African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-1) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Orlindo Dju ◽  
Johnatan Da Costa Santos ◽  
Darinka Brosovich Flores ◽  
Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Political Economic

The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals Svetlana Slapšak’s Feminist Essay: A Polygraph of Contemporary Culture

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Magdalena Koch
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Culture Of Fear

The article discusses the problem of the theory and practice of contemporary Serbian feminist essay. The text indicates how – at the turn of the 21st century – the essay participated in the reading of the nationalist culture of fear during the breakup of Yugoslavia, how it became the tool for creating an analytical and methodological platform and a means of quick anthropological and cultural diagnoses, as well as a form of transfer of social or philosophical notions. This new strategy of the essay was illustrated through the examples of books by Svetlana Slapšak, a leading figure of the (sub)genre in the Serbian culture, a professor of cultural anthropology, classical philologist, and feminist critic: Mala crna haljina. Eseji o antropologiji i feminizmu (1993/2007, Little Black Dress. Essays on Anthropology and Feminism), Ženske ikone XX veka (2001, Female Icons of the 20th Century), Ženske ikone antičkog sveta (2006, Female Icons of the Antiquity), Antička miturgija: žene (2013, Antique Mythurgy: Women). It becomes clear that one of the trends of the contemporary essay in the Serbian and post-Yugoslav cultures is the application of the genre in the spirit of modern engaged humanities and textual intervention.

scholarly journals Indonesia’s African Foreign Policy Shift under President Jokowi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Dorigné-Thomson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Political Economic

Under President Jokowi’s leadership, Indonesia seems to have made Africa a foreign policy priority. Previously bounded by Bandung romanticism and lacking understanding on the contemporary strategic importance of Africa, Indonesia finally launched its own Africa+1 forum in April 2018 in Bali, the Indonesia Africa Forum (IAF), following an economic diplomacy framework and will to do business with Africa. For Jokowi, Bandung should be leveraged to mean business. Indonesia had previously struggled to institutionalize Asia-Africa intercontinental multilateralism through the New Africa-Asia Strategic Partnership (NAASP) launched during the 2005 Asia Africa Summit in Jakarta organized to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Bandung Conference; while other major Asian powers such as Japan, China, Malaysia, India or South Korea developed their own political, economic and cultural platforms with African countries. Closing a clear research gap, this original study allows a better comprehension of this foreign policy shift and of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy towards Africa within Global Africa Studies. For more pragmatism and flexibility, this qualitative research, notably based on in-depth interviews with Indonesian and African diplomats, uses an eclectic analysis allowing a holistic approach combining levels of analysis and types of factors; thus increasing explanatory power.

scholarly journals Indonesia’s African Foreign Policy Shift under President Jokowi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Dorigné-Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Political Economic

Under President Jokowi’s leadership, Indonesia seems to have made Africa a foreign policy priority. Previously bounded by Bandung romanticism and lacking understanding on the contemporary strategic importance of Africa, Indonesia finally launched its own Africa+1 forum in April 2018 in Bali, the Indonesia Africa Forum (IAF), following an economic diplomacy framework and will to do business with Africa. For Jokowi, Bandung should be leveraged to mean business. Indonesia had previously struggled to institutionalize Asia-Africa intercontinental multilateralism through the New Africa-Asia Strategic Partnership (NAASP) launched during the 2005 Asia Africa Summit in Jakarta organized to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Bandung Conference; while other major Asian powers such as Japan, China, Malaysia, India or South Korea developed their own political, economic and cultural platforms with African countries. Closing a clear research gap, this original study allows a better comprehension of this foreign policy shift and of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy towards Africa within Global Africa Studies. For more pragmatism and flexibility, this qualitative research, notably based on in-depth interviews with Indonesian and African diplomats, uses an eclectic analysis allowing a holistic approach combining levels of analysis and types of factors; thus increasing explanatory power.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan at the Present Stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-139
Author(s):  
V. A. Avatkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
The Republic ◽  
External Actors ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The article analyzes the basis of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy at the present stage. The main attention is paid to the documentary substantiation of foreign policy, political and legal bases of foreign policy strategy, and key organizations in this area. There is analysis of the most significant areas of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy. It is noted that the Republic is trying to find a new balance in the region and the world, pragmatically maintaining contacts with the main players in the region – Russia, the United States, Turkey and Iran. Moreover, in foreign policy documents of Baku, special emphasis is placed on cooperation with the West, in particular, there is a strengthening not only in the framework of doctrinal cooperation with NATO and the EU, but also constant contacts on all political, economic and military lines. In addition, the leadership of Azerbaijan pays special attention to the problem of Nagorno‑Karabakh. The article also shows that the fundamental documents that determine the external state agenda, although they are sufficiently Westernoriented, at the same time reflect the ambition of Azerbaijan in the context of becoming a regional center of power. This process is also influenced by external actors, in particular the Republic of Turkey. It was determined that the territorial issue, logistic and military issues, regional and global political trends are indicators, thanks to which one can observe the transformation of the foreign policy of Azerbaijan. In the context of bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Russia, it was revealed that the interaction between the countries seems significant for both states in terms of ensuring security in the South Caucasus.

