on the reading product and underlying processes might reconcile some divergent hypotheses on glossing impact on fluency.

scholarly journals Sarcocystis species in bovine carcasses from a Belgian abattoir: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Zeng ◽  
Inge Van Damme ◽  
Teresia Wanjiru Kabi ◽  
Barbara Šoba ◽  
Sarah Gabriël
Keyword(s):  
Safety Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Potential Food ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract Background Sarcocystis species are obligatorily heteroxenous parasites, of which some are zoonotic, representing a public health and economic impact. This study investigated the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. in cattle sampled from a Belgian slaughterhouse. Methods A total of 200 carcasses were included in the study, sampled during 10 sampling days. The sedimentation method was applied to isolate the sarcocysts from both heart and diaphragm muscles collected from each carcass. Multiplex PCR, PCR–RFLP as well as cox1 gene sequencing techniques were applied serially on collected sarcocysts for species identification. Results Sarcocystis spp. were detected in 64% (128/200; 95% CI 57–71%) of the sampled carcasses. Female dairy cattle presented the highest Sarcocystis occurrence rate (91%) as well as the highest Sarcocystis species diversity compared to female beef and male beef. Sarcocystis spp. were detected more often in the heart muscles than in the diaphragm among female beef (p < 0.001) and dairy carcasses (p = 0.001), while in male carcasses no significant difference was observed (p = 0.763). The effect of age was not significant in male carcasses (p = 0.872), while the odds of finding sarcocysts significantly increased with age (p = 0.003) within both types of female carcasses. S. cruzi was the most prevalent species and was found in 56.5% (113/200) of the carcasses, followed by S. hominis (21.0%, 42/200), S. bovifelis (12.5%, 25/200), S. bovini (2.0%, 4/200), S. hirsuta (1.5%, 3/200) and S. heydorni (0.5%, 1/200). Six different species were detected in the diaphragm, while only two species were recovered from the heart. S. cruzi was the most prevalent species in heart, while in the diaphragm, this was S. hominis. Conclusions The detection of S. hominis in 21% of the sampled carcasses presents a potential food safety issue, and further research is warranted into controlling this infection. Graphic Abstract

The neural timecourse of American English vowel discrimination by Japanese, Russian and Spanish second-language learners of English

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Valerie L. Shafer ◽  
Sarah Kresh ◽  
Kikuyo Ito ◽  
Miwako Hisagi ◽  
Nancy Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
American English ◽  
First Language ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Temporal Contrast ◽  
Asymmetrical Pattern ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract This study investigated the influence of first language (L1) phoneme features and phonetic salience on discrimination of second language (L2) American English (AE) vowels. On a perceptual task, L2 adult learners of English with Spanish, Japanese or Russian as an L1 showed poorer discrimination of the spectral-only difference between /æ:/ as the oddball (deviant) among frequent /ɑ:/ stimuli compared to AE controls. The Spanish listeners showed a significant difference from the controls for the spectral-temporal contrast between /ɑ:/ and /ʌ/ for both perception and the neural Mismatch Negativity (MMN), but only for deviant /ɑ:/ versus /ʌ/ (duration decrement). For deviant /ʌ/ versus /ɑ:/, and for deviant /æ:/ versus /ʌ/ or /ɑ:/, all participants showed equivalent MMN amplitude. The asymmetrical pattern for /ɑ:/ and /ʌ/ suggested that L2 phonetic detail was maintained only for the deviant. These findings indicated that discrimination was more strongly influenced by L1 phonology than phonetic salience.

scholarly journals THE USE OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH LEGAL TEXTS AND THEIR SERBIAN EQUIVALENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Erić-Bukarica
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Source Text ◽  
English Version ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The aim of this paper is to examine and describe similarities and differences in the use and distribution of modal verbs by contrasting English and Serbian legal texts. The corpus consists of an English version of The Convention on the Rights of the Child and its official Serbian translation. We started from an assumption that modal verbs are more frequent in legal texts in English than in Serbian, where we expected to find examples of lexical items with modal meanings instead. In addition, we assumed that due to its specific use in legal texts of this kind, the English modal ‘shall’ will show the highest frequency of occurrence. A total of one hundred and twenty six (126) modal verbs and a semi-modal ‘need not’ were found in the source text. The results of the analysis support the initial presumption that ‘shall’ will stand out as the most frequent of all modal verbs (60% of all occurrences). Despite the high occurrence rate of the legalistic ‘shall’ in the source text, translation solutions in the target language only rarely take the form of the modal verb. Most often deontic notions of imperative directness and necessity in Serbian legislative writings are expressed by means of the present indicative. The analysis also indicates that translation solutions for the remaining English modal verbs most often take the form of a modal verb or a modal lexeme with a corresponding meaning in Serbian.

scholarly journals Haemangiopericytomas in dogs: Epidemiological analysis of 136 cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (01) ◽  
pp. 6178-2019
Author(s):  
RAFAŁ SAPIERZYŃSKI ◽  
MICHAŁ CZOPOWICZ ◽  
DIANA STOPKA
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Purebred Dogs

Perivascular wall tumors (PWTs or haemangiopericytomas) are common in dogs, and they are clinically important in veterinary oncology, but there is no data on the occurrence of these tumors in dogs in Poland. The aim of the present study was an epidemiological analysis of canine perivascular wall tumors. The study included 136 dogs with recognized PWTs (whose frequency of occurrence was the same in females and males). The mean age of the dogs was 9.8±3.0 years, with no statistically significant difference between sexes. Among the dogs, 40.7% were mongrels, and 59.3% were purebred. Among the purebred dogs, 21 (26.3%) were German Shepherds, 17 (21.3%) were Boxers, 5 (6.3%) were Doberman pinchers and Rottweilers. Statistical analysis revealed that four breeds were predisposed to perivascular wall tumors in comparison to the general dog population: German Shepherds, Boxers, Doberman pinchers and Rottweilers. Moreover, large-breed (but not giant-breed) dogs were shown to be predisposed to PWTs. Tumors were located in the skin or subcutis of the entire body, mostly on the legs, more seldom on the trunk or the head. The most typical location for PWTs was the elbow area (11% of all cases).

