Modifiability of Trait Anxiety and Neuroticism: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Therapy Outcome ◽  
Neurotic Disorders ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Rational Emotive ◽  
Rational Emotive Education

It is argued that personality scales of neuroticism and anxiety are tapping the same personality trait and that this is a risk factor for neurotic disorders. To see whether this trait is modifiable, a meta-analysis was carried out of therapy outcome studies which included a measure of trait anxiety or neuroticism as a dependent measure. This meta-analysis showed that all psychological therapies are to some extent effective. However, rational-emotive and related therapies produced particularly large reductions in trait anxiety/neuroticism (around 1.25 standard deviations). The possibility that rational-emotive education programmes could be used to lower trait anxiety/neuroticism as a preventive measure is discussed.

scholarly journals ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTION BY PARTICULATE MATTER WITH CANCER RISK

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Alla F. Kolpakova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Transitional Metals

In the review the author highlights contemporary concepts about the relation between the air pollution by the particulate matter (PM) and human morbidity and mortality due to oncological diseases (OD). The author used materials of the articles indexed in the PubMed and RISC databases. The role of air pollution by PM as a risk factor of carcinogenesis in dependence on size, origin, chemical composition and concentration in air is discussed. PM of road-transport origin contains transitional metals acknowledged as most dangerous and is the result the operational wear of motor transport, road surface, and vehicle emissions. Long-term exposure to PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 increases risk of appearance of OD of different localization. Dose-dependent action of PM was established. Reduction in air pollution by PM is accompanied by decrease of premature mortality of population, including from OD, and it can be examined as a modifiable risk factor. The results of the meta-analysis of literature data about the economic damage, caused by morbidity and mortality from OD led to the conclusion that reduction in PM concentration is the most realistic and effective method to decrease these social and economic losses. The accumulated carcinogenic risk provides for the lifelong probability of the development of OD, which requires the active medical examination of workers after the curtailment of work with carcinogens for early diagnostics and treatment of OD. The important preventive measure is to decrease the level of air pollution independently on their initial concentration.

scholarly journals On the relationship of anthropogenic air pollution by particulate matter with cancer risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Алла Фёдоровна Колпакова
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Transitional Metals

In the review the author highlights contemporary concepts about the relation between the air pollution by the particulate matter (PM) and human morbidity and mortality due to oncological diseases (OD). The author used materials of the articles indexed in the PubMed and RISC databases. The role of air pollution by PM as a risk factor of carcinogenesis in dependence on size, origin, chemical composition and concentration in air is discussed. PM of road-transport origin contains transitional metals acknowledged as most dangerous and is the result the operational wear of motor transport, road surface, and vehicle emissions. Long-term exposure to PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 increases risk of appearance of OD of different localization. Dose-dependent action of PM was established. Reduction in air pollution by PM is accompanied by decrease of premature mortality of population, including from OD, and it can be examined as a modifiable risk factor. The results of the meta-analysis of literature data about the economic damage, caused by morbidity and mortality from OD led to the conclusion that reduction in PM concentration is the most realistic and effective method to decrease these social and economic losses. The accumulated carcinogenic risk provides for the lifelong probability of the development of OD, which requires the active medical examination of workers after the curtailment of work with carcinogens for early diagnostics and treatment of OD. The important preventive measure is to decrease the level of air pollution independently on their initial concentration.

How Useful is Meta-analysis in Evaluating the Effects of Different Psychological Therapies?

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Therapy Outcome ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Subjective Bias ◽  
State Of Affairs

Shapiro and Shapiro (1982) argue the case that meta-analysis has made, and will increasingly make, an important contribution to the evaluation of the effects of psychological therapies. Briefly stated, they make the following claims for meta-analysis: (1) Meta-analysis provides systematic and quantitative methods for summarizing and integrating the voluminous and diverse literature on psychotherapy. (2) Meta-analysis reduces (eliminates?) the subjective bias that is said to vitiate traditional, qualitative reviews of the literature. Consistent with similar allegations by Smith et al. (1980), Shapiro and Shapiro (1982) suggest that the conclusions drawn in “some” of these traditional reviews “are a function of the assumptions, predispositions and consequent biases of the reviewer.” Meta-analysis, however, is put forward as a distinct alternative to this sorry state of affairs, since it purportedly overcomes these sources of personal and professional bias and results in more objective more accurate evaluations of the evidence. (3) Meta-analysis has “the same superiority over a traditional literature review as that enjoyed by a systematic therapy outcome study over a series of impressionistic case reports.” (4) The advent of objective, quantitative meta-analytic procedures does not abolish the need for traditional literature reviews subjective and qualitative as they might be. The latter have their limited place, just as impressionistic clinical case reports can complement well-controlled experimental outcome studies.

