scholarly journals On the Strategic Effects of Unilateral Sanctions: Russian Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
Anastasia B. Likhacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Affairs ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Signaling Function ◽  
Pressure Adaptation ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Academic Debate ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Much of the academic debate about the consequences of sanctions has been focused on their direct impact or on collateral damage to the bilateral relationship between the issuer of sanctions and the target of sanctions, reflecting the understanding of sanctions as a foreign policy tool. However, an analysis of the Russian experience allows one to raise new questions about the role of sanctions instruments in international affairs. Of course, in the short term, the priority is a policy aimed at minimizing the risks of direct sanctions. Nevertheless, Russia has been under extensive US and EU sanctions for more than seven years, and began to face individual restrictions even earlier. In this regard, the analysis of sanctions reactions can clearly be transferred to the mid- and long-term plane. The analysis of the regulatory legal acts and particular regional and sectoral strategies of Moscow shows that the target countries have been rearranging their international priorities under the threat of further sanctions pressure, both formal and informal. Thus, sanctions are serving not only as a tool of punishment or deterrence, but also as a signaling function in a new meaning — not only demonstrating disapproval of the target country’s policy, but signaling that the planning of long-term development projects is associated with increased risks. Therefore, the complex consequences of sanctions go far beyond the immediate response of the target countries, which is reflected in the industry overview of Russian sanctions pressure adaptation strategies. A particular example of such a transformation, considered in this article, is the sanctions policy in the post-Soviet space—both on the part of individual countries of the region in relation to Russia, and in terms of countermeasures on the part of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Noble associations in modern Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
Igor Olegovich Trubitszyn
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Value System ◽  
Corporate Organization ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The author made an attempt to study the role of the descendants of the nobility in the new socio-economic and political realities of Russia at the end of the XX - first decades of the XXI century. The author focuses on the processes of recreation and subsequent activities of noble societies. The basis of the source base was a series of interviews with the descendants of the nobility living in the territory of the Russian Federation and in the countries of the post-Soviet space. The research identified the stages of development of the noble organizations, the main aspects of their activities. A comparative analysis was carried out with the pre-revolutionary noble corporate organization, which made it possible to characterize the main ideals of this social group and to make a comparative analysis with the value system of the class of the pre-revolutionary period. The range of problems faced by noble societies in modern Russia is highlighted. The results of the study can be used to comprehensively characterize the activities of corporations of the nobility in Russia, as well as the activities of the descendants of the nobility in the modern world.

scholarly journals The Establishment and Development of Local Government Authorities of the People's Republic of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Petr N. Kobets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Western Han Dynasty ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The relevance of the research is primarily due to the fact that most of the aspects of the development of local government in China, despite a number of errors and Chinese specifics, do not cease to be of interest to many countries, especially the States of the post-Soviet space. In this regard, the author has attempted to analyze the formation and functioning of local organs of state administration in China. In the course of the research, the author found that local self-government in China began to be built as an institution in the early 1950s, and finally formed in the 2000s, despite the fact that community traditions in the agricultural areas of China began to take shape during the ruling Western Han dynasty. The most important reason why various aspects of Chinese local self-government attract the attention of domestic sinologists is the annually increasing global role of the PRC in global political and economic processes. In this combination, it is obvious that the system of local government of the PRC is unique and effective, and the experience of the PRC in the formation and organization of the functioning of the local government system can be used by the Russian Federation in the process of optimizing local government.

scholarly journals THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDYING OF THE PROBLEM OF THE SETTLING THE “FROZEN CONFLICTS” IN THE POST-SOVIET AREA

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
M. Doroshko ◽  
O. Alexeichenko ◽  
I. Voloshenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Frozen Conflict ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article is devoted to the analysis of such threats of regional and global security as "frozen conflicts", and the approaches of their settlement in the post-Soviet space. The aggressive policy of the Russian Federation in relation with Ukraine, actualize this topic, because there is a threat of appearance a similar conflict on the territory of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the theoretical approaches to the research of "frozen" and ethnopolitical conflicts by domestic (G.Perepelitsa, O.Kartunov, A.Kisse, V.Kotygorenko) and foreign (R. Bruebooker, E. Hobsbawm, R.Dahrendorf, J. Rothschild, E. Smith) scientists. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the understanding of such conflicts by russian scientists (M. Lebedeva, A. Zdravomyslov, A. Tsigankov). The paper determined the main reasons and preconditions of interethnic contradictions on the post-Soviet area. Also determined the main approaches to the category of "frozen conflict" and their peculiarities in the region. The process of resolving such conflicts and their mechanisms, proposed by different scientific schools, is thoroughly studied. In the paper is determined the role of mediation in resolving conflicts of this kind.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF EXTERNAL ENERGY POLICY OF RUSSIA AT THE TURN OF XX-XXI CENTURIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Зайцев ◽  
Maksim Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article discusses the latest global conditions and circumstances that determine the place and role of sovereign Russia in the global energy system and its geostrategic objectives for the foreseeable future. It is shown that the main threats to the Russian Federation lie in the field of sustainable energy development and energy security with increased global competition. The author comes to the conclusion that main external energy efforts of Russia should be directed to the intensification of integration processes in the post-Soviet space. This can and must become the basis of its economic security in the XXI century along with further changes in our country.