scholarly journals Shrinking Your Deictic System: How Far Can You Go?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Vulchanova ◽  
Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes ◽  
Jacqueline Collier ◽  
Valentin Vulchanov
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Native Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Open Question

Languages around the world differ in terms of the number of adnominal and pronominal demonstratives they require, as well as the factors that impact on their felicitous use. Given this cross-linguistic variation in deictic demonstrative terms, and the features that determine their felicitous use, an open question is how this is accommodated within bilingual cognition and language. In particular, we were interested in the extent to which bilingual language exposure and practice might alter the way in which a bilingual is using deictic demonstratives in their first language. Recent research on language attrition suggests that L2 learning selectively affects aspects of the native language, with some domains of language competence being more vulnerable than others. If demonstratives are basic, and acquired relatively early, they should be less susceptible to change and attrition. This was the hypothesis we went on to test in the current study. We tested two groups of native Spanish speakers, a control group living in Spain and an experimental group living in Norway using the (Spatial) Memory game paradigm. Contra to our expectations, the results indicate a significant difference between the two groups in use of deictic terms, indicative of a change in the preferred number of terms used. This suggests that deictic referential systems may change over time under pressure from bilingual language exposure.

scholarly journals Situational Variations in Request and Apology Realization Strategies among International Postgraduate Students at Malaysian Universities

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramasivam Muthusamy ◽  
Atieh Farashaiyan
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

<p>The present study attempted to describe the request, apology, and request mitigation strategies utilized by international postgraduate students in confronting different situations. In addition, it examined the effects of the situational factors of social distance, power, and imposition on the students’ choice of request and apology strategies as well as the modifications in requests. Another objective has been to categorize the difficulties students face in the production of the speech acts. One hundred and thirty international postgraduate students majoring in different fields voluntarily participated in this study. A Written Discourse Completion Task Questionnaire (Liu, 2005) and semi-structured interview were utilized for data collection procedure. The results of the questionnaire illustrated that the participants made use of IFID strategy for apologies and conventionally indirect expressions (Preparatory questions) for requests more frequently than other strategies. Moreover, the situational factors of social distance, power and imposition did not affect the participants’ choice of request and apology strategies but they had some influences on the use of mitigating strategies in different situations. Regarding modifiers, the students opted out external modifications (66.6%) more than internal modifiers (33.3%). Among the external mitigation types, “please” with 21% and grounders with 25% respectively have been utilized more than other external mitigation types. Finally, the results of the interviews indicated that the difficulties that students face in the production of the speech acts were grammar, expression, vocabulary and structure. This study has some implications for second language acquisition research and intercultural communication.</p>

scholarly journals Identifying formulas in first language acquisition

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Rule System ◽  
Children's Speech

ABSTRACTWith the increase in interest in formulas, or apparently non-productive utterances in children's speech, a range of definitions has emerged and sometimes conflicting criteria have been proposed for their identification. These definitions of formulas are compared, and the criteria of Brown (1973), Wong Fillmore (1976), Peters (1983) and Plunkett (1990) for the recognition of formulas are reviewed. A preference rule System is proposed, which distinguishes necessary, typical and graded conditions for the recognition of formulas. Using these conditions, some of the formulas found in the data of one child acquiring Irish between 1;4 and 2;1 are examined. Issues such as length of units, frequency of occurrence and appropriateness of use are discussed. The methods developed in this study could be used to assess the importance of formulas in the language acquisition of other children.

PRAGMATICS: CRITICAL CONCEPTS. VOL. 1: DAWN AND DELINEATION. VOL. 2: SPEECH ACT THEORY AND PARTICULAR SPEECH ACTS. VOL. 3: INDEXICALS AND REFERENCE. VOL. 4: PRESUPPOSITION, IMPLICATURE, AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS. VOL. 5: COMMUNICATION, INTERACTION, AND DISCOURSE. VOL. 6: PRAGMATICS: GRAMMAR, PSYCHOLOGY, AND SOCIOLOGY.Asa Kasher (Ed.). London: Routledge, 1998. Vol. 1: Pp. xi + 154. Vol. 2: Pp. vi + 511. Vol. 3: Pp. 217. Vol. 4: Pp. vi + 722. Vol. 5: Pp. vi + 490. Vol. 6: Pp. vi + 559. $905.00 cloth.

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
Susan Foster-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
First Language ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Indirect Speech Acts ◽  
Dan Sperber ◽  
Paul Grice ◽  
François Recanati

This six-volume, beautifully bound, boxed set contains 112 reprinted papers covering the history and development of modern theoretical pragmatics from its beginnings back in the 1940s and '50s with Charles Morris, Rudolf Camap, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, via the major works in the 1970s of those such as Stalnaker, Bach and Hamish, J. L. Austin, John Searle, and Paul Grice, to the more recent contributions of, among many others, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, François Recanati, and Anna Wierzbicka. The bulk of the contributions, either free-standing papers or sections from books, come out of what one might term a philosophical approach to pragmatics, but toward the end of the collection there is an attempt to cover more ethnographically rooted approaches and even to get into applied pragmatic issues related to aphasia, first language acquisition, second language acquisition (one paper), and politics.

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