scholarly journals Sleep apnoea is a risk factor for severe COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000845
Author(s):  
Satu Strausz ◽  
Tuomo Kiiskinen ◽  
Martin Broberg ◽  
Sanni Ruotsalainen ◽  
Jukka Koskela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Positive Controls

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), diabetes, older age and male gender, which are all risk factors for severe COVID-19.We aimed to study if OSA is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection or for severe COVID-19.MethodsOSA diagnosis and COVID-19 infection were extracted from the hospital discharge, causes of death and infectious diseases registries in individuals who participated in the FinnGen study (n=260 405). Severe COVID-19 was defined as COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine association. Comorbidities for either COVID-19 or OSA were selected as covariates. We performed a meta-analysis with previous studies.ResultsWe identified 445 individuals with COVID-19, and 38 (8.5%) of them with OSA of whom 19 out of 91 (20.9%) were hospitalised. OSA associated with COVID-19 hospitalisation independent from age, sex, BMI and comorbidities (p-unadjusted=5.13×10−5, OR-adjusted=2.93 (95% CI 1.02 to 8.39), p-adjusted=0.045). OSA was not associated with the risk of contracting COVID-19 (p=0.25). A meta-analysis of OSA and severe COVID-19 showed association across 15 835 COVID-19 positive controls, and n=1294 patients with OSA with severe COVID-19 (OR=2.37 (95% 1.14 to 4.95), p=0.021).ConclusionRisk for contracting COVID-19 was the same for patients with OSA and those without OSA. In contrast, among COVID-19 positive patients, OSA was associated with higher risk for hospitalisation. Our findings are in line with earlier works and suggest OSA as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19.

scholarly journals Incidence and risk factors of delirium after percutaneous coronary intervention in individuals hospitalised for acute myocardial infarction: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e044564
Author(s):  
Kaizhuang Huang ◽  
Jiaying Lu ◽  
Yaoli Zhu ◽  
Tao Cheng ◽  
Dahao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary

IntroductionDelirium in the postoperative period is a wide-reaching problem that affects important clinical outcomes. The incidence and risk factors of delirium in individuals with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been completely determined and no relevant systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence or risk factors exists. Hence, we aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain the incidence and risk factors of delirium among AMI patients undergoing PCI.Methods and analysesWe will undertake a comprehensive literature search among PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Google Scholar from their inception to the search date. Prospective cohort and cross-sectional studies that described the incidence or at least one risk factor of delirium will be eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome will be the incidence of postoperative delirium. The quality of included studies will be assessed using a risk of bias tool for prevalence studies and the Cochrane guidelines. Heterogeneity of the estimates across studies will be assessed. Incidence and risk factors associated with delirium will be extracted. Incidence data will be pooled. Each risk factor reported in the included studies will be recorded together with its statistical significance; narrative and meta-analytical approaches will be employed. The systematic review and meta-analysis will be presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ethics and disseminationThis proposed systematic review and meta-analysis is based on published data, and thus there is no requirement for ethics approval. The study will provide an up to date and accurate incidence and risk factors of delirium after PCI among patients with AMI, which is necessary for future research in this area. The findings of this study will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020184388.

Association of infrapopliteal medial arterial calcification with lower-limb amputations in high-risk patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1358863X2097973
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Losurdo ◽  
Roberto Ferraresi ◽  
Alessandro Ucci ◽  
Anna Zanetti ◽  
Giacomo Clerici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Medial Arterial Calcification

Medial arterial calcification (MAC) is a known risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. The association between vascular calcifications and poor outcome in several vascular districts suggest that infrapopliteal MAC could be a risk factor for lower-limb amputation (LLA). This study’s objective is to review the available literature focusing on the association between infrapopliteal MAC and LLA in high-risk patients. The PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched. We selected original studies reporting the association between infrapopliteal MAC and LLAs in patients with diabetes and/or peripheral artery disease (PAD). Estimates were pooled using either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q and I2 statistics. Publication bias was investigated with a funnel plot and Egger test. The trim-and-fill method was designed to estimate the possibly missing studies. Influence analysis was conducted to search studies influencing the final result. Test of moderators was used to compare estimates in good versus non-good-quality studies. Fifteen articles satisfied the selection criteria ( n = 6489; median follow-up: 36 months). MAC was significantly associated with LLAs (pooled adjusted risk ratio (RR): 2.27; 95% CI: 1.89–2.74; I2 = 25.3%, Q-test: p = 0.17). This association was kept in the subgroup of patients with diabetes (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.76–3.20) and patients with PAD (RR: 2.48; 95% CI: 1.72–3.58). The association was maintained if considering as outcome only major amputations (RR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.46–3.06). Our results show that infrapopliteal MAC is associated with LLAs, thus suggesting MAC as a possible new marker of the at-risk limb.

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