Tracing the Evolution of Urbanism in Kuwait

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Yasser Mahgoub
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Hybrid Forms

This paper hypothesizes that contemporary Gulf cities are not an evolution of traditional settlements but rather forms of modern cities that emerged during the second half of the 20th century after the discovery of oil, the economic boom following the mid 1970s oil crisis and finally political, economic, technological and communication globalization that swept this region since the beginning of the 21st century. While focusing on the case of Kuwait city, the paper reflects on several examples from the Gulf region cities to discuss their development as hybrid forms of modern cities. The paper adopts the theoretical framework proposed by Appadurai in 1996 to understand the flow of modernity through the Gulf cities' scapes. This theoretical framework provides an adequate understanding of Gulf cities evolution and modifications required to make them more adequate to the Gulf region conditions.

Poetry of East Africa: from the mid-20th till present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Frolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Poetry ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
First Time

The book deals with the development of English and Swahili poetry in three East African countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. It covers the period from the late 1960s to the present day. For the first time in the world African literary studies, the researcher created a comprehensive picture of the East African literary process of the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. The author analyzes two branches of modern East African poetry, such as the English-language poetry of Uganda and Kenya and the Swahili poetry of Kenya and Tanzania, by dwelling on the works of over 30 modern East African poets. An extensive poetic corpus is used to characterize its themes and artistic features. The poetry of modern East African authors is analyzed considering the culture, traditions, and realities of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.

scholarly journals Development of Cuban foreign policy at the present stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-449
Author(s):  
E. S. Zapariy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
International Issues ◽  
The Republic

The article highlights the premises of cooperation and further development of relations between the Republic of Cuba and a number of key stakeholders in the global stage. The article analyzes the materials on this issue and reveals the trends in the country’s position on the subject of economic, political, social and other types of cooperation.The article points out the prerequisites and ways of developing the Republic of Cuba foreign policy, with the participation of which positive results were achieved on a number of international issues, in particular on the issue of international conflicts in a number of countries. The article reviews the characteristics of relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, characteristic of the declared time period. The article focuses the reader’s attention on such aspects as: the position of Cuba on key international issues, the signing of agreements with actors in international relations and the Cuba pivotal international interests.The article summarizes the positive dynamics of the relations development at the present stage with the countries of the Caribbean, African countries, as well as cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region in countries such China, which, in general, stresses of the growing influence of the Republic of Cuba at the world level.

J. K. Paasikivi and the Formation of Finland’s Independence

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7 (105)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Irina Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Imperial Germany ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Political Economic

J. K. Paasikivi belongs to the most famous Finnish political figures, the prime minister and the seventh president of Finland, the architect of its foreign policy in the post-war period. His influence on the political, economic and foreign policy spheres of Finland has been extremely noticeable for more than half a century. This article examines the least studied period of his political activity — the formation of Paasikivi as a politician, diplomat and statesman from the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 between the RSFSR and the Republic of Finland. In the first twenty years of the 20th century, Paasikivi traveled a difficult, dramatic path from a staunch supporter of cooperation with the Russian Empire to an adherent of the idea of independence, then cooperation with imperial Germany, and again, recognizing the important fact that the best way to ensure Finland's national interests is to compromise with Russia in matters of its strategic needs. However, the sharp turns in Paasikivi's political fate were by no means a tribute to the fashion or the conjuncture. He was and remained a realist and pragmatist who always took into account a complex of factors: geographical, historical, strategic, foreign policy, economic in the decision-making process. Paasikivi's political heritage in modern Finland are realism in foreign policy, maintaining good relations with neighboring countries, first of all, with Russia, foreign policy aimed at the future, its predictability and long-term, in domestic policy, the desire to awaken interest in foreign policy issues.

“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Warwick Ball
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
International Image ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

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