Ukraine’s Fault Lines: The Quest for Regional Hegemony in the Post-Soviet Space

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-173
Author(s):  
David Alenga
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Regional Order ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Post Soviet Space

This paper presents a critique of the European Union’s flagship Eastern Partnership Initiative (EaP) within the context of its geopolitical ramifications on the political crisis in Ukraine. It particularly highlights the role of the Russian Federation as the principal protagonists and its quest to counter the EU’s normative power within their shared neighborhood. The EaP has among its goals promoting a broad range of political and economic reforms with the partner states with the view to help them deepen liberal democratic values and enhanced security and stability within the framework of an enhanced Association Agreement. The Kremlin believes the EaP undermines Russian interest in the region. This paper therefore presents a critical analysis of the contending dynamics of the competing efforts to use Ukraine as the launching pad to reshape the post-Cold War regional order.

scholarly journals Oil and Gas Education in Russia: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 144-157
Author(s):  
V. G. Martynov ◽  
V. N. Koshelev ◽  
V. V. Mayer ◽  
A. A. Tumanov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The World ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The role and importance of oil and gas in modern society cannot be overestimated. At the turn of the 18th century, with the advent of the first signs of fuel new to the world, the Russian state attached great importance to the creation of all conditions for the development of the oil business. This article highlights the background and development of oil and gas education in Russia, shows the stages of its formation in the post-Soviet space. Statistics is given on the number of students majoring in oil and gas direction on the territory in the Russian Federation. The authors dwell on the role of the Educational and Methodological Association in the formation of oil and gas education. Achievements and problems of oil and gas education functioning in Russia are considered.

MILITARY COMPONENT OF THE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE "STRATEGIC TRIANGLE" RUSSIA – CHINA – USA: REGIONAL ASPECTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
D. V. GORDIENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The World ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the "strategic triangle" Russia-China-USA occupies an important place in the implementation of Russian aspirations in various regions of the world. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia-China- US strategic triangle on the implementation of current Russian policy in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, the Middle East and other regions of the world. The paper examines the influence of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia- China-USA “strategic triangle”, proposes an approach to a comparative assessment of this influence, which allows identifying the priorities of Russian policy in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, on The Middle East and other regions of the world. A comparative assessment of the influence of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia-China-USA “strategic triangle” can be used to substantiate recommendations to the military-political leadership of our country. The article concludes that the military component of Russian policy occupies a dominant position in the implementation of the current policy of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia- Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, the Middle East and in other regions of the world.

History of Post-Soviet Migrations in Russian Science of the 21st Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11 (109)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Efim Pivovar
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The paper is devoted to the latest Russian historiography of migration processes in the post-Soviet space. The author considers the most important research projects of academic institutions and universities of Russia in the field of history and modern dynamics of post-Soviet migrations, covers key trends and results of the development of migration issues in the framework of various areas of Russian science. The author comes to the conclusion about the need for further in-depth development of the recent history and modern trends in the migration policy of the CIS countries, the role of migration in the dialogue of cultures and civilizations in the post-Soviet space, including within the framework of international cooperation of Eurasian scientists.

scholarly journals FDI in the Post-Soviet Space Three Decades after the Disintegration of the Soviet Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 30-60
Author(s):  
K. Kalotay ◽  
A. Sulstarova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The former Soviet Union disintegrated three decades ago. That momentous 1991 was not only the starting point for independence of the countries of the post-Soviet space but also the starting point for their transformation from centrally planned economy to capitalism, often with local specificities. At the moment of writing this article aiming at analysing the long-term, structural characteristics of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), these 12 economies are facing new COVID-19-related challenges, different from the problems of transformation undertaken in the past decades. After a brief literature survey, in which the main issues raised by academic research are highlighted, the article analyses the long-term trends and the main characteristics (geographical and sectoral) of FDI, with special reference to greenfield project announcements from 2003 on (the starting year of data availability). It also explores how much economic development was based on either attracting inward or promoting outward FDI or both. The performance of the 12 post-Soviet economies is controlled against the performance of other transition economies such as the Baltic States, South-East Europe and/or the Visegrad Group. The article concludes that indeed efforts towards using inward or outward FDI for development has been modest, even if in inflows one can observe some convergence with the other transition economies, which have been relying more wittingly using FDI for their development.

scholarly journals The state and the “rentier economy” in oil exporting countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Gurgen Levonovich Ghukasyan
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Rentier State ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
The Face ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In the new foreign economic conditions that have arisen as a result of a significant deformation of the cyclical dynamics of the world oil market, the views on the model of the socalled “rentier state” and “rentier economy” that apply to oil exporting countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and also to the states of the post-Soviet space, including the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, are of certain interest. For these states, in the face of declining oil export revenues, the question of changing the “rentier model” of development is relevant. At the same time, the recommendations of foreign authors are not acceptable in many aspects, but their analysis allows us to approach problems of overcoming the “raw nature” of the economy more comprehensively.

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